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Stroganovs – Eine Familiengeschichte

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Stroganovs – Eine Familiengeschichte MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Die Stroganovs – Eine Familiengeschichte. Aufstieg und Fall einer Kaufmannsfamilie“ verfasst von / submitted by Laura Noll, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 805 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Globalgeschichte degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Uni. Doz. Dr. Gottfried Liedl 2 Die Stroganovs – Eine Familiengeschichte. Aufstieg und Fall einer Kaufmannsfamilie 3 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Thema und Fragestellung ................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Deutsch .................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Englisch ............................................................................................................................................... 10 2. Forschungstand ............................................................................................................... 12 3. Die Anfänge der Familie Stroganov im 14./ 15. Jahrhundert ..................................... 14 4. Russland Ende des 15. / Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts ................................................ 17 5. Die Stroganovs im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert – Kolonisierung Sibiriens und der Aufstieg der Familie ............................................................................................................... 21 5.1 Ausgangssitutation .......................................................................................................................... 21 5.2 Die Expansion der Stroganovs nach Sibirien ......................................................................... 23 5.3 Durchsetzung in Sibirien ............................................................................................................... 24 5.3.1 Allianz mit Ermak Timofeevič ............................................................................................................... 24 5.3.2 Der Angriff auf das Khanat Sibir’ .......................................................................................................... 26 5.3.3 Der Sieg der Kosaken ................................................................................................................................ 26 5.3.4 Sicherung der eroberten Gebiete ......................................................................................................... 28 5.3.5 Die Bedeutung der Stroganov-Familie für die Kolonisierung Sibiriens .............................. 30 6. Die Stroganovs im 18. Jahrhundert – Zeit der Aufklärung und Bildung .................. 32 6.1 Ausgangssituation im Zarenreich .............................................................................................. 32 6.2 Sergej Grigor’evič und sein Sohn Aleksandr Sergeevič Stroganov .................................. 33 7. Die Stroganovs Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts und im 19. Jahrhundert ........................ 44 7.1 Historischer Hintergrund – Russland zur Jahrhundertwende ......................................... 44 7.2 Pavel Aleksandrovič Stroganov .................................................................................................. 45 7.3 Baron Sergej Grigor’evič Stroganov ....................................................................................... 56 7.3.1 Sergej Grigor’evič Stroganovs Erben .................................................................................................. 61 8. Das 20. Jahrhundert – der Fall der Stroganovs .......................................................... 63 8.1 Die Šerbatov-Stroganovs in der vorrevolutionären Zeit ................................................... 63 8.2 Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Revolution ................................................................................. 69 8.2.1 Gerghi Stroganov in der revolutionären Zeit ................................................................................. 70 8.3 Die Stroganovs im Exil .................................................................................................................. 71 9. Die Familie Stroganov/ Šerbatov-Stroganov im 21. Jahrhundert .............................. 75 9.1 Die letzte Stroganov – Helene de Ludinghausen ................................................................... 75 9.2 Die Stroganov-Foundation ........................................................................................................... 76 5 10. Conlusio .......................................................................................................................... 78 10.1 Deutsch ............................................................................................................................................. 78 10.2 Englisch ............................................................................................................................................. 83 11. Literatur- und Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................ 87 11.1 Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................................................... 87 11. 2 Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................... 90 12. Anhang ........................................................................................................................... 93 12.1 Abstract Deutsch ........................................................................................................................... 93 12.2 Abstract Englisch ........................................................................................................................... 94 12.3 Der Stammbaum der Familie Stroganov ............................................................................... 95 12.4 Die russischen Herrscher im Überblick ................................................................................ 96 12.4.1 Die Großfürsten ........................................................................................................................................ 96 11.4.2 Die Zaren ...................................................................................................................................................... 96 12.4.3 Die Kaiser/ Kaiserinnen ........................................................................................................................ 97 6 1. Thema und Fragestellung 1.1 Deutsch Thema der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist die Familiengeschichte der russischen Händler- und Kaufmannsfamilie Stroganov von ihren Anfänge im 14. Jahrhundert bis hin zum 21. Jahrhundert. Diese dient als Basis meiner Fragestellung, wie sich das Tätigkeitsprofil, die Zielsetzungen und Aktivitäten der Familie über Jahrhunderte hinweg verändert und somit Position und Schicksal der Stroganovs bestimmt haben. Weiterhin ist zu klären, ob es sich bei den Stroganovs um eine in erster Linie auf Profit und Machterwerb ausgerichtete Familie gehandelt hat oder ob sie eher moralisch integer gehandelt und entschieden hat. Die Stroganovs stammen aus der Hansestadt Novgorod; sie gewannen ihren Reichtum und ihren Einfluss im Großfürstentum Moskau vorwiegend durch den Handel mit Salz, Pelzen und Holz. Die Anfänge der Familie im ausgehenden 14. Jahrhundert sind bis heute nicht eindeutig geklärt. Anfang des 15. Jahrhunderts entschied das damalige Familienoberhaupt der Stroganovs, Luka Stroganov, mit der ganzen Familie von Novgorod in den Ural zu ziehen. Dabei ging es den Kaufmännern vorwiegend um unterirdische Salzlager sowie um andere Rohstoffe wie Eisenerz, Gold und Halbedelsteine. Am Ural ließen sie sich in Solvyčegodsk nieder und errichteten dort eine Siedlung. Schon früh verband die Familie eine enge Verbindung zu den Großfürsten und Zaren, was ihnen bei ihren expansionsorientierten Vorhaben sehr zugute kam. Von dort aus, zwischen Europa und Asien, begannen die Stroganovs im 16. Jahrhundert die Kolonisierung Sibiriens mit der Unterstützung des Zaren. Im Laufe der Zeit stellte der Zar den Kaufmännern zahlreiche Urkunden und Privilegien aus, die ihre Siedlertätigkeiten in Sibirien unterstützten. Dem Zarenreich fehlten zu dieser Zeit sowohl die finanziellen Mittel als auch die militärische Macht, um die Einnahme Sibiriens durchzuführen. Daher kam es dem Zaren sehr gelegen, dass die Familie aus Novgorod aus eigenem Bestreben nach Sibirien expandieren wollte. Mit der Unterstützung des Kosaken Ermak Timofeevič gelang es den Stroganovs nach langen militärischen Auseinandersetzungen schließlich, sich gegen die indigene Bevölkerung durchzusetzen. Jedoch war die Eroberung Sibiriens mit dem Ende der Stroganovschen Unternehmungen keineswegs abgeschlossen. Die Stroganovs hatten den Weg bereitet, und das Moskauer Reich konnte nun beginnen, seine Macht in Sibirien auszuweiten und zu festigen. Die Kolonisierung Sibiriens zog sich noch das ganze 17. Jahrhundert hindurch. 7 Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte erlangten die Stroganovs immer größeren Einfluss und Ansehen am Zarenhof und beim Zaren selbst. Durch ihre immer bedeutungsvoller werdende gesellschaftliche Position und ihre Dienste für den
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