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A Highly Symmetric Two-Handed Metamaterial Spontaneously Matching the Wave Impedance

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A Highly Symmetric Two-Handed Metamaterial Spontaneously Matching the Wave Impedance A highly symmetric two-handed metamaterial spontaneously matching the wave impedance Yi- Ju Chiang1 and Ta-Jen Yen1,2† 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C. † E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: 886-3-5742174; Fax: 886-3-5722366 Abstract: We demonstrate a two-handed metamaterial (THM), composed of highly symmetric three-layered structures operated at normal incidence. Not only does the THM exhibit two distinct allowed bands with right- handed and left-handed electromagnetic responses, but posses a further advantage of being independent to the polarizations of external excitations. In addition, the THM automatically matches the wave impedance in free space, leading to maximum transmittances about 0.8 dB in the left-handed band and almost 0 dB in the right-handed band, respectively. Such a THM can be employed for diverse electromagnetic devices including dual-band bandpass filters, ultra-wide bandpass filters and superlenses. ©2008 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (160.3918) Metamaterials; (350.3618) Left-handed materials; (260.5740) Resonance; (350.4010) Microwaves. References and links 1. J. D. Watson, and F. H. C. Crick, "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids," Nature 171, 737-738 (1953). 2. A. H. J. Wang, G. J. Quigley, F. J. Kolpak, J. L. Crawford, J. H. Vanboom, G. Van der Marel, and A. Rich, "Molecular structure of a left-handed double helical DNA fragment at atomic resolution," Nature 282, 680- 686 (1979). 3. V. G. Veselago, "The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of permittivity and permeability," Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509 (1968). 4. J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, "Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic mesostructures," Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773-4776 (1996). 5. J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, "Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075-2084 (1999). 6. D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, "Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity," Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184-4187 (2000). 7. R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, "Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction," Science 292, 77-79 (2001). 8. A. A. Houck, J. B. Brock, and I. L. Chuang, "Experimental observations of a left-handed material that obeys Snell's law," Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 137401 (2003). 9. N. Seddon, and T. Bearpark, "Observation of the inverse Doppler effect," Science 302, 1537-1540 (2003). 10. J. Lu, T. M. Grzegorczyk, Y. Zhang, J. Pacheco, B. I. Wu, J. A. Kong, and M. Chen, "Cerenkov radiation in materials with negative permittivity and permeability," Opt. Express 11, 723-734 (2003). 11. J. B. Pendry, "Negative refraction makes a perfect lens," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966-3969 (2000). 12. N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, "Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens," Science 308, 534-537 (2005). 13. V. M. Shalaev, W. S. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, H. K. Yuan, A. K. Sarychev, V. P. Drachev, and A. V. Kildishev, "Negative index of refraction in optical metamaterials," Opt. Lett. 30, 3356-3358 (2005). 14. G. V. Eleftheriades, A. K. Iyer, and P. C. Kremer, "Planar negative refractive index media using periodically L-C loaded transmission lines," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 50, 2702-2712 (2002). 15. J. F. Zhou, T. Koschny, L. Zhang, G. Tuttle, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Experimental demonstration of negative index of refraction," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 221103 (2006). 16. I. Gil, J. Bonache, M. Gil, J. Garcia-Garcia, and F. Martin, "Left-handed and right-handed transmission properties of microstrip lines loaded with complementary split rings resonators," Microwave Opt. Tech. Lett. 48, 2508-2511 (2006). 17. L. Ran, J. Huangfu, H. Chen, Y. Li, X. Zhang, K. Chen, and J. A. Kong, "Microwave solid-state left-handed material with a broad bandwidth and an ultralow loss," Physical Review B 70 (2004). #97050 - $15.00 USD Received 5 Jun 2008; revised 17 Jul 2008; accepted 19 Jul 2008; published 7 Aug 2008 (C) 2008 OSA 18 August 2008 / Vol. 16, No. 17 / OPTICS EXPRESS 12764 18. J. F. Zhou, L. Zhang, G. Tuttle, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Negative index materials using simple short wire pairs," Phys. Rev. B 73, 041101 (2006). 19. H. S. Chen, L. X. Ran, J. T. Huangfu, X. M. Zhang, and K. S. Chen, "Left-handed materials composed of only S-shaped resonators," Phys. Rev. E 70, 057605 (2004). 20. D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, P. Markos, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Determination of effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission coefficients," Phys. Rev. B 65, 195104 (2002). 21. D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous metamaterials," Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617 (2005). 22. T. Koschny, P. Markos, E. N. Economou, D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Impact of inherent periodic structure on effective medium description of left-handed and related metamaterials," Phys. Rev. B 71, 245105 (2005). 23. T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, E. N. Economou, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Effective medium theory of left-handed materials," Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 107402 (2004). 24. N. Katsarakis, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, E. N. Economou, E. Ozbay, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Left- and right- handed transmission peaks near the magnetic resonance frequency in composite metamaterials," Phys. Rev. B 70, 201101 (2004). 25. K. Aydin, K. Guven, M. Kafesaki, L. Zhang, C. M. Soukoulis, and E. Ozbay, "Experimental observation of true left-handed transmission peaks in metamaterials," Opt. Lett. 29, 2623-2625 (2004). 26. B. A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surface: Theory and Design (John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2000). 27. F. T. Ulaby, Fundamental of Applied Electromagnetics (Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1999). 28. N. I. Landy, S. Sajuyigbe, J. J. Mock, D. R. Smith, and W. J. Padilla, "Perfect metamaterial absorber," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 207402 (2008). 1. Introduction It is an interesting observation that the right-handed systems appear to prevail in nature− for example, the major population of right-handed people, the right-handed helix of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) traced by the sugar-phosphate backbone [1] and certainly, electromagnetic (EM) responses of materials in which electric field E, magnetic field H, and wave vector k form a right-handed triplet of vectors. Although rare, the left-handed systems do exist in nature such as left-handed people and left-handed helical DNAs [2], the left- handed EM response in naturally occurring materials remains missing. Recently, a new class of artificially constructed sub-wavelength structures termed as metamaterials [3], possesses unprecedented EM properties to revise new chapters in electromagnetics. One revolutionary example is a negative-refractive-index medium [4-7], whose electric permittivity and magnetic permeability are negative simultaneously so that the relationship among E, H and k turns to be left-handed, leading to striking EM behaviors like inverse Snell’s law [7, 8], inverse Doppler shift [9], inverse Cerenkov effect [10], and superlensing effect [11, 12]. More interestingly, naturally occurring systems in fact allow the co-existence of both right-handed and left-handed sets (e.g., clearly observed in human beings and DNAs). As a consequence, to further enrich the possible EM properties of materials, in this letter we present a highly symmetric two-handed metamaterial (THM) to exhibit two distinct sets of EM responses. The designed THM and its corresponding geometric parameters are detailed in Fig. 1, presenting a four-fold symmetric periodic array composed of two metal discs sandwiching a dielectric layer to eventually form a continuous structure connected by very narrow metal “necks” with one another. In accordance with the dynamic Maxwell’s equations, as applying external excitations normal to the THM (i.e., along z-axis), the time-varying magnetic flux oscillating along the y- axis introduces antiparallel surface currents vertically (along the x-axis) within the two metal plates against the changing magnetic flux [13] and then results in artificial magnetic dipole moments oscillating along the y-axis. Established from the induced antiparallel surface currents, an L-C resonance occurs where the capacitance comes from the opposite charges in these two insulated metal plates and the inductance comes from the entire metals themselves, giving rise to a negative effective permeability (μeff) when such a magnetic response turns to be out-of-phase at frequencies just above the resonant frequency. Meanwhile, the metal stripes #97050 - $15.00 USD Received 5 Jun 2008; revised 17 Jul 2008; accepted 19 Jul 2008; published 7 Aug 2008 (C) 2008 OSA 18 August 2008 / Vol. 16, No. 17 / OPTICS EXPRESS 12765 Fig. 1. The fabricated THM (right panel) and the perspective view of a unit cell (left panel). The THM shows a four-fold symmetric sandwiched structure, composed of 17-m-thick copper plates and a Rogers TMM4 board with the relative dielectric constant of 4.5. The geometric parameters of the THM are as following: ax=ay=9.8 mm, r=4.75 mm, d= 0.7874 mm, h=0.30 mm, and w=0.28 mm. along E-field also contribute an additional shunt inductance, providing a negative effective permittivity (εeff) in the THM [14]. As a result, the THM exhibits both negative μeff and εeff at the same time to introduce the left-handed response (e.g., negative refraction) [3, 6]. On the other hand, once this sandwiched structure is at its off-resonance frequency, it exhibits a positive refractive index to behave the conventional right-handed response.
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