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0 Transport Policy Implementation and Outcomes: the Case of Yaounde in the 1990S 0 Transport Policy Implementation and Outcomes: The case of Yaounde in the 1990s by Soter Eddia MA, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, the Netherlands Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my late parents papa Athanasius Njenge and mama Christina Bekono, my wife Christie, my daughters Silvar and Kacey and my son Sidney. Transport Policy Implementation and Outcomes: The case of Yaounde in the 1990s Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. ir. J.T. Fokkema, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 9 september 2009 om 15.00 uur door Soter EDDIA, Master in Development Studies (PADS), Institute of Social Studies, Den Haag, Nederland geboren te Muyuka, Cameroon Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof. dr. G.P. van Wee Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus voorzitter Prof. dr. G.P. van Wee Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Prof. dr. H.L Ottens Universiteit Utrecht Prof. dr. K.A. Brookhuis Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. ir. H. Priemus Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. W.E. Walker Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. J.P.M. Groenewegen Technische Universiteit Delft This thesis is the result of a Ph.D. study carried out at Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology Policy and Management and the Netherlands School for Transport Infrastructure and Logistics, TRAIL. TRAIL Thesis Series T2009/8, the Netherlands TRAIL Research School P.O. Box 5017 2600 GA Delft The Netherlands T: +31 (0) 15 278 6046 F: +31 (0) 15 278 4333 E: [email protected] ISBN: 978-90-5584-113-4 Copyright 2009 by Soter Eddia All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the author. Printed in the Netherlands Preface I am indebted to Professor Bert van Wee my promoter at TRAIL, TUDELFT for the enormous guidance and support he provided in the course of supervising this thesis. I also extend my gratitude to the staff of the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management of TUDELFT, notably Professor Walker, Professor Thissen and Dr. Van de Riet, whose advice were essential in the course of this study at Delft. I extend my gratitude to the Secretary of the Faculty, Trudie, for her kindness and the way in which she handled my problems whilst in Delft and whenever I phoned or sent an e-mail to the Professor. Special thanks also go to the staff of TRAIL who adopted me during the course of this research exercise. I am also thankful to Professor Jacques Fame Ndongo, the Minister of Higher Education of the Republic of Cameroon and Chancellor of the National Academic Orders, for material support which permitted me to travel to the Netherlands to defend my thesis. Finally, I should be thankful to my bosses at the Presidency of the Republic in Yaounde for their support. i ii Implications of policy reforms on the urban transport system of Yaounde in the 1990’s Contents Preface........................................................................................................................................ i List of figures and tables........................................................................................................ vii 1 General introduction.................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of thesis...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Urban transport problems in developing countries ........................................................ 2 1.3 Policy reforms in Yaounde............................................................................................. 4 1.4 Research goal ................................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Research questions......................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Scope of research ...........................................................................................................5 1.7 Outline of thesis ............................................................................................................. 6 2 Theoretical framework of the thesis........................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Theories and concepts used in the thesis........................................................................ 7 2.2.1 Uncertainty in policy...................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Public policy................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Public policy context and policymaking ........................................................................ 9 2.2.4 Public policy research..................................................................................................... 9 2.2.5 Economic and political aspects of neo-liberal doctrine................................................ 11 2.2.6 Impact of market theories and public policy reforms................................................... 17 2.3 Limitations to implementing market based solutions for urban transport reforms in developing countries .................................................................................................... 20 2.4 Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 21 3 Research methodologies used in the thesis............................................................... 23 iii iv Implications of policy reforms on the urban transport system of Yaounde in the 1990’s 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 23 3.2 Policy evaluation outcome model method used in the thesis....................................... 24 3.3 Historical causal tracing analysis used in research ...................................................... 27 3.4 Stakeholder analysis..................................................................................................... 31 3.4.1 Definition of Stakeholders Analysis............................................................................. 31 3.4.2 Appropriateness of the SA for the thesis...................................................................... 31 3.5 Policy implementation analysis.................................................................................... 33 3.6 Comparative case study analysis method..................................................................... 34 3.7 Researchers’ participant observation and learning....................................................... 35 3.8 Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 35 4 Research design of the thesis..................................................................................... 39 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 39 4.2 Empirical data collection.............................................................................................. 42 4.2.1 Primary data................................................................................................................. 42 4.2.2 Secondary data.............................................................................................................. 44 4.3 Time series analysis..................................................................................................... 45 4.4 Stakeholder Table and Stakeholder Chart used for this research................................. 46 4.4.1 Stakeholder Table......................................................................................................... 46 4.4.2 Stakeholder Reference Chart........................................................................................ 49 4.4.3 Analysing data in Stakeholder Reference Chart........................................................... 52 4.4.4 Stakeholder knowledge of policy ................................................................................. 53 4.4.5 Analysis of stakeholders’ position on policy ............................................................... 53 4.4.6 Analysis of stakeholder power (influence, resources, leadership) ............................... 53 4.4.7 Stakeholder power index.............................................................................................. 54 4.4.8 Analysis of possible alliances for or against policy reform ......................................... 55 4.4.9 Stakeholder perceptions of policy’s achievement of objectives................................... 55 4.4.10 Stakeholder perception of post-policy reform condition.............................................. 55 4.5 Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 56 5 Implications of policy reforms for
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