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Tescriptors Stateshistory Plateau Rancheria Tribes (Havasupais DOCUMENT RESUME ED 125 812 BC .009 293 TITLE Indians of Arizona, INSTITUTION. Bureau of Indian Affairs, (Dept., of Interior), Washingtion, D.C. PUB DATE ,73 -4 NOTE 29p.; For related document, see ED 028 872. Not available in hard Copy due to small print size of original document AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governm ent Printing' Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ($0'.30) EDRS PRICE Mi7.$0.83 Plus Postage. BC Not Available from EDRS.. tESCRIPTORS *American Indians; *Cultural Background; Cultural Differences; *Economic.Deveiopment; EduCational DevelOpment; *Geographic Location; Health; Housing; Recreation; ReserliatiOns (Indian) ;*Social Development;.. *Socioeconomic. Status;. Tribes; United StatesHistory IDENTIFIERS Apaches; *Arizona; Havasupais; Hopis; Navajos; Paidtes;'-Papagos; Pimas; Yavapais; Yuias ABSTRACT Briefly describing-each tribe within Arizona's four major American Indian groups,.: this handbook present's information relative to the cultural background and socioeconomic development of the following tribes:(1) Athapascan T2ibeS' (Navajos and Apaches) ; (2) Pueblo Indians (Hopis) ;(3)*Desert Rancheri'a Tribes (Pimas, Yumas, Papagos, Maricopas, Mohave's, Chemehuevis, and Cocopahs);(4) Plateau Rancheria Tribes (Havasupais, Hualapais, Ya4apds, and Paiutes). Statistical information relative-to the social and economic progress of Indians living in Arizona is presented for:education (emphasis on the Bureau of Indian Affairs [BIA] programs); health (emphasis on the Indian Health Servic:e of the U.S. Public Health Setyice); housing (emphasis on,-the financial assistance ddrived from the Department of Housing and Urban Development) ;economic development (emphasis.on development Of tribal businesses and Indian' 14ndS);and recreational development (emphasis on the appeal of Indian culture coupled with the scenic appeal of Indian lands).1 Additionally, this publication presents:a list of places of interest loCated in or near: the GrandtanyOn; Page; Phoenix; Tuba City; Tucson; Whiteriver; Window Rock; and Tuma, A table is alsopresented which describes-Arizonal's Indian tribes and reservations by tribal af4iliation, reservation name, reservation size, population size (as of 1967), and BA agency affiliation. (JC) -***********************************************4*********************** Documents,acguired by ERIC include' many infOrmal unpublished * materials not availablet from other sources. ERIC makes every effort* * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items ofmarginal * .* reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality *- * of the"microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC,makes available * * Via.the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EBBS is not *, *responsible for the quality of the. original document. Reproductions *. * suppliealpyEDRS are the best that can be made from theoriginal. :* ************************************1*******s******4****4c****4;******** $ DtPARTMt hTut t L. Epl,C1010t4 NAToUt4Al 1)1 tt r`t- tU JCP.1 S LA,/ t t 01..0tt f4 . THE.PERt,ut. ...t, A 4T,NG 511'EC. :JO t NT . SENT 1.t,A' t. ED ICAT P i,N t). r ki - 4 , 104 t 1V ." tkj.i 'A Vb "=.tk`''' INTRODUCTION .. Life patterns among the Arizona tribes are almost as diverse as their' languages and cultures.More widely than anywhere else in he Nation, ancient social acid religious customs are still prac- ticed.But the Indian people all share one significant new char, . ftteristic:their geographical-and sociaNsolation is disappearing rapidly. INDIANS OF ARIZONA Most Arizona Indian' tribes live today in the homelands of now Arizona.Even theState's Indian "newcomers"Nava- 1 their ancient ancestors.. Hopis in the northeast, Pimas and jos and Apachesarrived abmit 1,000 years ago. Papagos in the south, Yuman groups in the west all descend Arizona's Indians represent four major cultural groups from peoples who at least 10,000 years ago occupied what is divided into tribes having distinct histories and life patterns. ATHAPASCAN TRIBES I The Navajos The Navajo Reservation is Arizona's and the Nation's a later date than did most other Indian groups found here. largest, and its population of about 110,000 is considerably Such views conflict with the Navajos' own idea of their greater today than wlhen the Spanish first encountered the origins.Navajo legends tell that "The People," or "Dine" Navajos nearly four centuries ago.The present reservation as they call themselves, emerged from underground.Later area is nearly 24,000 sqjuare miles, some of which reaches they spread south and west into what now is known as Navajo into New Mexico and Utah. country, and by the early k1600's they were an aggressive and The Navajos belong (43 the large family of Athapascan powerful tribe.Sometime during the 1600's they acquired Indians, representatives of whom are found inparts of Alaska h °orses and sheep from the Spaniards, as well as a knoWledge and Canada, in California to some extent, and in the south- of working with metal and wool. west,Navajos anctA-paches are linguistically related through __The .first_ILS.inilitary expedition into the territory of the the Athapascan language roots. Navajos was made in the winter of 1846, when Col. Alexander , Linguists and ethnologists generally believe that the Atha- W. Doniphan and 350 soldiers met with a group of Nac.vajos pascan peoples arrived oh the North American continent at at Bear Springs (later Fort Wingate) and signed a nominal. 2 5 I Navajo silversmith.With such simple equipment as thisele- mentaiyforge,bellows,iron anvil,dies, andafewtools, Navajo artists create slowly and painstakingly a variety of hand- some jewelry.Its sale is an im- portant source of income to many Indians.Photo: Bureau of Indian Affairs. 6 treaty.Since there was no acknowledged Navajo head, any So, less than a hundred years ago, the Navajo people made leader of a hand who signed a treaty was responsible for his a new start toward progress.That they had industry, stam- people only.This fact was not understood by the Arverican ina,a great urge to succeed, and exceptionaladaptability is Army leaders, who held all Navajos responsible for treaty. obvious in the progress the tribe has made within this century. promises.As a result, for tfte next 20 years there- were in- The extended family group, made up of two or more fam- creased misunderstandings, raids, retaliations; and further ilies, is a very important aspect of Navajo social organiza- treaties.Finally,. it was decided to round up all Navajos tion.Itis a cooperative unit of responsible leadership, and send them to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, where they bound together by ties of marriage and close relationship' would be taught a sedentary, agricultural lift patterned after and. identified with specific areas of agricultural land use. that of the Pueblo Indians. The extended family group, in turn, is part of a larger, al- - Col. Kit Carson was given the task of locating the-Navajos, though less well knit, sociological unit, commonly referred to . who were hidiriin such vastnesses as Canyon.de To I as a"community."The place of women in the tribe is an im- starve them into submission, soldiers killed their sheep and portant one, and religion is still the core of Navajo culture. Prior to a hundred years ago, the Navajo Tribe did not destroyed. their cornfields and orchards.Even then, dhow- exist as a political entity.There were only local bands led ever, not all the Navajos surrendered.Many bands fled into . by headmen who enjoyed varying amounts" of power deter- the far western and northern partsj of the area- and eluded mined by their persuasive ability.Coalitions of headmen the troops until they 'were finally left uninolested. were few and their authority was of short duration. In1868.- recognizing the Fort Sumner experiment as When oil was discovered on the reservation in 1921, the failure- and acceding to_ Navajo appeals, the Government Navajos organized a General Council (Assembly)to ne- concluded a treaty with the tribe %;Thieli established 3.5 gotiate a development lease.Later they established a busi- million-acre Navajo reservation.Through a series of Execu- ness council and several tribal councils of varying numbers. tive orders. and acts of Congress, extending from 1878 to The Navajo Tribe, unlike many other tribes, has never 6 1934; the reservation area was increased to approximately adopted' a constitution.Instead, the present tribal council I5 million acres. bases its authority to administer the affairs of the Tribe on 4 7 rules promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior. in 1938 t 'Fhese rules provide for a tribal Co '1 of 74i memberselfed from 18 land management districts iT-he c-hairman_ ndivice. s chairman are elected at large, while the members of the tribal council are elected in their own districts.Over the years the resolutions and ordinance's enacted by ;the council have resulted in several volumes.The more significant of these enactments 'now comprise the Navajo Tribal Code,gnidelines for the conduct,.`theextensive Navajo governmental institutions. The tribe derives a substantial income from timber, grazing land, and minerals, with nearly 300 oil and gas leases now in effect on tribal lands:The tribally owned and operated saw- mill, located on the 'New Mexico side, was. built in 1961 Itt a cost of about $8.5 million, and has capacity to utilize the total annual harvest of reservation timber. The Apaches The Apache Story is one of the. most remarkable in Ameri- can Indian history.Less than a hundred years ago, the name The
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