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Brief Descriptions of the Historical and Cultural Background of the Navajo

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Brief Descriptions of the Historical and Cultural Background of the Navajo DOCUMENT RESUME ED 028 872 RC 003 368 Indians of Arizona. Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of Interior), Washington, D.C. Pub Date 68 Note-28p. Available from-Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (0-292-749, S0.15). EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors-*American Indian% *Cultural Background, Cultural Differences, Cultural Environment, *Economic Development, Economic Progress, *Educational Opportunities, Employment Opportunities, Ethnic Groups, Health Program% *United States History Identifiers-Apache% *Arizona, Hopis, Navajos, Papago% Pima% Yumas Brief descriptions of the historical and cultural background of the Navajo. Apache, Hopi, Pima, Papago, Yuma, Maricopa, Mohave, Cocopah, Havasupai, Hualapai. Yavapai, and Paiute Indian tribes of Arizona are presented. Further information is given concerning the educational, housing, employment, and economic development taking place on the reservations in Arizona today. A list of places of interest is included. (DK) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION 8, WELFARE NDIANS OF OFFICE OF EDUCATION /ANIL THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. Alp - 11101.. 1. t Ask y: _ a A 1.0 r tio 4: '717' :V! -,r44 AMP= alMa. !, el"' 4. iiiityl.IP , :; t,,:;- Ago\ -;4- - ' 1 ,_#,;,,ii,414, ,.. 7 t-, ..: -1,.. A p- ' z I ',; t*, ''''-',"2k;;L. , . ANA, ., 47' :. 1 -,. ,k.,\ '4'-';:.,-%'41i,'' ';' l'V i":, \ \ I r --.116116'1%.4, ,ri 4 * N. - ; !'''' A' \ \ .. .....--- . 0,,...".4 _.......la' 4,-, '', \ Crf71' . *'.* , .01 Sired by the muddy Colorado, C thegreatbluelakecalled Powell lies behind Glen Canyon CV, - ik:-.E", I 'Xga , Dam and crosses the Arizona- JAME6.1:". 411111__ Utah border. I -1/44,7 .76 # " 110. $!, 1411k, r" . INTRODUCTION... Life patterns among the Arizona tribesare almost as diverse as their languages and cultures.More widely than anywhere else in the Nation, ancient social and religiouscustoms are still prac- ticed.But the Indian people all shareone significant new char- acteristic: their geographical and social isolation isdisappearing rapidly. 44, a 1PAR. a *ern 411 NaJW--s -0 20. T- INDIANS OF ARIZONA Most Arizona Indian tribes live today in the homelands of now Arizona.Even the State's Indian "newcomers"Nava- their ancient ancestors.Hopis in the northeast, Pimas and jos and Apachesarrived about 1,000 years ago. Papagos in the south, Yuman groups in the westall descend Arizona's Indians represent four major cultural groups from peoples who at least 10,000 years ago occupied what is divided into tribes having distinct histories and life patterns. ATHAPASCAN TRIBES The Navajos The Navajo Reservation is Arizona's and the Nation's a later date than did most other Indian groups found here. largest, and its population of about 110,000 is considerably Such views conflict with the Navajos' own idea of their greater today than when the Spanish first encountered the origins.Navajo legends tell that "The People," or "Dine" Navajos nearly four centuries ago.The present reservation as they call themselves, emerged from underground.Later area is nearly 24,000 square miles, some of which reaches they spread south and west into what now is known as Navajo into New Mexico and Utah. country, and by the early 1600's they were an aggressive and The Navajos belong to the large family of Athapascan powerful tribe.Sometime during the 1600's they acquired Indians, representatives of whom are found in parts of Alaska horses and sheep from the Spaniards, as well as a knowledge and Canada, in California to some extent, and in the south- of working with metal and wool. west.Navajos and Apaches are linguistically related through The first U.S. military expedition into the territory of the the Athapascan language roots. Navajos was made in the winter of 1846, when Col. Alexander Linguists and ethnologists generally believe that the Atha- W. Doniphan and 350 soldiers met with a group of Navajos pascan peoples arrived on the North American continent at at Bear Springs (later Fort Wingate) and signed a nominal 2 - 4J I a 4. e ,14.4a411..... 4, 414', Navajo silversmith.With such simple equipment asthis ele- mentaryforge,bellows,iron anvil,dies, and a few tools, Navajo artists create slowly and A P painstakingly a variety of hand- some jewelry.Its sale is an im- portant source of income to many Indians.Photo: Bureau of Indian Affairs. 11..P.1415 3 I A, - fir AL..44,4,041.1 , 4, treaty.Since there was no acknowledged Navajo head, any So, less than a hundred years ago, the Navajo people made leader of a band who signed a treatywas responsible for his a new start toward progress.That they had industry, stam- people only.This fact was not understood by the American ina, a great urge to succeed, and exceptional adaptability is Army leaders, who held all Navajos responsible for treaty obvious in the progress the tribe has made within this century. promises.As a result, for the next 20 years there were in- The extended family group, made up of two or more fam- creased misunderstandings, raids, retaliations, and further ilies, is a very important aspect of Navajo social organiza- treaties.Finally, it was decided to roundup all Navajos tion.It is a cooperative unit of responsible leadership, and send them to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, where they bound together by ties of marriage and close relationship would be taught a sedentary, agricultural life patterned after and identified with specific areas of agricultural landuse. that of the Pueblo Indians. The extended family group, in turn, is part ofa larger, al- Col. Kit Carson was given the task of locating the Navajos, though less well knit, sociological unit, commonly referredto who were hiding in such vastnesses as Canyon de Chelly.To as a "community."The place of women in the tribe isan im- starve them into submission, soldiers killed their sheep and portant one, and religion is still the core of Navajo culture. destroyed their cornfields and orchards.Even then, how- Prior to a hundred years ago, the Navajo Tribe did not ever, not all the Navajos surrendered.Many bands fled into exist as a political entity.There were only local bands led the far western and northern parts of thearea and eluded by headmen who enjoyed varying amounts ofpower deter- the troops until they were finally left unmolested. mined by their persuasive ability.Coalitions of headmen In 1868, recognizing the Fort Sumner experimentas a were few and their authority was of short duration. failure and acceding to Navajo appeals, the Government When oil was discovered on the reservation in 1921, the Navajos organized a General Council (Assembly)to ne- concluded a treaty with the tribe which establisheda 3.5 gotiate a development lease.Later they established a busi- million-acre Navajo reservation.Through a series of Execu- ness council and several tribal councils of varying numbers. tive orders and acts of Congress, extending from 1878 to The Navajo Tribe, unlike many other tribes, hasnever 1934, the reservation area was increased to approximately adopted a constitution.Instead, the present tribal council 15 million acres. bases its authority to administer the affairs of the Tribeon 4 h!,.., _ IA!."- v ilk 1... rules promulgated by the Secretary of theInterior in 1938.t ....,:.7.,,,..... ,... ,,,-. .....-- These rules provide for . , a tribal council of 74 members elected - from 18 land management districts. :-o .P.-.." The chairman and vice 14 . - , chairman are elected at large, while the membersof the triba! council are elected in theirown districts.Over the ycars, the resolutions and ordinances enacted bythe council have resulted in several volumes.The more significant of these enactments now comprise the Navajo Tribal Code, guidelines for the conduct of the extensive Navajogovernmental institutions. The tribe derives a substantial income from timber,grazing oe - land, and minerals, with nearly 300 oil andgas leases now in effect on tribal lands.The tribally owned and operatedsaw- mill, located on the New Mexico side,was built in 1961 at a cost of about $8.5 million, and has capacity to utilize the total annual harvest of reservation timber. The Apaches The Apache story is one of the most remarkablein Ameri- can Indian history.Less than a hundred yearsago, the name The scenic attractions of Navajo landare endless.Here three new schoolteachers in Bureau of Indian Affairs schoolson the Navajo Reservation visit one of its wondersWindowRock, for which the community of Window Rock, Ariz.is named. Photo: Bureau of Indian Affairs. 4ttl' . 4, "14 .1-44 , . - 43 "Apache" (a Zuni word meaning "enemy") symbolized savagery.Forced to abandon their traditionalways as nomad-warriors, the Apaches have madean impressive record of adjustment and rehabilitation. A southern branch of the Athapascan family, the Apaches came to the Southwest from the far north, probably around the 10th century.By the 17th century they were widely known and feared as savage warriors.As white immigration into the Southwest increased,so did widespread Apache attacks.The mid-19th century saw many years of warfare between Apache warriors and American soldiers and settlers. This was the period that produced the Apaches'most distin- guished warrior-leaders such as Mangas Coloradas, Cochise, and Diablo.Defeat came to the tribe in 1873, when hostile Apache bands were rounded up and marched to the San Carlos Reservation (although the rebellious Geronimocon- tinued to terrorize settlers in periodic raids which endedwith Members of White Mountain his surrender in 1886). Apache Tribal Council view their The two Arizona Apache reservations adjoin each other. people's 1965 Christmas gift to the Nationa 70-foot-tall blue 4 San Carlos is principally cattle country, with addedre- spruce, largest ever to stand in sources in timberlands, farm lands and some minerals.The the Ellipse behind the White reservation has a timber management plan that allowsa House.Its 1,000 colored bulbs cut of approximately 7 million board feet annually.
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