DOCUMENT RESUME ED 028 872 RC 003 368 Indians of Arizona. Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of Interior), Washington, D.C. Pub Date 68 Note-28p. Available from-Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (0-292-749, S0.15). EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors-*American Indian% *Cultural Background, Cultural Differences, Cultural Environment, *Economic Development, Economic Progress, *Educational Opportunities, Employment Opportunities, Ethnic Groups, Health Program% *United States History Identifiers-Apache% *Arizona, Hopis, Navajos, Papago% Pima% Yumas Brief descriptions of the historical and cultural background of the Navajo. Apache, Hopi, Pima, Papago, Yuma, Maricopa, Mohave, Cocopah, Havasupai, Hualapai. Yavapai, and Paiute Indian tribes of Arizona are presented. Further information is given concerning the educational, housing, employment, and economic development taking place on the reservations in Arizona today. A list of places of interest is included. (DK) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION 8, WELFARE NDIANS OF OFFICE OF EDUCATION /ANIL THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE
PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION
POSITION OR POLICY. Alp
- 11101..
1. t Ask
y: _ a A 1.0 r tio 4: '717' :V! -,r44 AMP= alMa. !, el"' 4.
iiiityl.IP , :; t,,:;- Ago\ -;4- - ' 1 ,_#,;,,ii,414, ,.. 7 t-, ..: -1,.. A p- ' z I ',; t*, ''''-',"2k;;L. , . ANA, ., 47' :. 1 -,. . ,k.,\ '4'-';:.,-%'41i,''
';' l'V i":, \ \ I r --.116116'1%.4, ,ri 4 * N. - ; !'''' A' \ \ ...... --- . 0,,...".4 _...... la' 4,-, '', \ Crf71' . *'.* , .01 Sired by the muddy Colorado, C thegreatbluelakecalled Powell lies behind Glen Canyon CV, - ik:-.E", I 'Xga , Dam and crosses the Arizona- JAME6.1:". 411111__ Utah border.
I
-1/44,7 .76 # " 110. $!, 1411k,
r" . INTRODUCTION...
Life patterns among the Arizona tribesare almost as diverse as their languages and cultures.More widely than anywhere else in the Nation, ancient social and religiouscustoms are still prac- ticed.But the Indian people all shareone significant new char- acteristic: their geographical and social isolation isdisappearing rapidly.
44, a 1PAR. a *ern 411 NaJW--s
-0 20. T- INDIANS OF ARIZONA
Most Arizona Indian tribes live today in the homelands of now Arizona.Even the State's Indian "newcomers"Nava- their ancient ancestors.Hopis in the northeast, Pimas and jos and Apachesarrived about 1,000 years ago. Papagos in the south, Yuman groups in the westall descend Arizona's Indians represent four major cultural groups from peoples who at least 10,000 years ago occupied what is divided into tribes having distinct histories and life patterns.
ATHAPASCAN TRIBES The Navajos The Navajo Reservation is Arizona's and the Nation's a later date than did most other Indian groups found here. largest, and its population of about 110,000 is considerably Such views conflict with the Navajos' own idea of their greater today than when the Spanish first encountered the origins.Navajo legends tell that "The People," or "Dine" Navajos nearly four centuries ago.The present reservation as they call themselves, emerged from underground.Later area is nearly 24,000 square miles, some of which reaches they spread south and west into what now is known as Navajo into New Mexico and Utah. country, and by the early 1600's they were an aggressive and The Navajos belong to the large family of Athapascan powerful tribe.Sometime during the 1600's they acquired Indians, representatives of whom are found in parts of Alaska horses and sheep from the Spaniards, as well as a knowledge and Canada, in California to some extent, and in the south- of working with metal and wool. west.Navajos and Apaches are linguistically related through The first U.S. military expedition into the territory of the the Athapascan language roots. Navajos was made in the winter of 1846, when Col. Alexander Linguists and ethnologists generally believe that the Atha- W. Doniphan and 350 soldiers met with a group of Navajos pascan peoples arrived on the North American continent at at Bear Springs (later Fort Wingate) and signed a nominal 2
-
4J I
a 4.
e ,14.4a411.....
4,
414',
Navajo silversmith.With such simple equipment asthis ele- mentaryforge,bellows,iron anvil,dies, and a few tools, Navajo artists create slowly and A P painstakingly a variety of hand- some jewelry.Its sale is an im- portant source of income to many Indians.Photo: Bureau of Indian Affairs.
11..P.1415 3 I A, - fir
AL..44,4,041.1 ,
4, treaty.Since there was no acknowledged Navajo head, any So, less than a hundred years ago, the Navajo people made leader of a band who signed a treatywas responsible for his a new start toward progress.That they had industry, stam- people only.This fact was not understood by the American ina, a great urge to succeed, and exceptional adaptability is Army leaders, who held all Navajos responsible for treaty obvious in the progress the tribe has made within this century. promises.As a result, for the next 20 years there were in- The extended family group, made up of two or more fam- creased misunderstandings, raids, retaliations, and further ilies, is a very important aspect of Navajo social organiza- treaties.Finally, it was decided to roundup all Navajos tion.It is a cooperative unit of responsible leadership, and send them to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, where they bound together by ties of marriage and close relationship would be taught a sedentary, agricultural life patterned after and identified with specific areas of agricultural landuse. that of the Pueblo Indians. The extended family group, in turn, is part ofa larger, al- Col. Kit Carson was given the task of locating the Navajos, though less well knit, sociological unit, commonly referredto who were hiding in such vastnesses as Canyon de Chelly.To as a "community."The place of women in the tribe isan im- starve them into submission, soldiers killed their sheep and portant one, and religion is still the core of Navajo culture. destroyed their cornfields and orchards.Even then, how- Prior to a hundred years ago, the Navajo Tribe did not ever, not all the Navajos surrendered.Many bands fled into exist as a political entity.There were only local bands led the far western and northern parts of thearea and eluded by headmen who enjoyed varying amounts ofpower deter- the troops until they were finally left unmolested. mined by their persuasive ability.Coalitions of headmen In 1868, recognizing the Fort Sumner experimentas a were few and their authority was of short duration. failure and acceding to Navajo appeals, the Government When oil was discovered on the reservation in 1921, the Navajos organized a General Council (Assembly)to ne- concluded a treaty with the tribe which establisheda 3.5 gotiate a development lease.Later they established a busi- million-acre Navajo reservation.Through a series of Execu- ness council and several tribal councils of varying numbers. tive orders and acts of Congress, extending from 1878 to The Navajo Tribe, unlike many other tribes, hasnever 1934, the reservation area was increased to approximately adopted a constitution.Instead, the present tribal council 15 million acres. bases its authority to administer the affairs of the Tribeon 4 h!,..,
_ IA!."- v ilk 1...
rules promulgated by the Secretary of theInterior in 1938.t ....,:.7.,,,..... ,... ,,,-...... -- These rules provide for . , a tribal council of 74 members elected - from 18 land management districts. :-o .P.-.." The chairman and vice 14 . - , chairman are elected at large, while the membersof the triba! council are elected in theirown districts.Over the ycars, the resolutions and ordinances enacted bythe council have resulted in several volumes.The more significant of these enactments now comprise the Navajo Tribal Code, guidelines for the conduct of the extensive Navajogovernmental institutions. The tribe derives a substantial income from timber,grazing oe - land, and minerals, with nearly 300 oil andgas leases now in effect on tribal lands.The tribally owned and operatedsaw- mill, located on the New Mexico side,was built in 1961 at a cost of about $8.5 million, and has capacity to utilize the total annual harvest of reservation timber. The Apaches The Apache story is one of the most remarkablein Ameri- can Indian history.Less than a hundred yearsago, the name
The scenic attractions of Navajo landare endless.Here three new schoolteachers in Bureau of Indian Affairs schoolson the Navajo Reservation visit one of its wondersWindowRock, for which the community of Window Rock, Ariz.is named. Photo: Bureau of Indian Affairs.
4ttl' . 4, "14 .1-44
, . . -
43 "Apache" (a Zuni word meaning "enemy") symbolized savagery.Forced to abandon their traditionalways as nomad-warriors, the Apaches have madean impressive record of adjustment and rehabilitation. A southern branch of the Athapascan family, the Apaches came to the Southwest from the far north, probably around the 10th century.By the 17th century they were widely known and feared as savage warriors.As white immigration into the Southwest increased,so did widespread Apache attacks.The mid-19th century saw many years of warfare between Apache warriors and American soldiers and settlers. This was the period that produced the Apaches'most distin- guished warrior-leaders such as Mangas Coloradas, Cochise, and Diablo.Defeat came to the tribe in 1873, when hostile Apache bands were rounded up and marched to the San Carlos Reservation (although the rebellious Geronimocon- tinued to terrorize settlers in periodic raids which endedwith Members of White Mountain his surrender in 1886). Apache Tribal Council view their The two Arizona Apache reservations adjoin each other. people's 1965 Christmas gift to the Nationa 70-foot-tall blue 4 San Carlos is principally cattle country, with addedre- spruce, largest ever to stand in sources in timberlands, farm lands and some minerals.The the Ellipse behind the White reservation has a timber management plan that allowsa House.Its 1,000 colored bulbs cut of approximately 7 million board feet annually. were lighted by President John- Fort Apache Reservation to the north (whose Indians son in ceremony opening Christ- call mas Pageant for Peace.Photo: themselves the White Mountain Tribe) is distinguishedfor its U.S. Department of the Interior. 6 large, tribally owned sawmill at Whitt-river, which produces recent lease of 2,560 acres.Asbestos and building stone are annually about 42 million board feet of finished lumber.It mined on the San Carlos Reservation. was the White Mountain Apaches who donated the The Fort Apache Reservation includes the largest privately House Christmas tree in 1965a 70-foot blue spruce from ,-.-ned recreation area in the western United States, com- the tribe's 720,000-acre forest.The Apaches were repre- prising than 300 miles of trout streams and several lakes sented that year by five members of the tribal council at including the maw.. --;1?Hawley Lake with its accompanying the tree-lighting ceremony in Washington, D.C. resort.Tourist trade is 41Iv., increasing source of in- The Apaches are accomplished cattlemen, and their stock come for White Mountain Apaches, maintain, now ranks with the State's best. A small herd is set aside for and supervise all facilities on the reservation 4IC relief of those unable to work, and there is another for choice The Apaches on Fort Apache and San Carlos Reservations breeding. A deposit of low-grade iron in the northeast corner are governed by elected Tribal Councils, whose members of the Fort Apache Reservation is to be explored following a hold office for 4 years.
PUEBLOINDIANS
Pueblo Indian culture, dominant in the Southwest, is rep- ervation.Ownership of about 2472,000 acres in the heart of resented in Arizona by the Hopis and a small group of Tewa- the Navajo Reservation was,for many years disputed by the speakingimmigrants from the Rio Grande region, who Navajos and Hopis.A 3962 decision of the Arizona Dis- occupy adjoining villages in northeast Arizona. trict Court affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court gave the Sedentary town dwellers, whose name means "the peace- Hopi Tribe exclusive right to more than 631,000 acres of this ful people," the Hopis live on three adjoining mesas high land.The remaining acreage was directed by th,-.ourts above the northern Arizona desert.Centuries ago these to be one-half undivided interest owned by each rril- mesas served as natural fortification against hostile tribes. Hopis have lived in this area for more than 1,000 years. Hopi lands are entirely surrounded by the vast Navajo Res- Their village of Old Oraibi contends with Acoma Pueblo 7
-,.1.1M. ii
in NM Mexico for the title of "oldestcontinuously occupied town" in the United States.They are a conservative and extremely religious people who have retainedmuch of their ancient way of life.Their lands and villagesare highly organized under a matriarchalsystem of family and clan assignment dating back to prehistoric times.Although in recent years a Hopi Tribal Council has.been recognizedas the official governing body, the politicalautonomy of each village remains an importantpart of the tribe's way of life. LI Members of this industrious tribe rankamong the wor'd's \ best dry farmers, growing corn, vegetables, and fruitson desertlands at the foot of theirmesas.Hopis are also shep- 11 herds and cattlemen; are adeptas masons, carpenters, me- ,,WAVO16 chanics, and machine operators; andare among the most skillful forest firefighters in Arizona.Hopi interest in mod- ern education is shown by the fact that only 1 percent of school age population is not enrolled in school andover half of this is out for valid reasons. Agieko' Varied and beautiful arts and crafts (pottery, basketry, e Weaving of textiles is a man's artamong the Hopi Indians, who have been following this craft since the8th century. This Hopi artist, engrossed in makinga ceremonial sash, was photographed at the annual Inter-Tribal Indian Arts and Crafts Exhibition at Gallup, N. Mex.Photo: New Mexico Department of Development.
00- weaving, carving, and silversmithing) are an important part of tribal economy.Each Hopi village has its plaza, where dances and religious ceremonies are held today much as in centuries past.Although generally the ceremonies are closed to nontribesmen, there are occasions when other viewers are welcome; and certain Hopi ceremonies, such as the snake dance, have become world famous.
.4440A1111 Ilawm .-- Hopi Crier chief.Standing atop highest house in mesa-top ,1 village of Moenkopi at dawn, he announces beginnhig of Soya- luna, ancient religious drama in which Hopi people celebrate the winter solstice.Photo: Bud De Wald, Arizona Days & Ways.
9 292-749 0-68-2 DESERT RANCHERIA TRIBES
Indian tribes of southern and southwestern Arizona, though residing in Arizona when the Spanish first arrived.The culturally similar, are divided into two linguistic families: Yaquis came as political refugees from Mexico after1830. The Piman (Pima, Papago, and Yaqui), abd the Yuman They are not considered native Indians of the UnitedStates (Yuma, Mohave, Maricopa, ahd Cocopah). and are not eligible for Federal services.The Yaqui com- With the exception of the Yaquis, all of thesegroups were munity now numbers about 4,000.
PIMAN The Pimas Where Pima Indians live todayonce flourished the ancient where the Pimas live in harmony with Maricopas. On the Hohokam, who may have been their culturalancestors.The Gila River Reservation a community farm isan important Pimas ("river people") have occupied thesame locality for tribal enterprise.Here the Pimas grow a fine cotton that centuries, continuing Hohokam traditions of irrigated farm- bears their name.Individual income is low, coming mostly ing, industry, peacefulness, and artistic e,xcellence,- especially from leases of land to non-Indians, andsome ranching and in basketmaking. wage work, in addition to limited family farming. On irri- Lands of the Pima and Papago Indiansare part of a once gated lands, rotation of crops allows year-round growing. vast section of southern Arizona and northern Mexico known Yet to be developed on the Pima reservationsare enormous to Spanish explorers and missionariesas "Pimeria."Pima deposits of sand and gravel.Both reservations are located country became United States territory in 1853 through the close to the bustling Phoenixarea, and Pima land is becom- Gadsden Purchase. ing increasingly valuable for urban development. Farming lands are a principalresource of both the Gila Communities on Pima reservations are governed bycoun- River Reservation and the smaller Salt River Reservation, cils whose members are elected for 3-yearterms. 10
1:1 10.40,4AA,Affigt ILAAA4vs.., Woo The Papagos Far to the south of the Pimas, the Papagos (a Pima word meaning "bean people") occupy three reservationsthe vast s' Sells and the smaller San Xavier and Gila Bend. Papago ,,,,, Indians also occupy the little L-shaped Maricopa (Ak Chin) t "L Reservation, under Pima jurisdiction. V4.44.4 I Until the coming of the Spanish, from whom they learned aL4b6rAmmiAA,A4e..#4144"48"4444°14*.a...i. stockraising, Papago Indians were farmers, using fields irri- gated only by flash floods.They are now better known as 4 .Asa ' I.
oes4rrP,
a Nne""""N'
Papago baskets in traditional and modern designs are made in quantity by Papago women, and find ready sale through tribal arts and crafts shop at Sells.Practical as well as artistic, weavers have developed new forms to suit tourist tastes.Ma- terials are beargrass, ocotillo stems, saguaro ribs, or wheat =App0000. straw bundles, sewed with mesquite, yucca, and Devil's claw. Photos.Myles Libhart, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, U.S. Department of the Interior.
11 cattlemen than as farmers.However, because of unproduc- tions.The most famous landmark is San Xavier del Bac, tive desertlands and a scarcity of jobs in the area, the Papagos one of the Southwest's finest examples of Spanish mission are among the most poverty-ridden people of the Southwest. architecture, on the San Xavier Reservation. The Sells Reservation, second largest in the United States, Sells, Gila Bend, and San Xavier Reservations have joined lies in Arizona's spectacular southern cactus country,an for the purpose of tribal government under the 22-member area which bears much evidence of early Spanish expedi- Papago Tribal Council.
YU MAN The Yumas The Maricopas Historically, these Indians lived exclusively on the west Several hundred Maricopa Indians live on the Gila and Salt or Californiaside of the Colorado River, where their ex- River Reservations.They are a distinct linguistic tribe tremely fertile flatlands made them expert farmers with little stemming from the Yuman group, and descend from a seg- effort.Farming land, highly prized and jealously guarded, ment of Colorado River Maricopas who early in the 19th was owned by clans or families, with descent through the century seceded from the Yuma Tribe and joined the Pimas, father. from whom they received lands and protection. Most Yuma territory came under U.S. control through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hilda lgo in 1848 and the remainder The Mohaves (and the Chemehuevis) with the Gadsden Purchase of 1853.Members of the tribe Mohave Indians in Arizona occupy the Colorado River were ultimately located on Fort Yuma Reservation, which Reservation, through which flows the Colorado River.They lies almost entirely in California. have inhabited this area since prehistoric times, living by Only a few Yuma Indians live on the Arizona side of the small-scale farming, gathering wild foods, hunting, and fish- reservation, most of the tribe occupying the California lands ing.Religious beliefs, revolving around death ceremonies across the Colorado River.The reservation as a whole is and the acquisition of power by dreams, are still important extremely arid, although there is some irrigated farming. to some Mohaves, as is faith in the curing powers of their
12 medicine men.Mohaves also reside on the California sec- source of income from tourism.Hunting and fishing per- tion of Fort Mohave, located at the juncture of Arizona, mits are issued by the two tribes, who also lease space in Nevada, and California. tribal trailer parks along the river. The Colorado River Reservation is also occupied by mem- The Mohaves and Chemehuevis jointly have a constitution bers of the Chemehuevi Tribe (who are not of the Yuman and code of law and order, a tribal council of nine elected family, but derive from the southern Paiute).Some of the Chemehuevis once lived on the Chemehuevi Reservation, members, and a tribal court that exercises both civil and located entirely in California and now almost uninhabited. criminal jurisdiction over Indians. In ancient times this tribe occupied the eastern half of the The Cocopahs Mohave Desert, living by seasonal plant gathering and hunt- ing.The Chemehuevis, who have shown marked ability to Cocopah Indians living in the southwest corner of the live and work in non-Indian communities, practice no tribal State are not natives of Arizona, but of Mexico, where they or religious ceremonies. once had extensive homelands in the delta region of the Mohaves and Chemehuevis now farm irrigated landon the Colorado River.With the Gadsden Purchase (1853) a small Colorado River Reservation for such cash cropsas alfalfa part of their original territory came under U.S. control. and cotton.They also raise cattle and work as clerks, Those Cocopahs remaining on the northern side of the In- machine operators, surveyors, mechanics, and laborers.The ternational Boundary live today near Yuma, on two small reservation is one of the wealthiest for its size, having about tracts of land, which they use mainly for small subsistence 37,000 acres in agricultural production and 62,000acres crops and some cotton growing.An elected council of five (exclusive of lands in California) of potential farming land. members governs the tribe in accordance with a constitution The Colorado River represents an increasingly important approved in November 1964.
PLATEAU RANCHERIA TRIBES
These Indians have long occupied western Arizona's desert peoples (Pimas and Papagos). Great simplicity of social plateaus, but are culturally related to the southern Rancheria structure and way of life has always characterized Plateau
13 Rancheria tribes, who, except for the Havasupai, are tradi- tionally nonagricultural, living by gathering and hunting. The intense individualism, family self-sufficiency, and lack of formal organization of ancient days are still traits of these Indians, who for the most part have adjusted well to life and work in non-Indian communities. 44' ; The Havasupais For centuries the Havasupais ("people of the blue-green waters") have made their home in the bottom of an extremely rugged section of the Grand Canyon. Their small reserva- , tionprobably the most isolated Indian settlement in the .; .1/4`.
United Stateslies about 3,000 feet below the canyon rim A and averages only about one-quarter mile in width.The 7 L.; i:;..: $'' .. ' canyon's relatively smooth floor permits some farming, and , 141.1r.:: t '' ...y.1*--- ,-r A .41%;....., ''''t .- ..45 . off-reservation lands are used for livestock grazing, but the ,461,%!'1'. 7...;1;.:....1-'-:..), 7.; 2 f:-A;c, .4.4.162...*.". Havasupais' most important tribal resource is the beauty and 1.;Or .-- f%',' '#C.2; "(-.5ftiTki - -. isolation of Havasu Canyon itself. V,4""fA-,..e,t. - .. ?g:1,1,:' . "44. VL ...le's, `.-7-tit, The Havasupai Reservation can be reached only by an , 257 ,VK7;:404 -,-.r. cr , ..,
8-mile-long trail from the east and west sides of the Grand 5.;'-' Cle.--rt-;..41;.'':+,...:,:."::;;,-, .,..,...44,-.0. M On the trail.Havasupai Indian, followed by supply-laden 11....!. , pack animal.Visits to Havasu Canyon, an extension of Grand Canyon, are popular attraction to tourists adventurous enough to make the 11-mile journey by mule or horseback.Photo: ;-"' I ,pr Bud De Wald, Arizona Days & Ways. %.0 '
1 4 - too- ": .4' .- ;1k- - , 77- - 7 'INIZNite.1..r7'r Alk;; 1' , WOfrf Canyon.Below the tribal village of Supai, Cataract Creek standards are low, however, and some families are largely passes over three waterfalls whose beauty is world famous. dependent upon State and Bureau of Indian Affairs aid.All The Havasupai Tribal Council provides horses and mules tribal income except that allocated to specific enterprises for transportation on the trail, two lodges for overnight ac- goes into a general fund for reservation improvement,tribal commodations at Supai Village, and guide service to water- loans, and relief.The people govern themselves through falls and other scenic spots.This enterprise provides em- an elective nine-member council, and a hereditarychief. ployment for several Havasupai families. U.S. Highway 66 to the Grand Canyon and other scenic at- The tribe's governing body is composed of four tribal tractions passes through the Hualapai Reservation, and towns council members and three hereditary chiefs. located on the highway benefit from tourism. A few Hualapai Indians also live on Big Sandy Reservation The Hualapais southeast of Kingman, Ariz.They are under the general About one-fourth of the Hualapai Reservation is a jumble organization of the Hualapai Tribal Council, whose head- of gorges, cliffs, and inaccessible mesas, a continuation of the quarters are at Peach Springs, Ariz. Grand Canyon.The remainder is mostly rolling hills and mesas.Climate varies from 18' below zero to 1100 above; The Yavapais elevations range from 2,000 feet at the river to nearly 7,000 Yavapai Reservation, located on the north edge of the city at Music Mountain and other peaks.With its several vege- of Prescott, is an area of rolling hills forested with juniper, tative zones, the Hualapai Reservation is known to include at pinon, and live oak.Land within the reservation is sufficient least 300 different plant species.Deer, antelope, and moun- only for homesites and such necessary community develop- tain sheep are fairly abundant, and mountain lions are found Adjoining acreages are used for a small along the canyon rims. ments as cemeteries. Stock raising is the chief means of livelihood among the stock-raising enterprise, but wagework in and near Prescott Hualapais.Three livestock associations have been formed, provides almost all income.The tribe does not have a con- and a tribal herd is maintained.Some income is also derived stitution, but operates under an informal five-member com- from timber sales, business leases, and grazing fees.Living munity council which represents it in administrative matters.
15 Members of the Yavapai Tribe occupy two other small comes are from employment by the city of Phoenix water reservations: Camp Verde and Fort McDowell.They be. system, which has an intake on the reservation. long to a group formerly occupying San Carlos Reservation, where they were associated with Apaches and became known The Paiutes erroneously as "Mohave-Apache."Those on Fort McDowell Reservation are organized as the Fort McDowell Mohave- Paiute Indians occupy the Kaibab Reservation in the north- Apache Community, but those at Camp Verde reclaimed their west part of the State along the Utah border.Because tribal identity in part by organizingas the Yavapai-Apache traditionally these desert Indians maintaineda gathering cul- Indian Community.Most Indians on the Camp Verde Reser- ture, digging for all edible roots, they became known as the vation are wageworkers in neighboring towns andranges, al- "Digger Tribe." though some do small-scale mining anda few lease lands for The Kaibab Reservation is primarily cattle country, and farming and grazing from the tribal organization. the cattle industry shows promise of some development with Fort McDowell Reservation adjoins the Pima-Maricopa the building of additional wells and reservoirs.Timber Salt River Reservation.It is principally grazing country, resources are useful mainly as a watershed.There is fairly with some farming of river-bottom lands.Sale of duck good hunting, particularly for deer, on the Kaibab Plateau. hunting and fishing permits providesa small income.Lands Paiute tribal offices are at Moccasin, Ariz.The governing along the Verde River are considered to havea good potential body is a tribal council of six members, elected to hold office for development as a recreationalarea.Principal family in- for 3 years.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS Education Every program mutually developed by the Bureau of In- schools in Arizona and the Bureau currently operates 55 dian Affairs and the Indians is tosome degree oriented boarding and day schools, serving close to 15,000 of these around education.Over 30,000 Indian children attend students.Those attending Bureau schools consist for the 16 most part of Indian youth without access to public schooling, kitchens, dining halls and vocational shop facilities.hi the and students who need intensive English instructionto over- past few years over 1,700 individuals and family heads re- come a language handicap. A multimillion dollar school ceived institutional vocational training and more than 2.500 construction program has included classrooms, dormitories, were assisted in securing direct employment.
"-";"'"1...
, ;44 I f..)171 hot ran warm YIN cold
C 3LIOs ste -,0117;:':111111' OP- .r4R!nr 17 ,;itittr,-411:4 1,11.111\-4" '7> Health 1,200 units were in various planning stages.In 1963, the Indians of Arizona depend mainlyupon the U.S. Public San Carlos Apache Reservationwas chosen as the site of the Health Service's Division of Indian Health for their medical first project under the mutual-help housingprogram in which care.Ten hospitals with a total of about 600 bedsare Indian families contribute labor in the construction of their maintained on or near reservations, while six large health homes.This program now involves tribes inover 20 States centers with 24-hour staffs are operated at Chin le, Kyenta, and assistance from the Department of Housing and Urban Peach Springs, Santa Rosa, Phoenix, and Tucson.Fourteen Development, Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Public Health health stations where doctors andnurses are available on a Service, and in some instances, the Office of Economic Op- scheduled basis are spotted throughout the Statenear Indian portunity.In addition, the homes of several hundred Indian populations.Construction of a new $6.7 million, 200-bed families are being improved under the HousingLnprove- Indian medical center in Phoenix, replacing thepresent 138- ment Program of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. bed hospital, is scheduled for 1968.It will functionas a referral hospital.Dental clinics are operated in all the Economic Development Division's hospitals andmany of the larger health centers. Tribal income has been augmented substantially recently In addition, many sanitation projectshave been completed by mineral leasesoil,gas, and coal on the Navajo and Hopi or are underway to provide safe domestic water and sanitary Reservations, for example; and asbestoson the San Carlos waste disposal facilities. Reservation.Tribal business enterprises are growing, also, such as the $2 million Fort Apache sawmill, which employs Housing 120 Indians and produces 25 million board feet of lumber annually. Eleven of Arizona's tribes have establishedhousing au- Resource programs have brought thorities and are participating in the a dynamic change in the mutual-help and low- agricultural and commercial development of Indian lands. rent housing programs with financial assistance from the Irrigation projects-64 in alland othermeasures have Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment.By the served to step up land productivity. A major example end of 1967, some 800 housing is the units were completedor under Colorado River Reservation, where long-term construction by these housing authorities development and an additional leases have been placedon nearly 20,000 acres of newly irri- 18 77- '44 Alisiaor f 6* 46, Grandchampion! On Colorado River Reserva- - tion, young Indian proudly displaysprize-winning steerat 4H livestock show.The livestockin- dustryisanimportant source of income to mem- '1,41 bers of Colorado River '1"ir 41:'^ $1!,4 tribes, who also farm fer- ...410"i'ttiV:(Ptk..4. tile irrigated lands along California border. . . . : 4 .: 4.:s14'44'04V -',6, P, , 7 ,1 "; olo 19 iCr . L21,417/.. .4 71' gated land.Lumbering and livestock raisingare becoming Manual dexterity of most Indians increasingly important to theeconomy of the Indians of make them skillful in modern Arizona, andeven mixed farming is taking hold where irriga- industry as well as in their native tion permits. arts and crafts. The Navajos are particularly adept in accepting Arizona Indian reservations provide choicelocations and new challenges.Here a Navajo acreage for industrial and commercial expansion, and the woman polishes diamonds in pace of plant establishment is quickening.Twenty-three newly established Harry Winston enterprises in operation onor near Indian reservations pres- processing plantat Chandler, ently employ over 500 Indians.Commercial farming and Ariz.Photo: Bureau of Indian Affairs. ranching is on the increase.The industries range from manufacture of timber products, cloth, and clothingto rocket engine testing and cutting of industrial diamonds.Oper- ation of motels, water sports facilities, andsimilar traveler services are also evident in Indianareas.Industrial parks have been developed on the San Carlos, Colorado River. Arizona Indians today are bidding actively for Hopi, and Gila River Reservations. a share of the Nation's ever-growing recreation andtourist industry. Most tribes have benefited from Federal aid programs of Their lands encompass some of the world'smost spectacular the Economic Opportunity Actsince it was passed in 1964. scenery, ranging from the awe-inspiring grandeur of Monu- Recreational Development ment Valley to the majestic White Mountains. A few tribes Much of Arizona" most dramatic have already been notably successful in attractingtravelers scenery, important arche- and profiting by their visits. ological and historical sites, and recreational Four reservations stand out possibilities are Colorado River, Navajo, Hopi, and Fort Apache. found on Indian reservations. To these are added the appeal As an example, the White Mountain Apaches of Indian customs, ceremonials, dances, have created fairs, and arts and on their reservation what is believed to be the largest privately crafts. owned recreation area in the West.They have developed a 20 system of 26 lakes and 300 miles of trout streams.In con- gorges of Canyon de Chelly house prehistoric cliff dwellings junction with this, the tribe also operates a number of gaso- where cultural progress covering a longer period than most line stations, motels, general stores, 1,917 camp and picnic other ruins of the Southwest is recorded.The magnificent sites, and over 744 summer homesites on which lease-buyers expanse of Monument Valley, now a tribal park, where re- have built more than 369 cottages.White Mountain Apache lentless forces of erosion have carved imposing monuments; tribal officials have plans for a $2.5 million winter recreation the great natural span of Rainbow Bridge; the ever-changing complex on 11,335 foot Mount Ord.On other reservations, colors of Beautiful Valley ; Coolidge Dam on the San Carlos some of the major developments recently completed or in the Reservation; the Alpine grandeur of the mountain areas; and planning stage include the modern Bluewater Marine Park the gigantic Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell, are but a on the Colorado River Reservation and the Bureau of Recla- few of the marvels to be seen. mation's Lake Powell on the Navajo Reservation. Some of Arizona's Indians live almost as their ancestors The scenic, rugged "other world" terrain of the Navajo did when the Spanish Conquistadores first penetrated their Reservation lends itself particularly well to tourism develop- desert villages four centuries ago.Others act and dress like ment.The Navajo Mountain-Tsegi-Betatakin region, for Indians only on ceremonial occasions or when tourists or example, has become a challenge to adventure seekers. Deep motion picture producers persuade them. 21 San Xavier del Bac, one of the finest examples of 17th century Spanish mission archi- tecture, was built by Papago labor under supervision of Spanish priests.New home shown under construction also utilizes Papago labor, under BIA housing improvement program.Photo: Bureau of Indian Affairs. PLACES OF INTEREST GRAND CANYON archaeological site with long record of man'soccupancy in Havasupai Reservation at bottom of Suapi Canyon. the Southwest. Grand Canyon (Dinosaur ) Caverns adjacentto Hualapai Fortified Hill Ruinon Gila Bend Reservation.A unique, Reservation and U.S. Highway 66. partially restored ruin of a fortified village. PAGE Pascua Villagethe largest of the Arizona Yaqui Indianset- Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell. tlements.Site of an elaborate ceremony at Easter. PHOENIX WHITERIVER Casa Grande Ruins National Monument adjacent to Gila Tribal headquarters for White Mountain Apaches. River Reservation. Site of Fort Apche, last cavalry post to be disbanded in Snaketown Ruinthe most famous of Southwestern Ho- Indian territory. hokam Ruins.Being considered by Gila River Indians White Mountains, well-developed fishing and huntingarea on Fort Apache Reservation. and the National Park Serviceas the location for a museum. Salt River Canyon, outstanding scenicarea on Fort Apache TUBA CITY and San Carlos Reservations. Monument Valley in general vicinity.Pueblo dwellings atop Kinishba Ruins, pueblo-type ruins on Fort Apache Reser- mesas of Hopi Reservation to southeast. vation. TUCSON WINDOW ROCK San Xavier del Bac Missionon the San Xavier (Papago) Navajo Tribal Headquarters. Reservation. Canyon de Chelly, deep gorges with prehistoric cliff dwellings Lower Sonora Desert scenery, includingsaguaro cactus, on on Navajo Reservation. Sells (Papago) Reservation. YUMA Kitt Peak Astronomical Observatoryon Papago Reservation. Lower Colorado River water sports on Colorado River, Fort Ventana Cave, western part of Sells Reservation.Famous Mohave and Fort Yuma Reservations. 23 ARIZONA INDIAN TRIBES ANDRESERVATIONS Principal tribe Reservation Area in acres IPopulation2 BIA Agency Apache (Western) Fort Apache 1, 664, 872 5, 434Fort Apache. San Carlos 1, 877, 216 4, 569San Carlos. Cocopah Cocopah 528 97Colorado River. Havasupai Havasupai 3, 058 378Truxton Canyon. Hualapai Hualapai 993, 172 930Truxton Canyon. Hopi Hopi 2, 472, 254 5, 596Hopi. Maricopa-Papago Maricopa (Ak Chin) 21, 840 206Pima. Mohave Fort Mohave 23, 669 (3) Colorado River. Mohave-Chemehuevi Colorado River 4225, 995 51, 636Colorado River. Navajo Navajo ' 8, 961, 784 5110, 055Navajo. Paiute (Southern) Kaibab 120, 413 131Hopi. Papago Gila Bend 10, 337 226Papago. Papago 2, 773, 357 5, 358Papago. Pima-Maricopa San Xavier 71, 095 587Papago. Gila River 371, 932 7, 209Pima. Salt River 46, 619 2, 235Salt River. Yavapai Camp Verde 577 553Truxton Canyon. Fort McDowell 24, 680 380Salt River. Yavapai 1, 558 82Truxton Canyon. Yuma Fort Yuma ' 480 51, 642Colorado River. 1 Annual Report of Indian Lands (BIA). June 30,1967. 2BIA estimated population figuresas of 1967. 3 Fort Mohave Reservation lands 4Arizona only. are located in Arizona. California. and Nevada. but all Indians residein the California section. Includes the entire reservation. 24 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1963 0-292-749 KAIBAB NAVAJO ,WASUPAI NH HOPI 15 CAMP VERDE YAVAPAI cr . COLORADO RIVER FORT APACHE :04! tt PHOENIX '.Y ARIZONAN-11-41, SAN CARLOS fs GILA BEND GILA ! RIVER FT. YUMA MARICOPA PAPAGO ',.f '-;1?-'11,,th-W135;titt4Itlf1101:1-110 , '' ". ,., , I ' '11 i " SAN XAVIER ttiOtii 11 , ', 1,11,1, , 'hl 4 t ..;i4Oti;flgil Iftifter/'.t t '111.t '714tri II' -,, Pit 4444411'i, 4,4, CREATED IN 1849, the Department of the Interiora Department of Conservationis concerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation's water,fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational resources.It also has major ran responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs. As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department I 0 works to assure that nonrenewable resources are developed and ,,IP used wisely, that park and recreational resources are conserved for otisik the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribu- tion to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States now and in the future. li*COrch UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS For sale by tlw Superinwndent of Documents. U.S. Otwernment Printing Office. Washington. D.C,. 20402 - Price 15 cents