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Metody Praktické Astronomie

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Metody Praktické Astronomie Název projektu Rozvoj vzdělávání na Slezské univerzitě v Opavě Registrační číslo projektu CZ.02.2.69/0.0./0.0/16_015/0002400 Metody praktické astronomie Distanční studijní text Tomáš Gráf Opava 2019 Obor: 053 Vědy o neživé přírodě, astronomie, astrofyzika Klíčová slova: Radioastronomie, IR astronomie, UV astronomie, rtg a gama astronomie, astrofotografie, CCD, fotometrie, astrometrie, spektroskopie. Anotace: Studijní opora obsahuje základní informace o metodách výzkumu, které se používaly a používají při astronomických pozorováních. Je zaměřena na získání základních informací a kompetencí, které jsou potřebné pro vlastní systematická astronomická pozorování, jejich zpracování a inter- pretaci. Volně navazuje na studijní text Praktická astronomie, který autor publikoval před několika lety. Autor: RNDr. Tomáš Gráf, Ph.D. Tomáš Gráf - Metody praktické astronomie Obsah ÚVODEM ............................................................................................................................ 6 RYCHLÝ NÁHLED STUDIJNÍ OPORY........................................................................... 7 1 ASTRONOMICKÁ POZOROVÁNÍ .......................................................................... 8 1.1 Úvod ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Radioastronomie.................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Historie ................................................................................................................ 10 1.3.1 Princip detekce rádiových vln ...................................................................... 11 1.3.2 Velké radioteleskopy a rádiové interferometry ............................................ 13 1.4 Infračervená astronomie ...................................................................................... 18 1.4.1 Historie ......................................................................................................... 18 1.4.2 principy detekce, detektory .......................................................................... 20 1.5 Optická astronomie ............................................................................................. 21 1.5.1 Historie ......................................................................................................... 21 1.5.2 Principy detekce, detektory .......................................................................... 22 1.5.3 Přehled detektorů záření používaných v oboru uvoir .................................. 24 1.6 Ultrafialová astronomie ....................................................................................... 29 1.6.1 Historie ......................................................................................................... 29 1.6.2 Principy detekce, detektory .......................................................................... 30 1.7 Rentgenová astronomie ....................................................................................... 30 1.7.1 Historie ......................................................................................................... 30 1.7.2 Principy detekce, detektory .......................................................................... 31 1.8 Gama astronomie................................................................................................. 31 1.8.1 Historie ......................................................................................................... 32 1.8.2 Principy detekce, detektory .......................................................................... 32 2 ASTRONOMICKÁ FOTOGRAFIE ......................................................................... 34 2.1 Historie ................................................................................................................ 34 2.2 Základy praktické astrofotografie ....................................................................... 35 2.3 Porovnání klasické a digitální astrofotografie ..................................................... 40 2.4 Inspirace na WWW ............................................................................................. 41 3 ZÁKLADY POČÍTAČOVÉHO ZPRACOVÁNÍ OBRAZU .................................... 43 3.1 Úvod .................................................................................................................... 43 3 Tomáš Gráf - Metody praktické astronomie 3.2 Formáty ............................................................................................................... 44 3.3 CCD snímek ........................................................................................................ 45 3.4 Nástroje analýzy obrazu ...................................................................................... 46 3.4.1 program AIP4WIN....................................................................................... 46 4 ZÁKLADY ASTRONOMICKÉ FOTOMETRIE ..................................................... 54 4.1 Základní pojmy ................................................................................................... 54 4.2 Fotometrické systémy ......................................................................................... 57 4.2.1 Přehled fotometrických systémů .................................................................. 58 4.3 CCD fotometrie ................................................................................................... 61 5 ASTROMETRICKÁ MĚŘENÍ ................................................................................. 64 5.1 Úvod .................................................................................................................... 64 5.2 Určení polohy objektu ......................................................................................... 65 6 ZÁKLADY ASTRONOMICKÉ SPEKTROSKOPIE ............................................... 68 6.1 Historická poznámka ........................................................................................... 68 6.2 Záření absolutně černého tělesa .......................................................................... 69 6.3 Spektra hvězd ...................................................................................................... 70 6.4 Spektrální klasifikace .......................................................................................... 72 6.4.1 Harvardská klasifikace ................................................................................. 72 6.4.2 Morganova-Keenanova klasifikace ............................................................. 73 6.4.3 Hertzsprungův-Russellův diagram............................................................... 75 6.4.4 Atlasy hvězdných spekter ............................................................................ 76 6.4.5 Praktická spektroskopie ............................................................................... 77 6.4.6 Prostředí a programy IRAF .......................................................................... 81 7 POZOROVACÍ PRAKTIKUM ................................................................................. 88 7.1 První: Analýza CCD snímku ............................................................................... 88 7.2 Druhé: CCD fotometrie ....................................................................................... 88 7.3 Třetí: Barva v astronomii .................................................................................... 89 7.4 Čtvrté: HR diagram otevřené hvězdokupy .......................................................... 89 7.5 Páté:Hvězdná spektra – klasifikace ..................................................................... 90 7.6 Šesté: Hvězdná spektra – teplota ......................................................................... 91 8 PŘÍLOHY .................................................................................................................. 92 8.1 Periodická tabulka prvků ..................................................................................... 92 8.2 Sluneční soustava ................................................................................................ 93 4 Tomáš Gráf - Metody praktické astronomie 8.3 Hvězdy ................................................................................................................ 95 8.4 Galaxie ................................................................................................................ 97 8.5 Přehled důležitých konstant ................................................................................ 98 8.6 Orientace na noční obloze ................................................................................. 100 8.6.1 Poloha Slunce, Měsíce a planet sluneční soustavy .................................... 100 8.6.2 Tabulka českých a latinských názvů souhvězdí......................................... 103 8.6.3 Časy začátků a konců občanského, nautického a astronomického soumraku v průběhu roku ......................................................................................................... 107 8.6.4 Mapky noční oblohy v průběhu roku ......................................................... 110 8.7 Spektrograf Baader DADOS ............................................................................. 116 LITERATURA ................................................................................................................ 117 SHRNUTÍ STUDIJNÍ OPORY ......................................................................................
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