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Slika Neba V Radijskem Spektru Vodikove Črte

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Slika Neba V Radijskem Spektru Vodikove Črte ASTRONOMIJA Raziskovalna naloga: SLIKA NEBA V RADIJSKEM SPEKTRU VODIKOVE ČRTE Oskar Mlakar, Nejc Kotnik 3.e Mentor: Andrej Lajovic Somentor: Klemen Blokar 2016 Gimnazija Šentvid Kazalo Zahvala.............................................................................................................................................4 Uvod.................................................................................................................................................5 Teoretični del.........................................................................................................................6 Vodikova črta...................................................................................................................................6 Kaj je vodikova črta?..................................................................................................................6 Kako nastane?.............................................................................................................................6 Radijski teleskop..............................................................................................................................8 Kaj je radijski teleskop?..............................................................................................................8 Zgodovina radijskih teleskopov .................................................................................................8 Gradnja radijskega teleskopa......................................................................................................9 Sprejemna veriga..................................................................................................................10 Sprejemnik.......................................................................................................................10 Nizkošumni ojačevalec, filter in TV - ojačevalci............................................................11 Eksperimentalni del............................................................................................................12 Meritve...........................................................................................................................................12 Označevanje teles na nebu........................................................................................................12 Merjenje....................................................................................................................................12 Merjenje odziva sprejemnika...............................................................................................12 Avtomatizirano merjenje neba..............................................................................................13 Slika...............................................................................................................................................14 Sestava slike..............................................................................................................................14 Programi.........................................................................................................................................14 Program za izvajanje meritev - MeritevRT.py..........................................................................14 Sestava programa.................................................................................................................14 Potek programa.....................................................................................................................15 Program za izdelavo karte - karta.py.........................................................................................15 Program za izris karte - nalozi_karto.py...................................................................................16 Rezultati.........................................................................................................................................16 Razprava........................................................................................................................................18 Viri.................................................................................................................................................21 Priloge............................................................................................................................................22 Programi....................................................................................................................................22 2 Kazalo slik Šentviški radijski teleskop....................................................................................................................9 Omarica radijskega teleskopa.............................................................................................................10 Notranjost omarice z ojačevalci, sitom in računalnikom...................................................................10 Antena Šentviškega teleskopa............................................................................................................13 Dobljena slika Rimske ceste...............................................................................................................17 Meritev Rimske ceste v bližini ozvezdja Dvojčka, tu opazimo en sam rokav galaksije....................19 Meritev Rimske ceste v bližini Velikega psa, dobro vidna sta dva rokava galaksije.........................19 Meritev Rimske ceste v ozvezdju Laboda, opazimo tri rokave galaksije..........................................20 Seznam prilog karta.py..........................................................................................................................................22 MeritevRT.py.................................................................................................................................24 nalozi_karto.py..............................................................................................................................26 merilec.py......................................................................................................................................27 parametri.py...................................................................................................................................29 3 Zahvala Želiva se zahvaliti izjemnima mentorjema Andreju Lajovicu in Klemnu Blokarju za pomoč pri delu in za strokovno pomoč, brez katere ta raziskovalna naloga ne bi bila mogoča. 4 Uvod Za raziskovalno nalogo sva se odločila, ker smo na astronomskem krožku izdelovali radijski teleskop, naju pa je zanimalo kaj ta reč sploh je, kako in za kaj se jo uporablja. Zato sva se s pomočjo mentorjev Andreja in Klemna dodatno poučila o uporabi radijskih teleskopov in vodikovi črti. Prav tako sva nadgradila svoje znanje na področju programiranja, da sva lahko napisala potrebne programe za avtomatično merjenje z radijskim teleskopom in za pretvorbo surovih podatkov (meritev) v sliko. Potem sva morala izvesti samo še meritve. Pri meritvah je prišlo do marsikatere težave, od odpovedi sprejemnega ključka do ukrivljene osi teleskopa, vendar nama je na koncu uspelo dobiti sliko našega neba v radijskem spektru vodikove črte. S sliko sva zelo zadovoljna, saj se na njej vidi več kot samo Rimska cesta, motenj pa skorajda ni. 5 Teoretični del Vodikova črta Kaj je vodikova črta? Vodikova črta imenujemo elektromagnetno valovanje, ki ga sevajo atomi nevtralnega vodika (en sam nevtralen atom vodika H, v nasprotju z molekulsko obliko H2). Vodikova črta ima frekvenco 1420.405751786 MHz in valovno dolžino v vakuumu 21.106 cm; to jo uvršča v mikrovalovni del elektromagnetnega valovanja. Ljudje takega sevanja ne moremo zaznati s prostimi očmi, saj oči zaznavajo samo delček spektra elektromagnetnega valovanja, ki obsega valovne dolžine od 390 do 700 nm. Kako nastane? Vsakemu osnovnemu delcu lahko pripišemo lastnost spina, ki se kaže kot njemu lastna vrtilna količina, ki pa ni povezana z dejanskim vrtenjem delca. Atom vodika je sestavljen iz protona in elektrona in vsak od teh delcev ima svoj spin. Njuna spina sta lahko zaradi kvantnih pravil bodisi vzporedna ali nasprotna (ni vmesnih stanj). Ena od orientacij ima višjo potencialno energijo (ki jo gre razlikovati od gravitacijske potencialne energije) kot druga. Razlika energij se pri prehodu iz stanja z višjo energijo v stanje z nižjo izseva v obliki elektromagnetnega valovanja - vodikove črte. Do omenjenega prehoda med obema energijskima stanjema bi glede na zakon o ohranitvi vrtilne količine ne smelo priti, saj na sistem elektron - proton ne deluje nobena zunanja sila. Zato tega in podobne prehode imenujemo prepovedani prehodi. A v svetu majhnih delcev, ki ga dobro opiše kvantna mehanika, velja, da se z določeno (zelo majhno) verjetnostjo lahko zgodijo tudi ti prepovedani prehodi. Razliko lahko ponazorimo s primerom vrtiljaka brez trenja in upora: če ga zavrtimo v neko smer, se mora odtlej vrteti v isto smer, razen ob vplivu drugih sil nanj (zaviranje, pospeševanje). Pri zelo majhnih delcih pa lahko pride do spremembe v vrtilni količini tudi v odsotnosti zunanjih delavnikov. Na Zemlji tega prehoda med stanji vodika ne moremo opaziti, saj mora biti atom vodika dovolj 6 oddaljen od drugih delcev, da ne pride do stika z njimi in s tem do izmenjave energije. Delcev pa mora biti hkrati dovolj, da se prehod zgodi dovoljkrat, da ga je možno zaznati. Laboratoriji na Zemlji za take poskuse niso dovolj veliki in tudi ne morejo ustvariti dovolj dobrega vakuuma. Vesolje
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