BUREAUS FOR ASIA AND FOOD SECURITY PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP) IEE AMENDMENT: §216.3(B) PESTICIDE PROCEDURES PROJECT/ACTIVITY DATA Project/Activity Name: Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II (“Harvest II”) Amendment #: 1 Geographic Location: South East Asia (Cambodia) Implementation Start/End: 1/1/2017 to 12/31/2021 Implementing Partner(s): Abt Associates, International Development Enterprises (iDE), Emerging Markets Consulting (EMC) Tracking ID/link: Tracking ID/link of Related IEE: Asia 16-042 https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/46486.pdf Tracking ID/link of Other Related Analyses:

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATA Implementing Operating Unit: Cambodia Funding Operating Unit: Bureau for Asia Initial Funding Account(s): $17.5 M Total Funding Amount: Amendment Funding Date / Amount: April 2017-April 2022

Other Affected Units: Bureau for Food Security Lead BEO Bureau: Asia Prepared by: Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA; Kim Hian Seng, PhD, with support from Abt Associates and iDE Date Prepared: 8/2/2018

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA Analysis Type: §216.3(B) Pesticide Procedures - PERSUAP Environmental Determination: Negative Determination with Conditions PERSUAP Procedures Expiration Date: 12/31/2021 Climate Risks Considerations / Conditions

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 1 ACRONYMS

AI Active Ingredient A/COR Agreement/Contracting Officer’s Representative ASIA Bureau for Asia BEO Bureau Environmental Officer BMP Best Management Practice BRC British Retail Consortium BT Bacillus thuringiensis CABI Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau International CFR Code of Federal Regulations DAALI Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement DPPSP Department of Plant Protection, Sanitary and Phytosanitary EA Environmental Assessment EC50 Effective Concentration 50 EHS Environmental, Health and Safety EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan EPA US Environmental Protection Agency EPC Empty Pesticide Container EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FFS Farmer Field Schools FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act FRAC Fungicide Resistance Action Committee FTF Feed the Future GAP Good Agriculture Practice GDA General Directorate of Agriculture GlobalGAP Global Good Agriculture Practices GOC Royal Government of Cambodia GUP General Use Pesticide ha Hectare HARVEST Helping Address Rural Vulnerabilities and Ecosystem Stability HDPE High Density Polyethylene HRAC Herbicide Resistance Action Committee HT Highly Toxic iDE International development Enterprises IEE Initial Environmental Examination IGR Insect Growth Regulator IP Implementing Partner IPM Integrated Pest Management IRAC Insecticide Resistance Action Committee kg Kilograms km Kilometers 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 2 LC50 Lethal Concentration 50 LD50 Lethal Dose 50 LOP Length of Project m Meters masl Meters above sea level MEO Mission Environmental Officer MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MRL Maximum Residue Level/Limit MT Moderately Toxic NGO Non-Governmental Organization PAN Pesticide Action Network PER Pesticide Evaluation Report PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan PGR Plant Growth Regulator pH log of hydrogen concentration, measure of acidity PHI Pre-Harvest Interval PIC Prior Informed Consent POP Persistent Organic Pollutants PMP Pest Management Plan PPE Personal Protection Equipment RD Reproductive & Developmental toxin REI Re-Entry Interval RUP Restricted Use Pesticide S&C Standards and Certification SDS Safety Data Sheet SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary SPU Safe Pesticide Use SS Scoping Statement SUAP Safe Use Action Plan UC University of California UN United Nations US United States USAID US Agency for International Development USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency WHO World Health Organization

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS ...... 2 PERSUAP SUMMARY ...... 6 SECTION 1: CROP / PEST INFORMATION ...... 25 Harvest II Crops Agronomic Information ...... 26 Pesticide Information ...... 30 Pesticides Recommended in This Harvest II PERSUAP ...... 30 PERSUAP-Approved Fungicides and Bactericides ...... 30 PERSUAP-Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators ...... 34 PERSUAP-Approved Insecticides and Miticides ...... 36 Integrated Pest Management ...... 41 Pesticide Information ...... 43 SECTION 2: CAMBODIA PESTICIDE STUDY METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS ...... 45 Introduction ...... 45 Findings ...... 45 SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT ...... 48 3.1 Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides ...... 48 3.2 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides ...... 49 3.3 Factor C: Extent to Which the Proposed Pesticide Use Is, or Could Be, Part of an IPM Program ...... 50 3.4 Factor D: Proposed Method or Methods of Application, Including the Availability of Application and Safety Equipment ...... 51 3.5 Factor E: Any Acute and Long-Term Toxicological Hazards, Either Human or Environmental, Associated with the Proposed Use, and Measures Available to Minimize Such Hazards ...... 51 3.6 Factor F: Effectiveness of the Requested Pesticide for the Proposed Use ...... 52 3.7 Factor G: Compatibility of the Proposed Pesticide Use with Target and Non-Target Ecosystems ...... 53 3.8 Factor H: Conditions Under Which the Pesticide Is to Be Used, Inlcuding Climate, Geography, Hydrology, and Soils ...... 54 3.9 Factor I: Availability of Other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods ...... 58 3.10 Factor J: Host Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Use, Distribution, Storage, and Disposal of the Requested Pesticide ...... 59 3.11 Factor K: Provision for Training of Users and Applicators ...... 60 3.12 Factor L: Provision Made for Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of Each Pesticide ...... 61 SECTION 4: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN TEMPLATE AS RECOMMENDED BY BFS BEO ...... 61 ANNEXES ...... 64 Annex 1: Harvest II Crops, Pests, Diseases, Weeds GAP and IPM Plan Information...... 64 Cambodia Asparagus IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 64 Cambodia Black Pepper IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 66 Cambodia Brassicaceous Crops IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 68

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 4 Cambodia Cashew Crop IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 74 Cambodia Citrus IPM Tools and Tactics...... 77 Cambodia Cucurbitaceous Crops IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 82 Cambodia Ginger and Turmeric IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 88 Cambodia Guava and Jujube IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 90 Cambodia Lady Finger Banana Crop IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 92 Cambodia Lettuces IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 94 Cambodia Long Bean Crop IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 97 Cambodia Longan IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 102 Cambodia Mango IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 105 Cambodia Okra IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 107 Cambodia Papaya IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 110 Cambodia Pineapple IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 112 Cambodia Solanaceous Crops IPM Tools and Tactics...... 114 Cambodia All Crops Weeds IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 121 Cambodia All Crops Slug and Snail IPM Tools and Tactics ...... 125 Annex 2: Guidelines for PMPs for Cambodia Crops and Beneficiaries ...... 126 Annex 3: Elements of IPM Program ...... 129 Annex 4: Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO Classifications ...... 132 Annex 5: Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources ...... 134 Annex 6: Farm Record Keeping Associated with Pesticide Use ...... 136 Annex 7: Form for Projects to Monitor Producer Best Practices Including GAP and IPM Options ...... 137 Annex 8: PERSUAP References ...... 139 Annex 9: Environment, Health, and Safety Procedures ...... 140 Annex 10: Prohibited Materials Analysis (PMA) ...... 143 Annex 11: Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP Scope of Work ...... 147 Annex 12: Harvest II EMMP Table IV on Pesticide Risk, Risk Mitigation, and Monitoring ...... 151

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 5 PERSUAP SUMMARY

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS PERSUAP When a project includes assistance for procurement or use of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) without restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social, and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact (22 Code of Federal Regulations—CFR 216.3(b)(1)).

PERSUAP RATIONALE This PERSUAP is an Amendment to the 2016 United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/Bureau for Asia (ASIA) 16-042 IEE for the activity Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II Project (“Harvest II”) operated by Abt Associates and several sub-contractors, primarily International Development Enterprises (iDE), www.ideglobal.org. A 2011 PERSUAP was written and approved for pests, diseases, and pesticides that could be promoted or used under HARVEST. This is the first PERSUAP update since 2011. The Royal Government of Cambodia (GOC) registers new pesticides occaisionally but has not released to the public a new updated list since 2003. EPA, continually, on a daily basis, updates its lists of registered, cancelled and restricted pesticides, and many changes have occurred since 2003 and 2011. This report captures and documents those changes to date, vis-à-vis GOC’s list of registered pesticides.

Harvest II target crops analyzed under this IEE amendment include tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, bok choy, green mustard, cucumber, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, pumpkin, melons, watermelon, yard long bean, okra, lettuce, asparagus, cashew, mango, longan, citrus, papaya, pineapple, banana (lady finger variety), guava, jujube, black pepper, roots: ginger, turmeric.

According to Harvest II, Cambodia’s horticulture sector is poised to capitalize on increasing demand for “safe” and locally-grown produce. This project will work with producer organizations, wholesalers, and buyers–all the actors that help bring vegetables from the farm to the table--to increase demand for this produce. The project brings producers, buyers, and consumers closer together.

Harvest II will accelerate growth in the horticulture sector using a buyer-led, market systems approach, and is not a production-level project. It will support commercial relationships that will ultimately allow producer groups and collectors to compete more effectively in domestic and international markets. These actors will be found throughout the horticulture sector across the Feed the Future Zone of Influence in the provinces of Pursat, Battambang, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom.

Since Harvest II is not a production-level project, it has neither the mandate nor budget to train farmers. That said, the project can, to the extent possible, work with private sector partners and grantees to assure proper safety awareness-building among beneficiary farmers. Other projects and donors focus more generally and directly on provision of inputs as well as training in safe pesticide use (SPU) and awareness/adoption of IPM tools.

To produce “safe” locally-grown produce, compete in international markets, and follow Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS, https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/economic-growth/trade/sanitary-and-phytosanitary- measures_en https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsund_e.htm; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures; http://www.fao.org/docrep/T4660T/t4660t0h.htm;) and SPU (http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y2767e/y2767e00.htm; http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/vector385to397.pdf) standards, this IEE is intended to allow for the authorization of the PERSUAP for use by Harvest II staff in promoting improved varieties of seed that may be treated with pesticides, other inputs and production techniques which will include, among 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 6 others, Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs), including preventive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools/tactics and use of artisanal and synthetic pesticides to manage pest, disease, and weed production constraints (listed herein). All other conditions are unchanged and remain legally binding. The attached PERSUAP shall be used: 1) in Cambodia, and 2) to support prevention and control efforts against primary pests, diseases, and weeds of each target crop.

THRESHOLD DECISION AND ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN A Negative Determination was issued for assistance with procurement and/or use of pesticides within the above-enumerated scope, subject to the condition of full compliance with the Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) of this document.

In summary, the SUAP requires that USAID/Cambodia, Harvest II and other Implementing Partners (IP) projects or activities do the following management actions:

1. Announce the approved PERSUAP to all Harvest II technical and field staff, the users and implementers of the document. 2. Note pesticide registration status changes from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) in Cambodia, as feasible (the last ‘official’ publicly-gazetted registration update was in 2003, although a new one is envisioned soon), and in the U.S. via EPA (https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=PPLS:1) and amend this PERSUAP as necessary after 2 years. 3. A/CORs and MEO review and approve IP pesticide procurement requests per Annex 12 [if these procurement forms are used by mission]. 4. Put in place an effective internal procedure to review a SUAP Tracker (or use the more detailed Harvest II Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan—EMMP), if and as desired by mission A/COR in agreement with MEO. 5. AORs/CORs assure that the IP conditions summarized above are funded, implemented, and monitored (per ADS 204.2 and 204.3.4). This may entail adding a mandate and resources specifically for helping train actors in the wholesale and retail pesticide sectors on best practices, as desired and negotiated between USAID, IP, and the Cambodia pesticide sector.

PRIMARY PERSUAP RECOMMENDATIONS The following are important primary PERSUAP recommendations:

In accordance with USAID 22CFR 216.3 (b) Pesticide Procedures, the 2018 Harvest II PERSUAP addresses the needs of agriculture extension activities that will or may involve potential support for or use of pesticides by beneficiary farmers. This PERSUAP identifies the following key recommendations for agricultural pesticide “support/use”1 by Harvest II staff, grantees, private sector partners and direct beneficiaries:

 PER Approved Pesticide AIs: If Harvest II beneficiaries use treated seed or pesticides with project advice or support, they must contain only pesticide AIs evaluated and approved by this PERSUAP. This PERSUAP evaluates pesticide active ingredients registered in Cambodia. Pesticides that passed the analyses criteria are approved with conditions and use restrictions as noted and listed below. Those pesticides that are rejected by this PERSUAP analysis and that cannot be supported are listed in Annex 10, including reasons for the rejection of each.  SUAP and EMMP: Harvest II will, to the extent possible, create and execute an action plan to work with private sector partners and grantees to assure proper safety awareness-building among their beneficiary farmers.

1 Support is defined as including any of the following by project as well as any grantees or direct partners: procurement directly or through financing/credit on treated seed, promotion during training, or use on farmer field days or on demo farms. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 7  Safety Training/Equipment: Harvest II will, to the extent possible, encourage private sector partners and grantees to assure SPU and emphasize the use of the Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) recommended on pesticide labels (for example: gloves, mask, goggles, overalls, boots), pesticide types/classes, choices and associated human and environmental risks, how to mitigate such risks, pest/disease/weed resistance management, pesticide rotation by class and mode of action, proper pesticide spray equipment maintenance, calibration, spray techniques, and monitoring/record-keeping.  Good Agriculture Practices: As appropriate and required, Harvest II will, through private sector partners and grantees, promote the use of state-of-the-art CamGAP training material and make it available if there is interest from project buyers and/or producers. Such GAPs could include use of high-yielding pest/disease-resistant and certified clean seed, soil fertility testing and conservation, plant fertilizer needs to grow strong healthy crops, proper water management, pest/disease monitoring, crop rotation, field sanitation, clean storage, and marketing of quality produce.  Pest Management Plans/Integrated Pest Management: As appropriate and required, Harvest II will, through private sector partners and grantees, promote the use of state-of-the-art (used by many international, national and USA state extension services) pest management plans (PMPs) containing major pests/diseases/weeds of each target crop, with preventive non-chemical IPM tools/tactics, curative registered synthetic pesticide AIs, as well as any artisanal pesticides that are or could be made and used locally by beneficiary farmers.  Spray Services: As appropriate and possible, Harvest II should, through private sector partners and grantees, promote and support the concept of pesticide spray services that have well-trained, certified, and PPE-protected spray personnel.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 8 TABLE 1: ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (AI) APPROVED BY THIS PERSUAP

Active Ingredients Approved by this PERSUAP (organized alphabetically by type, including natural and artisanal products many of which do not require approval, but are included to demonstrate all ingredients that are in the farmer’s tool kit) in a table format recommended by BFS.

Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous 2011 PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction) azoxystrobin Rusts, Powdery mildew, Black rot, Use late afternoon after bees are done not present Scab, Anthracnose, White mold, foraging. Early & late blight, Leaf spot, other Use with care away from surface and fungi ground water.

Bacillus subtilis (F, B) Root, seedling and leaf fungal and none not present bacterial diseases bromuconazole Rusts, Powdery mildew, Septoria Use late afternoon after bees are done not present (availability unreliable, may improve tritici, Leaf spot, Eyespot vegetables, foraging. over length of project, LOP) fruits, cereals Use with care away from surface water. calcium polysulfide/lime sulfur Fruit trees fungal diseases none not present (availability unreliable, may improve over LOP) chlorothalonil Rusts, Leaf, pod and stem blights, Avoid products or mixtures with more approved 2011 Anthracnose, Downy mildew than 50% concentration of chlorothalonil, and Class I products. Use with care away from surface and high ground water. copper (cuprous) oxide (B) Fruit and nut mildews and leaf spots Use with care away from surface approved 2011 water. copper oxychloride (B) Leaf spots, Downy mildews, bacterial Favor Class II or III products, NOT not present diseases World Health Organization (WHO) Class Ia or Ib. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 9

Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous 2011 PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. copper sulfate (pentahydrate) (B) Foliar fungal and bacterial pests of Favor Class II or III products, NOT not present fruits and vegetables WHO Class Ia or Ib. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. copper sulfate (tribasic) (B) Foliar fungal and bacterial pests of Favor Class II or III products, NOT not present fruits and vegetables WHO Class Ia or Ib. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. copper/cupric hydroxide (B) Mildews, leaf spots, bacterial Favor Class II or III products, NOT approved 2011 infections on many crops, WHO Class Ia or Ib. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. cymoxanil Foliar late blights, Downy mildews, Use late afternoon after bees are done not present Powdery mildews foraging. Use with care away from surface water. cyproconazole Septoria, Net blotch, Rusts, Eyespot, Use late afternoon after bees are done not present Powdery mildews foraging. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 10

Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous 2011 PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

Use with care away from surface water. difenoconazole Leafspots, Early blights, Damping- Use late afternoon after bees are done not present off, Seed rots foraging. Use with care away from surface water. dimethomorph Downy mildew, Anthracnose, Use late afternoon after bees are done not present Septoria leaf spot, Late blight, Root foraging. rot, Crown rot Use with care away from surface water. flutriafol Foliar diseases, leaf spots, rusts, Use late afternoon after bees are done not present blights, white mold foraging. Use with care away from surface water. folpet Downy mildews, Powdery mildews, Use late afternoon after bees are done not present (availability unreliable, may improve Leaf spots, fruits and vegetables, foraging. over LOP) Use with care away from surface water. fosetyl aluminum Phytophthora, Pythium root and Use with care away from surface and not present crown rots, Alternaria fruits and groundwater vegetables, iprodione Botrytis, Monilia, Rhizoctonia, Use late afternoon after bees are done not present Sclerotinia, damping-off diseases foraging. fruits and vegetables Use with care away from surface and ground water. kasugamycin (B) Bacterial rot, spots, molds, Erwinia, none not present Xanthomonas, Scab diseases fruits 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 11

Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous 2011 PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

and vegetables mancozeb Blights, Leaf spots, Scabs, Rusts Use late afternoon after bees are done approved 2011 fruits and vegetables foraging. Use with care away from surface water. mefenoxam/metalaxyl-M Foliar and tuber blights, Downey Use late afternoon after bees are done not present mildews vegetables foraging. Use with care away from surface water. metalaxyl Downy mildews, Foliar and tuber Use with care away from approved 2011 blights, Damping-off vegetables groundwater. metiram Scabs, Downey mildews, Blights Use with care away from surface not present (availability unreliable, may improve vegetables water. over LOP) mono- + di-potassium phosphate Pythium, Phytophthora root rots of none not present (availability unreliable, may improve fruits over LOP) propiconazole Broad range of fungi of agricultural Use with care away from surface and not present crops groundwater. pyraclostrobin Major plant pathogens in cereals, Use late afternoon after bees are done not present (availability unreliable, may improve vegetables, fruits Septoria, Puccinia foraging. over LOP) Use with care away from surface water. sodium hypochlorite (bleach) Controls bacteria and fungi on tools Ensure use of goggles to protect eyes not present and machinery, as well as seed and from splashes. produce at diluted dosages Use with care away from surface water. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 12

Approved Fungicides and Bactericides (B)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous 2011 PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

streptomycin sulfate (B) Bacterial diseases of fruits and none not present vegetables, shot-hole, Bacterial rots, Bacterial cankers, Bacterial wilts sulfur (F, M) Scabs, Powdery mildews, Brown rots, none approved 2011 Leafspots, mites tebuconazole Smuts, rusts, leaf spots, Powdery Use with care away from surface and not present mildews, Sclerotinia rots, blotches groundwater. cereals, fruits, vegetables Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. thiophanate-methyl Eyespots, Scabs, Powdery mildews, Use with care away from surface and not present Grey molds, Leaf spots, Rusts, Brown ground water. spots and rots, Root rots cereals, fruits, vegetables thiram (Approved only for Often on treated seed. Seed and Often used as a seed treatment by approved 2011 international pre-treated seed as it is Seedling blights, Damping-off, trained professionals (not farmers). listed in Cambodia suspended active Cereals, fruits, vegetables Many commercial seeds come with ingredients) thiram already coated on them.

Trichoderma spp Soil, root, leaf and damping off none not present fungal diseases trifloxystrobin Foliar, stem and root diseases none not present Alternaria, black root, black spot, botrytis, downy mildew, powdery mildew, leaf spot, rust, Rhizoctonia stem & root rot, scab, blossom blight cereals, fruits, vegetables

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 13

Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

1-naphthylacetic acid (1-NAA) PGR for most crops, cereals, fruits, Use with care away from surface not present (availability unreliable, may improve vegetables water. over LOP) 2 4 D Broad-leaved weeds cereals Use late afternoon after bees are done not present foraging. Use with care away from surface and ground water. ametryne annual and broad-leaved weeds Use with care away from ground not present cereals, fruits, vegetables water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. bensulfuron annual and perennial weeds and Use late afternoon after bees are done not present (availability unreliable, may improve sedges cereals foraging. over LOP) bensulfuron methyl annual and perennial weeds and Use late afternoon after bees are done not present sedges cereals foraging. bromacil annual and perennial weeds on fruits Use with care away from ground not present (availability unreliable, may improve and non-crop areas around fields water. over LOP) Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. clethodim annual and perennial grasses Use late afternoon after bees are done not present fruits and vegetables foraging. Use with care away from surface and ground water. clomazone broad-leaved weeds and Use late afternoon after bees are done not present (availability unreliable, may improve grasses vegetables, cereals foraging. over LOP) Use with care away from surface 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 14

Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

water. diuron PGR pre-emergence residual Use with care away from ground not present herbicide for total control of weeds water. cereals, fruits, vegetables ethephon phosphonic acid PGR for cereals and fruits like none not present pineapple, ripening agent, prevents lodging fluazifop-p-butyl post-emergence herbicide used to Use with care away from surface approved 2011 control grass weeds in vegetables water. fomasafen (-sodium) Pre-emergence herbicide leguminous Use late afternoon after bees are done not present crops, post-emergence control of foraging. broad-leaved weeds

gibberellins/gibberellic acid PGR for fruit set and size none not present glufosinate wide range of weeds and grasses none not present (availability unreliable, may improve vegetables, cereals and non-crop areas over LOP) around fields glufosinate ammonium wide range of weeds and grasses none not present vegetables, cereals and non-crop areas around fields glyphosate, isopropylamine salt pre-emergence annual and perennial Use with care away from ground approved 2011 grasses and broad-leaved weeds and water. non-crop areas around fields imazethapyr broad-leaved weeds and grasses in Use with care away from ground not present 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 15

Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

vegetables water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. linuron pre- and post-emergence control of Use with care away from ground and not present (availability unreliable, may improve annual grass and broad-leaved weeds surface water. over LOP) in cereals and vegetables

MCPA annual and perennial weeds in cereals none not present and vegetables metolachlor pre-emergence herbicide used to Use with care away from ground and not present control Broad-leaved, Annual grassy surface water. weeds in cereals, vegetables

metribuzin pre- and post-emergence herbicide Use with care away from ground and not present used to control weeds in cereals and surface water. vegetables oxyfluorfen broad-spectrum, pre- and post- none not present emergent herbicide annual broad leaf and grass weeds in vegetables, fruit paclobutrazo PGR to reduce vegetative growth on Use with care away from surface not present fruits, vegetables water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. pendimethalin annual grasses and common weeds in Use with care away from surface not present cereals, fruit and vegetables water. penoxsulam post-emergence herbicide to control Use late afternoon after bees are done not present 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 16

Approved Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

(availability unreliable, may improve broad-leaved weeds, grasses in foraging. over LOP) orchards.

propanil post-emergence herbicide used for Use with care away from ground and not present (availability unreliable, may improve broad-leaved and annual grass in surface water. over LOP) vegetables sethoxydim post-emergence, selective, annual and Use with care away from ground not present perennial grasses in vegetables water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. simazine annual grasses and broad-leaved Use with care away from ground and not present weeds in fruits and vegetables surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. trifluralin pre-emergence to control annual Use with care away from surface not present grasses and broad-leaved weeds in water. vegetables and orchards uniconazole PGR to reduce vegetative growth and Use with care away from ground not present increase flowering in vegetables water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.

Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 17 Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction) abamectin (M, I) Bacterial extracts for contact for Most products with more than 1.9% approved 2011 mites, Leaf miners, psyllids, other AI are Restricted Use Pesticides pests of vegetables and fruits (RUP), due to toxicity to fish, mammals and aquatic organisms; most at or lower than 1.9% are not RUP. Use great care around open water bodies. acephate Contact for chewing and sucking Use with care away from ground and not present insects, aphids, Leaf miners, surface water. caterpillars, Thrips, other pests many Use late afternoon after bees are done crops foraging.

acetamiprid Systemic/translaminar for sucking Use late afternoon after bees are done not present pests and some chewing pests, foraging. Aphids, Thrips, Whiteflies, Leaf Do not use during crop flowering due miners, Leaf hoppers, weevils many to honeybee risks. crops

Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Bacterial extract for ingestion by Use with care away from surface approved 2011 caterpillars many crops water.

Beauveria bassiana Fungal parasite of borers, thrips, none not present weevils, whiteflies many crops buprofezin (M, I) IGR molting inhibitor for whiteflies, Use with care away from surface not present Leafhoppers, Scales leaf beetles, water. Mealybugs in vegetables and orchards, citrus carbaryl Contact broad-spectrum used on Use with care away from ground and approved 2011 many crops and pests surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 18

Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

chili pepper extract Artisanal repellent for use against none not present many insects chlorantraniliprole Contact for caterpillars on many crops Use late afternoon after bees are done not present foraging. chlorfenapyr (I, M) Spider mites, Caterpillars, Thrips on Use with care away from surface not present vegetables water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. chlorpyrifos-methyl (I, M) Use only for stored grain and produce Use with care away from surface not present warehouse treatments water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. clothianidin Systemic and translaminar action Do not apply when honeybee- not present against a wide range of chewing and pollinated plants are flowering, toxic sucking pests on vegetables, fruits to honeybees. and cereals Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. cyantraniliprole Contact and systemic activity against Use with care away from surface not present (availability unreliable, may improve a wide range of vegetable crops, water. over LOP) chewing and sucking pests Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. cyromazine IGR IGR larvicide with activity against Use with care away from ground and not present Leaf miners, Leaf beetles, flies on surface water. vegetables dimethoate (I, M) Contact to control a wide range of Use with care away from ground and not present 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 19

Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

pests on many vegetable, fruit and surface water. cereal crops Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. garlic extract Artisanal repellent for use against Use with care away from surface not present many insects water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. hexythiazox (M) Mites on fruits and vegetables Use with care away from surface not present (availability unreliable, may improve water. over LOP) imidacloprid Systemic with contact and stomach Do not use during crop flowering due approved 2011 action against sucking and some to honeybee risks. chewing pests, especially soil pests, Use with care away from ground and on many vegetable and fruit crops surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. indoxacarb Contact and stomach action against Use with care away from surface not present caterpillars on many crops water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. insecticidal soap (I, M) Artisanal product for use on several Use with care away from surface not present pests, especially mites, aphids, water. mealybugs, scales, thrips malathion (I, M) Contact with action against a wide Use with care away from ground and approved 2011 range of pests of vegetables and fruits surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.

Matrine extract/Sophia flavescens Natural plant alkaloid used for aphids, none not present 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 20

Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction) extract mites, caterpillars, maggots, grubs, wireworms, cutworms, Diamondback moth on vegetables

Metarhizium anisopliae Fungal parasite of grasshoppers, none not present crickets, thrips, whiteflies, mites on Cucurbits, Solanaceous crops, root weevils mineral oil (I, M) Artisanal for use on several pests, none not present especially mites, aphids, mealybugs, scales, thrips neem seed extract / azadirachtins Artisanal natural plant extract for use none approved 2011 on several pests pymetrozine aphids and whiteflies on orchards, Use with care away from ground and not present fruits and vegetables surface water.

Pyrethrum flower extract / pyrethrins Artisanal natural plant extract for use Use with care away from surface not present on several pests water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. rotenone extract Artisanal natural plant extract for use Use with great care away from not present (availability unreliable, may improve on several pests, aphids, thrips, spider surface water. over LOP) mites on vegetables and fruit Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. spinosad Bacterial extract for control of many Use with care away from surface not present pests, thrips, beetles, especially water. caterpillars of many vegetable and Use late afternoon after bees are done fruit crops foraging.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 21

Approved Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and Miticides (M)

Active Ingredient Approved Uses AI-Specific Conditions, Advisory or Status vs Previous PERSUAP Restrictions (in addition to following label instructions for use and risk-reduction)

Tagetes African Marigold oil extract Artisanal natural plant extract used to none not present (M) control mites, whiteflies, aphids, thrips, mealybugs, scales, and psylla tebufenozide Controls especially caterpillars, Use with care away from ground and not present leafhoppers, leaf miners on fruit and surface water. vegetable crops thiamethoxam Systemic for use against sucking and Use late afternoon after bees are done not present chewing pests, leaf miners, thrips, foraging. mealybugs, scales, leafhoppers, Do not use during crop flowering due beetles, aphids, psyllids, crickets, to honeybee risks. grasshoppers

This document also references for PI use EPA’s list of minimum risk pesticides exempted under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Section 25(b), https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/minrisk-active-ingredients-tolerances-jan-2018.pdf. These are permitted for use on USAID projects.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 22 PROHIBITED MATERIALS ANALYSIS (PMA) The PMA is provided at the end of the PERSUAP document, in Annex 10. It includes internationally-banned and PERSUAP-rejected pesticide AIs.

EXPECTED PESTICIDE USE The Expected Pesticide Use is purely for recommendation or promotion of “safer” choices to beneficiary producers and may include provision of SPU training or Personal Protection Equipment (PPE). No purchase, subsidization, or financing of pesticides is planned or envisioned.

IMPLEMENTATION In accordance with 22CFR216 and Agency policy, the conditions and requirements of this document become mandatory upon approval.

Clearance and Review Information AIs approved by this PERSUAP are registered by USEPA for unrestricted, same, or similar uses, are available in U.S.-registered pesticide products and are registered in Cambodia. They are chosen conservatively with respect to their environmental and human health risk profiles, with risk-reducing conditions specified as appropriate.

Regulatory status and toxicology profiles. The USEPA and WHO status of all approved pesticides as well as human health and ecological toxicological summaries are provided under Pesticide Information, below.

Those AIs considered but rejected by this PERSUAP are listed in Annex 10. Reasons for each rejection are also listed. Some of these AIs are in some cases registered by USEPA but were rejected for a variety of reasons such as presence of these AIs in products and uses designated by USEPA as RUPs due to high human or ecological toxicity. Also rejected are AIs banned by international agreements but believed to be available locally via illicit imports.

Information regarding AIs evaluated in development of this PERSUAP but specifically rejected is provided to document the analyses undertaken and to support consideration of future requests for amendment of this PERSUAP.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 23 APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED:

Clearance:

A/COR: ___Approved by email______Date: _09/08/2018___ Name: Vuthy Theng

FSE Office: ____Approved by email______Date: _09/20/2018___ Name: Laura Cizmo

REA: ____Approved by email______Date: _11/8/2018___ Name: Mark Childerhose

ASIA BEO: ____Approved by email_____ Date: _11/26/2018___ Name: William Gibson

BFS BEO: ____Approved by email_____ Date: _11/11/2018___ Name: William Thomas

CONCURRANCE: Cambodia MEO: ______Date: ______Name: Menglim Kim

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 24

PESTICIDE EVALUATION REVIEW AND SAFER

USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

SECTION 1: CROP / PEST INFORMATION

This 2018 PERSUAP is an amendment to the IEE to screen for risks associated with recommendations for use of more-recently registered (by Cambodia) pesticides against pests, diseases, and weeds of all target crops: tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, bok choy, green mustard, cucumber, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, pumpkin, melons, watermelon, yard long bean, okra, lettuce, asparagus, cashew, mango, longan, citrus, papaya, pineapple, banana (lady finger variety), guava, jujube, black pepper, roots: ginger, turmeric.

This IEE amendment focuses on new Harvest II crops, pests, diseases, pesticides, and activities covered under the governing IEE by providing agronomic information on target crops, non-chemical preventive tools/good agriculture practices recommended for adoption/adaptation by beneficiary producers, and analysis of Cambodia-registered pesticide active ingredients that Harvest II staff may recommend and beneficiary producers can adopt/adapt for their own crops. Information on pests and diseases of each crop are included in Annex 1.

Descriptions of pests, diseases, and symptoms will be provided, in association with the IPM Innovation Lab, by Harvest II staff for Pest Management Plans for beneficiary farmers.

This Harvest II PERSUAP provides information on the target crops covered by this project, including basic information on each crop, pests, diseases, weeds, and IPM tools. It is suggested that Harvest II field agronomic and crop protection experts utilize this information to provide information on and IPM program which minimizes the use of synthetic chemical pesticides. It is critical to develop an active and field-supported SUAP to support Harvest II pest/disease/weed management operations for Cambodia.

Implementation In accordance with 22CFR216 and Agency policy, the conditions and requirements of this document become mandatory upon approval.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 25 HARVEST II CROPS AGRONOMIC INFORMATION

The following table, requested by USAID/BFS, provides basic agronomic information for each Harvest II target crop.

Table 2: Harvest II Crops Agronomic Information Crop Average Transplanting Average Harvesting Irrigated or Rain-fed Fertilizer used, type Date (most planting Date (depends on follows start of one of variety and climatic two rainy seasons, conditions) December or May, or at other times with irrigation water)

Tomatoes 3-4 weeks after seed 45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 110 kg/ ha sowing P = 80 kg/ha K = 270 kg/ ha Eggplant 3-4 weeks after seed 45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 170 kg/ ha sowing P = 70 kg/ha K = 240 kg/ ha Peppers 3-4 weeks after seed 45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 220 kg/ ha sowing P = 110 kg/ha K = 240 kg/ ha Cabbage 3-4 weeks after seed 45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 240 kg/ ha sowing P = 140 kg/ha K = 175 kg/ ha Cauliflower 3-4 weeks after seed 45-60 days after planting Irrigate N = 200 kg/ ha sowing P = 80 kg/ha K = 150 kg/ ha Chinese kale 3-4 weeks after seed 3 to 4 weeks after Irrigate N = 60 kg/ ha sowing planting P = 15 kg/ha K = 15 kg/ ha Chinese radish/daikon Direct seeding 40-45 days after seed Irrigate N = 60 kg/ ha sowing P = 30 kg/ha K = 70 kg/ ha Bok choy 2 weeks after seed sowing 2-3 weeks after planting Irrigate N = 60 kg/ ha P = 15 kg/ha K = 15 kg/ ha

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 26 Crop Average Transplanting Average Harvesting Irrigated or Rain-fed Fertilizer used, type Date (most planting Date (depends on follows start of one of variety and climatic two rainy seasons, conditions) December or May, or at other times with irrigation water)

Green mustard 2 weeks after seed sowing 25-35 days after planting Irrigate N = 120 kg/ ha P = 50 kg/ha K = 80 kg/ ha Cucumber 7-10 days after seed 25-30 days after planting Irrigate N = 130 kg/ ha sowing P = 100 kg/ha K = 170 kg/ ha Bitter Gourd 7-10 days after seed 35-45 days after planting Irrigate N = 180 kg/ ha sowing P = 110 kg/ha K = 130 kg/ ha Sponge Gourd 7-10 days after seed 25-40 days after seed Irrigate N = 60 kg/ ha sowing sowing P = 30 kg/ha K = 80 kg/ ha Ridge Gourd 7-10 days after seed 45-50 days after seed Irrigate N = 60 kg/ ha sowing sowing P = 30 kg/ha K = 80 kg/ ha Pumpkin 7-10 days after seed 65-80 days after seed Irrigate N = 160 kg/ ha sowing sowing P = 80 kg/ha K = 120 kg/ ha Melons 7-10 days after seed 55 to 65 days after seed Irrigate N = 110 kg/ ha sowing sowing P = 70 kg/ha K = 340 kg/ ha Watermelon 7-10 days after seed 45-50 days after seed Irrigate N = 110 kg/ ha sowing sowing P = 70 kg/ha K = 240 kg/ ha Yard Long Bean 7-10 days after seed 35-50 days after planting Irrigate N = 50 kg/ ha sowing P = 40 kg/ha K = 220 kg/ ha Okra 2-3 weeks after seed 45-50 days after seed Irrigate N = 100 kg/ ha sowing sowing P = 60 kg/ha K = 120 kg/ ha

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 27 Crop Average Transplanting Average Harvesting Irrigated or Rain-fed Fertilizer used, type Date (most planting Date (depends on follows start of one of variety and climatic two rainy seasons, conditions) December or May, or at other times with irrigation water)

Lettuce 7-10 days after seed 25-40 days after seed Irrigate N = 60 kg/ ha sowing sowing P = 15 kg/ha K = 15 kg/ ha Asparagus 4 months after see sowing 8-10 months after Irrigate Basal fertilizers planting N = 70 kg/ ha P = 50 kg/ha K = 70 kg/ ha 1st year N = 700 kg/ ha / year P = 590 kg/ha / year K = 840 kg/ ha/ year Ca = 160 kg/ ha/ year Cashew n/a 4-5 months from January Rain-fed N = 75 kg/ha/year to May P = 20 kg/ha/year K = 20 kg/ ha/year Mango n/a (can be harvest from 8 months (except July to Rain-fed N =84 Kg/ha 3-5 years after planting) October) P = 34 Kg/ha K = 46 Kg/ha Longan n/a (can be harvest from Year round (Jan-Apr low Rain fed + irrigate N = 74 Kg/ha 3-5 years after planting) productivity) P = 54 Kg/ha K = 44 kg/ha Citrus n/a 10 months (except Rain fed + irrigate N =84 Kg/ha January-March) P = 34 Kg/ha K = 46 Kg/ha Papaya n/a Year round Rain fed + irrigate N =84 Kg/ha P = 34 Kg/ha K = 46 Kg/ha Pineapple Plant from propagate Year round (Highest Rain fed + irrigate N = 70 kg/ha materials including slips production in May & P = 26 Kg/ha or crowns but slips yield June) K = 82 Kg/ha

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 28 Crop Average Transplanting Average Harvesting Irrigated or Rain-fed Fertilizer used, type Date (most planting Date (depends on follows start of one of variety and climatic two rainy seasons, conditions) December or May, or at other times with irrigation water)

faster and higher. Select healthy slips with average length more than 20 cm for planting. Banana (Lady Finger Propagate materials Year round Rain fed + irrigate N = 74 Kg/ha variety) including rhizomes or P = 54 Kg/ha suckers. K = 44 kg/ha Guava n/a (Plant grafting or Year round Rain fed + irrigate N = 260 Kg/ha budding materials, seed P = 180 Kg/ha takes long time for K = 260 kg/ha juvenile and mostly use as rootstock. 1-year old seedling can be used for grafting/ budding) Jujube n/a (Plant grafting or Year round Rain fed + irrigate 1st year budding materials, seed N = 57 Kg/ha takes long time for P = 27 Kg/ha juvenile and mostly use as K = 69 kg/ha rootstock. 1-year old 2nd year onward seedling can be used for N = 90+ Kg/ha grafting/ budding) P = 48+ Kg/ha K = 108+ kg/ha Black pepper 9 months old cutting after About 5 months from Irrigate N = 70 kg/ha/ year rooting October to March P = 26 Kg/ha / year K = 82 Kg/ha / year Roots: ginger, turmeric 1-2 months from seed 8-10 months after Rain-fed N = 230 kg/ ha/ year sowing planting P = 60 kg/ha/ year K = 320 kg/ ha/ year

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 29 PESTICIDE INFORMATION

A wide variety of pesticides are available on the market in Asia, some of which are highly toxic. Because these products are often inexpensive and easily available, producers may be tempted to buy and utilize such products without being aware of the potential risks involved. The purpose of this document and the following list of pesticides, as well as the existing updated Asia-region PERSUAPs, is to provide essential information on the pesticides which are effective against Harvest II project target crop pests, diseases, and weeds and have relatively lower human health and environmental risks.

In agreement with applicable country‐ specific regulatory policies and procedures, the following pesticides will be appropriate for USAID sponsored projects. Utilize this list in conjunction with existing PERSUAPs and local expertise in the use of pesticides as part of an overall IPM program.

PESTICIDES RECOMMENDED IN THIS HARVEST II PERSUAP

Table 3 below details pesticides recommended in this Harvest II PERSUAP.

Table 3: Pesticides Recommended in This Harvest II PERSUAP.

PERSUAP-APPROVED FUNGICIDES AND BACTERICIDES

Fungicide (F), Bactericide (B) Active Chemical Class WHO EPA Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions Ingredients Acute Acute Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Toxicity PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class Classes Carcinogen; instructions and (depend ED=Endocrine warnings. on Disruptor; products) RD=Reproductive & Always use PPE Developmental recommended on label. toxin; NL=None Listed Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed azoxystrobin strobin U III NL potential MT MT MT MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface and ground water.

Bacillus subtilis (F, B) microbial U III, IV NL NL NL NL NL NL bromuconazole azole II II, III NL NL MT MT NL MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. calcium polysulfide/lime sulfur inorganic U I, II, III NL NL NL NL NL NL chlorothalonil chloronitrile NL I, II, III PC potential NL NL NL MT Avoid products or

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 30 Fungicide (F), Bactericide (B) Active Chemical Class WHO EPA Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions Ingredients Acute Acute Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Toxicity PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class Classes Carcinogen; instructions and (depend ED=Endocrine warnings. on Disruptor; products) RD=Reproductive & Always use PPE Developmental recommended on label. toxin; NL=None Listed Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed mixtures with more than 50% concentration of chlorothalonil, and WHO Class Ia, Ib products. Use with care away from surface and high ground water. copper (cuprous) oxide (B) inorganic II II, III NL NL HT NL NL HT Use with care away from surface water. copper oxychloride (B) inorganic III I, II, III NL NL MT MT MT NL Favor Class II or III products, NOT WHO Class Ia or Ib. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. copper sulfate (pentahydrate) (B) inorganic II I, II, III NL NL MT NL HT MT Favor Class II or III products, NOT WHO Class Ia or Ib. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. copper sulfate (tribasic) (B) inorganic II II, III NL NL NL MT HT NL Favor Class II or III products, NOT WHO Class Ia or Ib. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. copper/cupric hydroxide (B) inorganic III I, II, III NL NL HT MT MT HT Favor Class II or III products, NOT WHO Class Ia or Ib. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 31 Fungicide (F), Bactericide (B) Active Chemical Class WHO EPA Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions Ingredients Acute Acute Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Toxicity PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class Classes Carcinogen; instructions and (depend ED=Endocrine warnings. on Disruptor; products) RD=Reproductive & Always use PPE Developmental recommended on label. toxin; NL=None Listed Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed cymoxanil cyanoacetamid oxime III III NL NL MT MT NL MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. cyproconazole azole II III PC NL MT MT MT NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. difenoconazole azole II III PC NL MT MT NL MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. dimethomorph morpholine U III NL NL MT MT MT NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. flutriafol triazole II III ED potential MT MT NL MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. folpet thiophthalimide U II, III PC NL HT NL NL HT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. fosetyl aluminum phosphonic acid salt U III NL potential NL NL NL MT Use with care away from surface and groundwater iprodione dicarboximide U III PC, ED potential MT NL NL HT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface and ground water. kasugamycin (B) antibiotic U NL NL NL NL NL NL NL mancozeb dithiocarbamate U III PC, ED, RD NL MT MT NL NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 32 Fungicide (F), Bactericide (B) Active Chemical Class WHO EPA Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions Ingredients Acute Acute Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Toxicity PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class Classes Carcinogen; instructions and (depend ED=Endocrine warnings. on Disruptor; products) RD=Reproductive & Always use PPE Developmental recommended on label. toxin; NL=None Listed Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed surface water. mefenoxam/metalaxyl-M phenylamide II II, III NL NL MT NL MT MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. metalaxyl benzanoid III II, III NL potential NL NL NL NL Use with care away from groundwater. metiram dithiocarbamate U III PC, RD NL NL NL NL MT Use with care away from surface water. mono+dipotassium phosphate inorganic NL III NL NL NL NL NL NL propiconazole azole II II, III PC, RD potential MT NL NL MT Use with care away from surface and groundwater. pyraclostrobin strobin NL II, III NL NL NL MT MT HT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. sodium hypochlorite inorganic NL I NL NL MT NL NL HT Ensure use of goggles to protect eyes from splashes. Use with care away from surface water. streptomycin sulfate (B) antibiotic NL III RD NL NL NL NL NL sulfur (also F, M) inorganic III III NL NL NL NL NL NL tebuconazole azole II II, III PC potential MT MT MT MT Use with care away from surface and groundwater. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. thiophanate-methyl benzamidazole U III PC, RD potential MT NL NL NL Use with care away from surface and ground water. thiram (diothio) carbamate II III ED, RD NL HT NL NL HT For trained professionals to treat seed.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 33 Fungicide (F), Bactericide (B) Active Chemical Class WHO EPA Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions Ingredients Acute Acute Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Toxicity PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class Classes Carcinogen; instructions and (depend ED=Endocrine warnings. on Disruptor; products) RD=Reproductive & Always use PPE Developmental recommended on label. toxin; NL=None Listed Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed Many commercial seeds come with thiram already coated on them ready for farmers to buy and use. Use with care away from surface water.

Trichoderma spp microbial NL III NL NL NL NL NL NL trifloxystrobin strobin U III NL NL NL NL MT NL

PERSUAP-APPROVED HERBICIDES AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

Herbicide, Plant Growth Regulator Chemical Class WHO EPA Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions (PGR) Active Ingredients Acute Acute Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Toxicity PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class Classes Carcinogen; instructions and (depend ED=Endocrine warnings. on Disruptor; products) RD=Reproductive Always use PPE Developmental toxin recommended on label. Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) (PGR) synthetic auxin PGR III III NL NL MT NL NL NL Use with care away from surface water.

2 4 D chlorophenoxy acid II III PC, ED potential NL HT MT NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface and ground water. ametryne triazine III III RD potential NL MT NL NL Use with care away from ground water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. bensulfuron sulfonyl urea U II, III NL NL NL MT NL NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 34 Herbicide, Plant Growth Regulator Chemical Class WHO EPA Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions (PGR) Active Ingredients Acute Acute Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Toxicity PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class Classes Carcinogen; instructions and (depend ED=Endocrine warnings. on Disruptor; products) RD=Reproductive Always use PPE Developmental toxin recommended on label. Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed bensulfuron methyl sulfonyl urea U II, III NL NL NL MT NL NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. bromacil uracil U II, III, IV PC, RD known NL MT NL NL Use with care away from ground water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. clethodim cyclohexenone NL II, III NL potential MT MT MT MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface and ground water. clomazone isoxazolidinone II III NL NL MT MT NL MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Use with care away from surface water. diuron urea PGR NL III PC known NL NL NL NL Use with care away from ground water. ethephon phosphonic acid organophosphate PGR U I, III NL NL NL NL NL NL fluazifop-p-butyl propionic acid III II, III NL NL MT NL NL NL Use with care away from surface water. fomesafen (-sodium) diphenyl ether III I, II PC NL NL MT NL NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. gibberellins/gibberellic acid (PGR) botanical PGR U III NL NL NL NL NL NL glufosinate organophosphate NL II, III NL NL NL NL MT NL glufosinate ammonium phosphonic acid NL II, III NL NL NL NL MT NL glyphosate, isopropylamine salt phosphonoglycine III II, III NL potential NL NL NL NL Use with care away from ground water. imazethapyr amidazolinone U II, III NL potential NL HT NL NL Use with care away from ground water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. linuron urea U III PC, ED, RD potential MT NL MT MT Use with care away from ground and surface water.

MCPA chlorophenoxy acid II II, IIII PC NL NL NL NL NL

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 35 Herbicide, Plant Growth Regulator Chemical Class WHO EPA Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions (PGR) Active Ingredients Acute Acute Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Toxicity PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class Classes Carcinogen; instructions and (depend ED=Endocrine warnings. on Disruptor; products) RD=Reproductive Always use PPE Developmental toxin recommended on label. Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed metolachlor chloroacetamide III III PC, ED known MT NL MT MT Use with care away from ground and surface water. metribuzin triazinone II II, III ED potential MT NL MT NL Use with care away from ground and surface water. oxyfluorfen diphenyl ether U II, III PC NL HT NL NL NL paclobutrazol triazole PGR III II, III NL NL MT MT NL MT Use with care away from surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. pendimethalin dinitroanaline II III PC, ED NL MT NL NL MT Use with care away from surface water. penoxsulam triazolopyrimidine U III PC known MT MT MT NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. propanil analide III II, III PC potential MT NL MT NL Use with care away from ground and surface water. sethoxydim cyclohexadione III II, III NL potential NL MT NL NL Use with care away from ground water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. simazine triazine U III PC, ED, RD known NL MT NL NL Use with care away from ground and surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. trifluralin dinitroanaline U II, III PC, ED NL HT NL NL NL Use with care away from surface water. uniconazol triazole PGR III III PC potential MT MT MT MT Use with care away from ground water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.

PERSUAP-APPROVED INSECTICIDES AND MITICIDES

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 36

Insecticide (I), Miticide (M) Active Chemical Class WHO EPA Acute Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions Ingredients Acute Toxicity Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Classes PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class (depend on Carcinogen; instructions and products) ED=Endocrine warnings. Disruptor; RD=Reproductive Always use PPE Developmental recommended on label. toxin Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed abamectin (M, I) microbial extract NL I, II, III RD NL NL HT NL HT Most products with more than 1.9% AI are RUP, due to toxicity to fish, mammals and aquatic organisms; most at or lower than 1.9% are not RUP. Use great care around open water bodies. acephate organophosphate III III PC potential MT HT MT NL Use with care away from ground and surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. acetamiprid neonicotinoid NL III NL NL NL MT HT NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Do not use during crop flowering due to honeybee risks.

Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) microbial III III NL NL MT NL NL NL Use with care away from surface water.

Beauveria bassiana microbial NL III NL NL NL NL NL NL buprofezin (M, I) insect growth regulator NL III PC NL MT NL MT NL Use with care away from surface water. carbaryl carbamate II III PC, ED potential MT HT NL HT Use with care away from ground and surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. chili pepper extract botanical NL III NL NL NL NL NL NL chlorantraniliprole anthranilic diamide NL IV NL NL NL MT MT HT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. chlorfenapyr (I, M) pyrazole II III PC NL HT HT HT NL Use with care away

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 37 Insecticide (I), Miticide (M) Active Chemical Class WHO EPA Acute Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions Ingredients Acute Toxicity Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Classes PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class (depend on Carcinogen; instructions and products) ED=Endocrine warnings. Disruptor; RD=Reproductive Always use PPE Developmental recommended on label. toxin Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed from surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. chlorpyrifos-methyl organophosphate III II, III NL NL MT HT MT HT Use with care away from surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. clothianidin neonicotinoid NL III NL NL NL HT NL NL Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. cyantraniliprole anthranilic diamide NL III NL NL MT HT NL MT Use with care away from surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. cyromazine triazine III III NL known MT NL MT MT Use with care away from ground and surface water. dimethoate organophosphate II II PC, ED, RD potential MT HT HT HT Use with care away from ground and surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. garlic extract botanical NL III NL NL HT HT HT HT Use with care away from surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. hexythiazox (M) insect growth regulator U III PC NL HT NL MT MT Use with care away from surface water. imidacloprid neonicotinoid II II, III NL potential MT HT HT HT Do not use during crop flowering due to honeybee risks. Use with care away from ground and surface

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 38 Insecticide (I), Miticide (M) Active Chemical Class WHO EPA Acute Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions Ingredients Acute Toxicity Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Classes PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class (depend on Carcinogen; instructions and products) ED=Endocrine warnings. Disruptor; RD=Reproductive Always use PPE Developmental recommended on label. toxin Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. indoxacarb oxadiazine II III NL NL MT HT HT MT Use with care away from surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. insecticidal soap (I, M) fatty acids NL II, III NL NL MT NL NL NL Use with care away from surface water. malathion (I, M) organophosphate III II, III PC, ED potential MT HT MT MT Use with care away from ground and surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.

Matrine extract/Sophia flavescens botanical NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL Metharrizium anisopliae microbial NL III NL NL NL NL NL NL mineral oil (I, M) petroleum/paraffin NL III NL NL NL NL NL NL neem seed extract / azadirachtins botanical extract NL III NL NL NL NL NL NL pymetrozine triazine NL III PC potential MT NL MT MT Use with care away from ground and surface water.

Pyrethrum flower extract botanical II III PC NL HT HT NL HT Use with care away from surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. rotenone botanical II III NL NL HT HT HT MT Use with great care away from surface water. Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. spinosad microbial III III NL NL MT HT NL NL Use with care away from surface water.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 39 Insecticide (I), Miticide (M) Active Chemical Class WHO EPA Acute Chronic Human Ground Fish Bees Birds Aquatic Mitigating Conditions Ingredients Acute Toxicity Toxicity Issues water organisms Toxicity Classes PC=Potential contaminant Always follow label Class (depend on Carcinogen; instructions and products) ED=Endocrine warnings. Disruptor; RD=Reproductive Always use PPE Developmental recommended on label. toxin Ecotoxicity: MT=Moderate Toxicity; HT=High Toxicity; NL=None Listed Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging.

Tagetes African Marigold oil (M) botanical NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL tebufenozide diacylhydrazine U III NL potential MT NL NL NL Use with care away from ground and surface water. thiamethoxam neonicotinoid NL III PC NL NL MT NL MT Use late afternoon after bees are done foraging. Do not use during crop flowering due to honeybee risks.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 40 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

IPM is the coordinated use of pest and environmental information and available pest control methods to economically prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage, with a focus on minimizing hazards to people, property, and the environment. IPM requires a thorough understanding of the pest, crop, and interrelationships within the environment. Done right, IPM requires practical research, advanced planning, balancing the costs and benefits of all control practices, as well as routine monitoring of crop and pest conditions. IPM utilizes all suitable pest management tactics, including pesticides, cultural methods, mechanical control, sanitation, natural and biological control, as well as host plant resistance. It is USAID policy to rely on an IPM framework for all activities which involve the procurement or use of pesticides. As such, it is critical to respond to clearly identified pests and their consequences, evaluate non‐ pesticide management options, and use the least toxic, safest pesticides and only as actually needed.

Most countries have locally-adapted resistant varieties (host plant resistance) they promote and use, as well as additional locally-adapted preventive tools they use. The IPM tools listed in this document, as well as recommended pesticides, were sourced, evaluated, and cross-referenced primarily from:

 University of California (UC) Davis IPM, http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html;  Infonet-Biovision, http://www.infonet-biovision.org/;  CABI Plantwise Guides, http://www.plantwise.org;  Pest Net: http://www.pestnet.org/fact_sheets/papaya_crown_rot_172.htm;  EPA Registered Pesticides, https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=PPLS:1;  UK Pesticide Database, https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm;  PAN Pesticide Database, http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_ChemicalsAlpha.jsp;  Other websites, especially those of USA state agriculture extension services and Indian agriculture websites for the same crop-pest/disease species pairings.

Most pest/disease monitoring (scouting) is done by visual inspection methods since most small-scale developing country producers do not have access to entomology sweep nets, beat cloths, light traps, suction devices, computerized predictive models, and other unavailable or expensive equipment. Some use yellow/blue sticky traps to note pest presence and few use pheromone traps also to note pest presence and relative abundance. Every producer should be trained to monitor/scout for pests, diseases, and weeds regularly, at least weekly, but the more frequently, the better. “Monitor frequently” can be placed as a preventive tool for every pest, disease, and weed, and put into individual Harvest II crop Pest Management Plans (PMPs) by local crop protection specialists.

Economic thresholds are generally defined as the pest or disease density/damage at which the benefit derived from applying a management strategy is equal to the cost of the management strategy. Economic thresholds are variable and depend on expected local seed, fertilizer, pesticide, labor, water, and crop prices. They also depend on the local plant variety and growth stage, type of pest and subsequent influence on yield, field history, and effectiveness of preventive management strategies.

Thresholds listed in this document were found on technical websites. Crop protection specialists in Cambodia were also asked for local treatment thresholds if they exist. Users of this PERSUAP may use both for guidance, to test and adopt them.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 41 In general, the concept of a treatment threshold level of fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases above which a pesticide should be applied is not useful because, in general, plant diseases are best controlled preventively. In addition, spores, mycelia, and viral particles are microscopic and numerous and each take incubation periods of generally seven to ten days from initial infection to visual appearance of infections. To wait until a certain threshold is reached based on appearance of visual spots, streaks, lesions, or discoloration on a plant will likely give the pathogen more time to infect and produce more propagules which spread and cause new infections.

General GAPS and IPM for Each Target Crop

Annex 1 contains GAPs for each Harvest II target crop-pest combination, including basic IPM tools and tactics to employ throughout the season. Harvest II expert-identified primary pests, diseases, weeds are also listed by target crop. These were compiled by surveying Harvest II crop protection experts in Cambodia to list the primary (worth spraying for) pests, diseases, and weeds for their crops.

Harvest II crop protection experts will use these for training and may wish to add descriptions and photos identifying pests and diseases, as well as damage as appropriate.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 42 PESTICIDE INFORMATION

Pesticides are chemical substances intended to kill, inactivate, or repel pests, diseases, or weeds.

Any expenditure of USAID funds which involve the use of pesticides (purchase, recommendation, training, or other related support) shall evaluate each pesticide according to the procedures described in §216.3(b)(l): (a) The USEPA registration status of the requested pesticide; (b) The basis for selection of the requested pesticide; (c) The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is part of an IPM program; (d) The proposed method or methods of application, including availability of appropriate application and safety equipment; (e) Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards; (f) The effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use; (g) Compatibility of the proposed pesticide with target and non-target ecosystems; (h) The conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils; (i) The availability and effectiveness of other pesticides or nonchemical control methods; (j) The requesting country's ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and disposal of the requested pesticide; (k) The provisions made for training of users and applicators; and (l) The provisions made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of the pesticide.

Recommended pesticides found registered in Cambodia were cross-checked on Pesticide Action Network’s (PAN) website (shown in the text of this document, and which is in the process of being updated) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) website (shown in the text of this document) for registration, potential restrictions, usage recommended crops, pests, diseases, and weeds.

Major Harvest II crop production constraints (pests, diseases, weeds) were collected from various agronomists and crop protection specialists interviewed as well as internet searches.

In addition, this PERSUAP provides information on approved pesticides recommended for use in the USA and other countries for the same crop-pest/disease combinations.

Cambodia has regulations on pesticide safety similar to the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management, http://www.eppo.int/PPPRODUCTS/fao_code.htm, including evaluation, registration, import, storage, transport, use, and disposal. This study identifies pesticides registered in Cambodia for analysis and approval for recommendation or promotion as recommended by Harvest II staff during discussions with producers. None of the pesticide AIs is included in RUPs, and all are registered for same or similar use by EPA.

However, many chemical pesticides can also poison human beings and other life forms and contaminate the environment. When using pesticides, it is critical to be aware of the toxicological and environmental hazards associated with a particular material. Using the least toxic material makes sense in terms of human health and environmental protection. The attached Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) evaluates or screens proposed registered pesticides for potential promotion or recommendation on Harvest II project activities.

Pesticide use is justified by country crop protection specialists as the last resort against pests, diseases, and weeds that routinely result in at least 30-50% losses of target food security crops, even when using numerous preventive tools and tactics. Preventive alternatives to pesticides are included per information provided by specialists, as well as sourced from crop protection and IPM websites as noted.

Lessons learned from other PERSUAPs, especially those used in the same country or region, include lack of availability and use of PPE by beneficiary producers as well as pesticides which have become unregistered by EPA or restricted since

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 43 they were approved in original PERSUAP. These include most of the synthetic pyrethroid pesticides. In Cambodia, very few instances of pesticide resistance have been recorded, except in the medical entomology field against disease vectors.

All pests, diseases, and weeds can develop resistance to a chemical pesticide that is used repeatedly and inappropriately. It is critical that pesticides be alternated by type and mode of action to minimize the occurrence of pesticide resistance.

Other critical lessons learned and elements regarding the use of chemical pesticides include: 1) Training those who will handle and apply pesticides; 2) Use of appropriate PPE; 3) Appropriate storage of pesticides and empty pesticide containers; 4) Safe disposal of unused or expired pesticide and empty pesticide containers; 5) Environmental precautions.

It is recommended that this project assist Harvest II producers in the use of use record-keeping systems, as a part of GAP. Annex 6 has an example of a farm pesticide-use record-keeping system.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 44 SECTION 2: CAMBODIA PESTICIDE STUDY METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS

INTRODUCTION

This study and an EMMP commenced during June of 2018 by International Consultant Alan Schroder (see attached bio) requesting project documents, lists of project target crops including primary pests and diseases of each, as well as MAFF pesticide regulations and registrations. These were analyzed prior to travel and during the study. During July, Dr. Schroeder traveled to Cambodia to work with co-author Dr. Kim Hian Seng, and to meet with project staff, leader farmers, GOC officials, other donors, and pesticide sector wholesalers and retailers. Field work was done at project sites in Siem Reap and Battambang provinces.

This study was done to replace an old (2011) PERSUAP written for the first HARVEST project. Pesticide choices in that document were out of date with current EPA registration and restriction decisions and there was insufficient IPM information and PMPs for proper implementation. Harvest II will use the information in this document to inform beneficiary farmers of new IPM tools used in other countries for the exact same crop-pest/disease combinations and that they may wish to adapt and adopt. It also informs the project, implementers and beneficiaries of the pesticides that USAID will not support through purchase or on donated seed, training, equipment or on demonstration farms. Moreover, it provides a wealth of websites and Annexes to assist field staff with training beneficiaries on how to reduce pesticide risks to human health and environmental resources. Furthermore, this document includes an EMMP (Annex 12) for pesticide risk reduction. This specialized EMMP that takes all of the findings of the PER analyses and SUAP and puts all of the risks, risk reduction measures, indicators of success at reducing risk, and monitoring and reporting schedules into one table format that is ready to be tested and used.

FINDINGS

Farmers use highly toxic pesticides As a rule, Harvest II does not work directly with farmers. However its private sector partners and grantees do work with farmers who commonly use pesticides that are highly toxic, including those not permitted for sale and use in Cambodia; and currently, extension officers and input supply dealers may recommend highly toxic pesticides because less toxic alternatives are not accessible or acceptable or because they are unaware of less toxic options. Harvest II will not procure pesticides but will, to the extent possible, help its partners promote IPM tools and the safe use of pesticides, most of which are less toxic alternatives to those widely used and recommended.

Farmers and extension officers do not use PPE

Harvest II, primarily through private sector partners and grantees, may need to provide advice on pesticides to farmers and extension officers who are not accustomed to using PPE; who may not understand the need for PPE; who may not have access to PPE; and who do not know how to maintain PPE.

Farmers do not maintain application equipment

As is common in Cambodia, farmers that Harvest II partners or grantees will be working with may fail to maintain their application equipment, in part because they are unaware of maintenance requirements, and in part because maintenance services are unavailable in rural areas.

Farmers are unaware of safe use practices

Cambodian farmers may be unaware of and often fail to implement safe use practices (mixing, storage, application, disposal, and transport) and place their own health, the health of their families, and the health of their communities at risk. Extension officers are not well-equipped to advise farmers on safe use.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 45 Farmers use pesticides in ways that may adversely affect ecosystems

Cambodian farmers that the program will be working with may be unaware of safe use practices, and commonly use pesticides in ways that may adversely affect non-target ecosystems and organisms.

Weak pesticide regulation capacity

Cambodia lacks capacity to regulate the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of pesticides.

Pesticide labels are often still in foreign languages

Because many pesticides are imported from Thailand, Vietnam, or China, pesticide labels are often in languages that Cambodian farmers do not understand, especially on the borders with these exporting countries. Labels also often contain incorrect information about the formulation, safety precautions, and application instructions.

Program clients and extension officers do not have sufficient pesticide training

Farmers and extension officers do not have the skills and tools to monitor effectiveness of pesticides, so farmers may over-use pesticides, and often use the wrong type of pesticide (e.g., an insecticide to control a fungal disease).

Program clients and extension officers do not have sufficient pesticide training

Private sector partners, such as buyers or input supply dealers, that Harvest II will be working with may require additional training on safe use practices and IPM. Program staff who work closely with these Harvest II partners also need additional training in safe-use practices and IPM.

Obsolete pesticides in Cambodia

Obsolete pesticide disposal is complex and costly. First, one needs to locate, collect, and inventory the obsolete pesticides and if any of the obsolete pesticides are Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) chemicals, it helps if a country has signed/ratified the POP Convention and developed a National Implementation Plan for dealing with such chemicals. Obsolete (beyond the expiration date) non-POP pesticides are usually tracked, stored, and dealt with by Ministries of Agriculture, Health, and/or Environment, depending on sector and country power structure. Disposal initiatives are generally led by FAO's Programme on the Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides, among others, and multi-donor funded.

After inventory, obsolete pesticides and any contaminated soil are often repackaged by type for transport and transported to a very high temperature incinerator with effluent scrubbers to be incinerated.

A 2005 FAO report notes that “There are small amounts of obsolete pesticides stocked in Cambodia. Approximately 25 tons of obsolete pesticides are stored in the warehouse of the Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement (DAALI) and which they proposed for phasing out by a project cooperated with Ministry of Environment.” It should say “relatively small amounts” when compared with other countries. No updated study or disposal program has been done since then. It is likely that the tonnage has increased since 2004. A donor-led study should be performed to make a new estimate and plan for disposal.

Empty pesticide containers

Many Cambodian farmers have been taught to save empty pesticide containers (EPCs) until a disposal solution is found. Some farmers still throw EPCs into the farm field.

There has been discussion within USAID on how to deal with this issue in Cambodia because many farmers, offered safety training by government, pesticide dealer, donor, and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) representatives, have been advised that EPCs should be triple-rinsed, punctured (so they are not reused to store other liquids), and saved safely out of the reach of children in a large plastic bag for later disposition, or buried one meter deep away from all water

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 46 sources, including high water tables. Most white and colored opaque pesticide bottles are made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE).

Farmers are advised to not reuse EPCs for storing other liquids (like palm wine, cooking oil, water, milk, honey, and so forth), to not throw them into the field or local stream, and not burn them, which can release toxic carcinogenic furans and dioxins upon combustion.

A better solution, which would take a pre-feasibility analysis before making recommendations that might not work, is to recycle the triple-rinsed and punctured EPCs into HDPE agricultural plastic implements (e.g., barn and greenhouse plastic construction materials, irrigation tubing, and farm implements). This has been done in other countries. USAID’s Africa Lead II Program (https://www.dai.com/our-work/projects/africa-africa-lead-ii) funded a pre-feasibility analysis of this type of EPC recycling issue for Rwanda in 2015. That study, completed by a team led by Dr. Schroeder, found EPC recycling to be economically and logistically feasible. A similar study would need to be performed in Cambodia prior to making decisions on recycling.

International Pesticide Management Agreements and Treaties Signed by Cambodia

This section describes the main international pesticide treaties and Cambodia’s status in regard to them. USAID-funded projects must comply with actions stipulated by the agreements described below (SUAP-Attachment A provides additional information on these treaties.).

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Cambodia is a signatory to the Stockholm Convention banning POPs. The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, and accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife. POPs pose special threats to human health and the environment because they persist and bio-magnify; they increase in concentration up the food chain and are capable of transmission to offspring via the placenta or milk. The Convention focuses on eliminating or reducing the releases of 12 POPs, the so-called “Dirty Dozen.” Given their potential for long-range transport, no single government acting alone can protect its citizens or its environment from POPs. In response, the Stockholm Convention, which was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004, requires Parties to take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment.

Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure--the Rotterdam Convention

Cambodia’s Accession and Entry into Force occurred on March 5, 2013 for the PIC treaty, http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and FAO had jointly implemented the original PIC procedure, which operated until the adoption of the Rotterdam Convention (officially known as the Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade).

The objectives of the Convention are: to promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm; and to contribute to the environmentally sound use of those hazardous chemicals, by facilitating information exchange about their characteristics, by providing for a national decision-making process on their import and export, and by disseminating these decisions to Parties.

The Convention creates legally binding obligations for the implementation of the PIC procedure. There are 40 chemicals listed in Annex III of the Convention and subject to the PIC procedure, including 25 pesticides, four severely hazardous pesticide formulations, and 11 industrial chemicals. Many more chemicals are expected to be added in the future. The PIC Procedure is aimed at reducing the use of dangerous pesticides imported from other countries and assisting developing countries to formulate strategies to deal with pesticide issues.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 47 SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT

This part of the PERSUAP, the PER, reviews pesticide choices based upon environmental and human health issues, THE 12 PESTICIDE FACTORS uses, alternate options, IPM, biodiversity, conservation, training, PPE options, monitoring and mitigation Factor A. USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed recommendations according to the 12 Regulation 216.3(b)(1) Pesticides Pesticide Procedures Factors, outlined to the right and Factor B. Basis for Selection of Pesticides analyzed below. Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes could be, part of an IPM program assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides Factor D. Proposed method or methods of application, registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without including the availability of application and safety restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination for the equipment project shall include a separate section evaluating the Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the either human or environmental, associated with the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result proposed use, and measures available to minimize such in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered hazards in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the following:” (see box, right) proposed use

In Annex 1, this PERSUAP proposes preventive IPM tools Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with and tactics available to be integrated with the pesticides target and non-target ecosystems evaluated by this PER and recommended by extension Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be services and USAID projects. Annex 2 provides guidelines for used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils making PMPs and Annex 3 provides an FAO-tested system Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical for using IPM. control methods

It would be ideal to find pesticides for every need that are Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the EPA Class IV (the lowest) acute toxicity, have no chronic distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide human health issues, no water pollution issues, and no ecotoxicity issues. Such pesticides do not exist. Most Factor K. Provision for training of users and applicators pesticides, including “natural” pesticides, have toxicity to at Factor L. Provision made for monitoring the use and least one non-target aquatic organism, or bees, or birds. effectiveness of each pesticide

3.1 FACTOR A: USEPA REGISTRATION STATUS OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDES USAID project activities are effectively limited to promoting during training, recommending, or permitting on demonstration farms, pesticides containing AIs in products registered by the local government. They must also be registered in the US by the EPA for the same or similar uses, without restriction (not a restricted use pesticide). Emphasis is placed on “similar use” because occasionally the crops and their pest species found overseas are not present in the US, and therefore pesticides may not be registered for the exact same use, but often are registered for similar crops, pests, methods of application, and pest situations.

The USEPA classifies pesticides according to toxicity of the formulated products, taking formulation types, concentrations and other ingredients into account, thus generally making the formulated product more or less toxic than the active ingredients alone would be. This method of classifying acute toxicity is accurate and representative of actual risks encountered in the field. By contrast, the WHO acute toxicity classification system is generally based on the toxicity of the un-formulated active ingredient, alone. For a comparison of USEPA and WHO acute toxicity classification systems, see Annex 4.

In the USA, some specific commercial pesticide products/uses are labeled as RUPs due to inordinate risks, usually under specific circumstances of use, such as formulation or crop. However, for some AIs, which may be present in a number of RUP products, there are generally additional or other products, formulations/uses—with the exact same AI—that do not pose the same risks and are thus labeled or determined to be General Use Pesticides (GUP)—that is—not a RUP.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 48 Regulators in most countries require pesticide manufacturers to produce and make available Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for each pesticide registered. These typically have safety information that does not fit on the pesticide label, including the properties of each chemical; the physical, health, and environmental hazards; protective measures; and safety precautions for handling, storing, and transporting the chemical.

MAFF, with assistance of several ministries, registers pesticides in Cambodia. The 2003 list of pesticide AIs registered for import and use in Cambodia remains the most up to date official list available. Since 2003, MAFF has continued to register new pesticides, but has not released a new compiled list. In 2013, a Cambodian scientist with the Royal University of Agriculture published a book of pesticides registered and found in Cambodia. The 2003 and 2013 lists, plus additional registered pesticides discovered during this study formed the basis for our analyses.

To research pesticide AIs for EPA compliance, the following websites were used by this study: EPA’s website for researching registered pesticides, https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/search-registered-pesticide-products, the Pesticide Action Network’s website that is linked to EPA websites with more consolidated information, but slightly out of date, http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_ChemicalsAlpha.jsp and a website with good ecotoxicological information for each proposed pesticide AI, http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm.

The pesticide AIs that passed this Factor A analysis are listed in the Executive Summary and further analyzed in Table 1 for human and environmental health issues characteristic to each AI. Pesticide Data Sheets (PDS) being tested by BFS are provided for 10 example pesticides at the end of this report.

Compliance Requirements for Inclusion in Harvest II’s SUAP:  Harvest II will not promote or recommend pesticides not registered by EPA for same or similar use or those classified by EPA as RUP products (pesticide AIs rejected by this analysis, listed at the end of the document in Annex 10.  If Harvest II wishes to recommend or promote any non-EPA registered or RUP pesticides, a full Scoping Statement (SS) and Environmental Assessment (EA) must be done and approved by the Bureau for Asia BEO (Bureau Environmental Officer).

3.2 FACTOR B: BASIS FOR SELECTION OF PESTICIDES The bases for selection of pesticides are registration in both Cambodia and USA, recommendation by MAFF and EPA approval for same or similar crops, pests, and diseases, as well as lower human toxicity products, and products with lower impacts to non-target environments and water resources.

Field visits during 2018 found that smallholder producers in Cambodia choose pesticides based primarily upon the advice of neighbors, retail input shops and NGOs. They also used quantity, price, efficacy, and availability of products in quantities they desire and can afford to make decisions when buying pesticides. Most of the pesticides available to smallholders in Cambodia contained older, off-patent (generic) AIs, which are more affordable. Medium- and large-holder producers in Cambodia purchase both quality generic as well as newer (and more expensive) products. There are no representatives in Cambodia from reputable multinational companies like Arysta, BASF, Bayer, Corteva, FMC, United Phosphorous Ltd, Makhteshim-Agan or ChemChina/Syngenta among others. Generally, larger-scale producers purchase inputs directly from importers/wholesalers/distributors, taking advantage of bulk purchase prices and higher quality products, often bypassing small retail shops.

Many retail input stores visited during 2018 had available various-sized containers (250ml, 500ml, 1-liter) of liquid pesticides ready to be mixed with water in 16- to 20-liter backpack sprayers powered by hand-pump, battery, or motor. Many stores also had 1kg packages of Wettable Powder (WP) fungicides, single-use sachets of pesticides, and 5-liter containers of herbicides.

Most Cambodia producers do not choose pesticides based upon human safety or environmental concerns. And, in some parts of the country, they choose less expensive Vietnamese or Thai generic pesticides (and sometimes lower quality counterfeit pesticides, allegedly from Vietnam and China) to save money.

Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 49  As required, provide training directly or indirectly to encourage producers to use products with known quality as well as lower human and ecological toxicities (see Table 1) if there is a choice among pesticide products and AIs.  To the extent possible, encourage that beneficiary producers read product labels and avoid using fake and counterfeit pesticide products.

3.3 FACTOR C: EXTENT TO WHICH THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE IS, OR COULD BE, PART OF AN IPM PROGRAM This study, in Annex 1, provides preventive IPM and curative pesticide recommendations for each crop-pest/disease/weed constraint, based on same or similar uses for each AI in the USA. This IPM matrix combines the use of preventive and complementary strategies to control pests and diseases. These strategies include physical prevention, mechanical control, biological control, cultural management, and pesticides, as a last resort. These methods are applied in three stages: prevention, observation, and intervention. IPM is an environmentally friendly approach that aims to reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides while at the same time managing pest populations at an acceptable level.

In general, IPM practices that are part of the pest management plan and that may be reiterated to producers working with Harvest II partners or grantees nclude the following recommendations:

 Select pest/disease-resistant varieties and certified disease-free high-quality seed.  For soils with high disease and pest issues, use seed treated with a fungicide and insecticide to reduce seed, root, and seedling damage and death.  Use raised-bed or bund production to better manage water use, soil moisture, and speed seedling growth.  Use minimum and no-tillage, cover crops, terracing, and contour plowing to conserve soil.  Follow recommended seeding rates and distances between plants to control canopy humidity and pest refuges.  Frequently monitor pest populations visually or with traps to manage pest outbreaks early.  Maintain good plant health through optimal application of nutrients and sound soil water management practices.  Keep plantings and field edges free from weeds and plant debris.  Manually control pests and diseases when infestations are low.  Remove infected and infested plant material from the field following harvest.  Apply insecticides as a measured response to monitored pest populations, rather than on a fixed schedule.  Alternate protectant and systemic fungicides from different chemical families to reduce the use of more toxic pesticides and to avoid developing resistant pathogen strains.  Promote application methods appropriate for smallholder producers (use well-maintained 16-liter backpack sprayers powered by battery and/or hand-pumped, and where viable, promote and use spray services).  Rotate crops and continue to intercrop different crop types.

All curative fungicides/bactericides, herbicides/PGRs, and insecticides/miticides recommended for BEO acceptance can be recommended and used in specialized crop-pest IPM programs—as a last resort—after preventive tools and tactics have been exhausted.

Annex 1 provides guidance on which pesticides may be used to control each pest/disease/weed, as approved by EPA preceded by a host of recommended preventive non-chemical tools/tactics found in various USA and international extension materials. And, Annexes 2 and 3 provide state of the art advice on how to formulate and set up an IPM program. IPM and pesticide information for each crop-pest/disease combination was researched on USA extension websites as well as international websites, particularly those from India, which deal with the exact same subtropical and tropical crops.

Many smallholder producers already take advantage of numerous IPM-recommended practices, partly from historical perspective and partly due to increased ubiquity of new tools and technologies. For instance, smallholder producers practice time-honored field crop rotations to take advantage of rainy seasons and irrigation, which help reduce pest and disease levels in the field. Producers also benefit from resistant varieties and new microbial pesticides becoming available in the region. Furthermore, new hybrid seeds certified to be disease-free and treated with coatings of fungicides and insecticides are becoming more available and affordable.

Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP: 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 50

 Preventive IPM tools and tactics for each crop-pest combination (see Annex 1) should be recommended, adapted, adopted, and used before, as well as combined with, the use of synthetic pesticides.  Through its partners/grantees, or to the extent required Harvest II staff, Harvest II can assist with the promotion of new IPM tools/tactics/technologies, like hybrid seed, pheromone traps, drip irrigation, printed extension flyers, pest prevention text messaging systems, or computerized farm-based weather monitoring systems (micro meteorological stations) for pest/disease outbreak prediction, if desired.

3.4 FACTOR D: PROPOSED METHOD OR METHODS OF APPLICATION, INCLUDING THE AVAILABILITY OF APPLICATION AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT Methods of application are dictated by farm size and producer economic means to buy application equipment. This study recommends that pesticide labels be written in Khmer, with safety pictograms for illiterate farmers, training on interpreting pictograms, and read for spraying recommendations and that spray services be used where feasible. Where not feasible, this study recommends that Cambodian smallholder producers continue to use well-maintained (not leaking) hand-pumped or battery- or motor-powered 16 to 20-liter backpack sprayers, which were found to be ubiquitous.

Some of the retail agriculture input stores visited supplied and sold some PPE (gloves, masks, goggles, and boots). Most smallholder producers do not use PPE to apply pesticides due to lack of availability, affordability, and comfort. They also do not calibrate their sprayers properly, leading to over- and under-dosing. And, they may apply pesticides in the middle of the day when the sun is hot, and winds are likely to be higher, leading to evaporation and drift onto other producers’ fields and residential areas.

Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:

 As possible and appropriate, work with private sector (input suppliers) to train producers on proper use of PPE as well as sprayer calibration, use, maintenance and EPC disposal by rinsing, puncturing (so they cannot be reused) and burial or recycling.  As possible and appropriate, promote the concept of spray service providers.  As possible and appropriate, ensure that beneficiaries read product labels and use recommended dosages, precautions, and PPE.

3.5 FACTOR E: ANY ACUTE AND LONG-TERM TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDS, EITHER HUMAN OR ENVIRONMENTAL, ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED USE, AND MEASURES AVAILABLE TO MINIMIZE SUCH HAZARDS Each of the AIs approved by this study are compiled in Table 1, which includes WHO human acute toxicity classification, and chronic (long-term) health issues (carcinogenicity, sterilization, birth defects, or endocrine disruption). It also compiles groundwater pollutant potential of each AI. This information should be used to inform pesticide choice and use decisions.

For environmental hazards, Table 1 compiles known relative ecotoxicity information of each approved pesticide AI to fish, honeybees, birds, amphibians, earthworms, mollusks, crustaceans, aquatic insects, and plankton. Harvest II should use this information to determine which pesticides are best for different field conditions, and Harvest II to valuable natural resources like bodies of water and protected areas. For instance, if project-supported farms are near a surface water resource, the project can propose pesticides that have low impacts on fish and aquatic organisms. If there are risks to honeybees, the project can propose pesticides with low honeybee toxicity, and so on. Most Cambodian producers interviewed did not fully understand acute and chronic health impacts, or environmental issues associated with pesticide use, and require training on this and other SPU topics.

Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:

 The pesticide safe use training required if required by this PERSUAP should include basic first aid for pesticide overexposure, availability, and use of antidotes, and training on following recommendations found on pesticide labels and SDSs for commonly used pesticides. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 51

3.6 FACTOR F: EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDE FOR THE PROPOSED USE Most pesticides remain effective in Cambodia due to low usage in the past, and no proven development of resistance; therefore, all of the pesticides approved by this PERSUAP are to be considered effective.

Often, smallholder producers believe that some pesticides that are not effective. This may be due to several factors, including the purchase of cheap generic pesticides (that may not contain enough AI) as well as lack of proper dosing, calibration or application. These can be remedied by purchase of higher quality (and often more expensive) pesticides, training or use of well-trained spray services. Furthermore, government laboratories need to be capable to randomly test incoming registered pesticides for quality and quantity of AI, which is still a challenge in Cambodia due to lack of resources.

There are international reports that pest resistance has begun to form to some popular older generic pesticides which have been used in increasing quantities over the years, although this process is likely slower in Cambodia than other countries due to the relatively small sporadic amounts of pesticides used over the past 30 years. Below are some of the most common world-wide issues with the development of pesticide resistance to be aware of in case pesticide use becomes an issue in Cambodia in the future.

Issue: Lack of knowledge and information on reduced pesticide effectiveness and resistance. At some point, project field staff and producers may begin to note that some products no longer work well to control pests in their field and will likely begin to blame pesticide manufacturers for a weaker product. This could be due to the use of cheap generic products, improper dosing, or the development of resistance. Producers should be trained to understand the development of resistance, and project implementers should be on the lookout for it during their field visits.

A resistance management strategy should also consider cross-resistance between pesticides with different modes of action. Pests may develop cross-resistance to pesticides based on mode of action. The website http://www.pesticideresistance.org/ can be used to search for known resistance issues in countries with certain pest or disease resistance to specific pesticide AIs.

If pesticide use is warranted and a risk of pesticide resistance development is identified, a Resistance Risk Management approach should be followed. The following section details points of concern for both application equipment and pesticide applications.

Effectiveness can be increased by following these measures:  Use IPM to minimize pesticide use: Minimizing pesticide use is fundamental to pesticide resistance management. IPM programs incorporating pest monitoring in USA states of California, New York, and Maryland, and in Canada have demonstrated 25 to 50% reduction in pesticide use with an increase in crop quality. IPM programs will help determine the best application timing for pesticides (when they will do the most good), thus helping to reduce the number of applications. The use of nonchemical strategies, such as crop rotation, biological control, and weed control may reduce the need to use chemicals and consequently slow the development of pesticide resistance.

 Avoid inappropriate knapsack mixes: Never combine two pesticides with the same mode of action in a tank mix (e.g., two organophosphate insecticides or two azine herbicides). Such a 'super dose' often increases the chances of selection for resistant individuals. In some cases, mixing pesticides from two different classes provides superior control. However, long-term use of these two-class pesticide mixes can also give rise to pesticide resistance if resistance mechanisms to both pesticides arise together in some individuals. Continued use of the mixture will select for these multiple-pesticide-resistant pests.

 Avoid persistent and cheap generic chemicals: Insects with resistant genes will be selected over susceptible ones whenever insecticide concentrations kill only the susceptible pests. An ideal pesticide quickly disappears from the environment so that persistence of a 'selecting dose' does not occur. When persistent chemicals must be used, consider where they can be used in a rotation scheme to provide the control needed and with a minimum length of exposure. Cheap generic chemicals from China, India, Malaysia, and other countries may not contain sufficient active ingredient, manufacturing byproducts or unlabeled chemicals, all of which may impact the development of resistance. It is best to pay for quality products from known companies with a name to protect. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 52

 Use long-term pesticide rotations: Resistance management strategies for insects, weeds, and fungal pathogens all include rotating classes and modes of action of pesticides. Pesticides with the same modes of action have been assigned group numbers by their respective pesticide resistance action committees, Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)2, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC)3, and Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)4. These group numbers have been included in the treatment tables of these committee’s guidelines (see foot- noted websites, below) to help clarify which pesticides can be rotated.

 The strategies used for rotations differ by type of pesticide: For example, with fungicides, classes and modes of action should be rotated every application. With insecticides, a single chemical class should be used for a single generation of the target pest followed by a rotation to a new class of insecticide that will affect the next generation and any survivors from the first generation. Longer use of a single chemical class will enhance the chance of resistance since the survivors of the first generation and the next will most likely be tolerant to that class. Rotating through many chemical classes in successive generations will help maintain efficacy.

Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:

 As applicable, work with private sector partners and grantees to promote the training of producers on the ways to reduce the development of pest, disease, and weed resistance.  As applicable, work with private sector partners and grantees to promote the training of producers to value and buy higher quality products from name brand companies and rotate among pesticides from different chemical classes and modes of action.  As feasible, work with GOC and private sector partners and grantees to promote the development of certified government laboratories capable of testing registered pesticides for quantity and quality of AIs as well as presence of manufacturing byproducts.

3.7 FACTOR G: COMPATIBILITY OF THE PROPOSED PESTICIDE USE WITH TARGET AND NON-TARGET ECOSYSTEMS The target for each pesticide is the pest/disease/weed production constraint to which each pesticide is applied as well as the crop and local environment. Annex 1 contains primary (worth spraying) target pest/disease/weed production constraints for each target crop, as well as PERSUAP-approved pesticide AIs recommended for each. Table 1 contains information on non-target organisms of concern impacted by each pesticide AI. Non-target species of concern include beneficial non-target wildlife such as fish, honeybees, birds, earthworms, aquatic organisms, and beneficial insects.

While this PERSUAP requests approval for the least toxic pesticides for target crops, many of the registered pesticides pose some risk to non-target ecosystems. If pesticides are applied incorrectly, pesticide drift and runoff could affect protected areas and other areas important for biodiversity. Some of the requested pesticides pose a threat to groundwater or surface water and also to aquatic organisms.

The PERSUAP proposes additional training to take these threats into account; trainers will ensure that producers understand the importance of protecting the ground- and surface-waters and that they have the tools necessary to implement precautionary measures. Harvest II technical staff will ensure that the producers are trained about the potential effects of pesticides on water where it is applicable, particularly with respect to pesticides that pose a greater threat to aquatic systems including commercially-valuable fish and honeybees.

Some of the approved pesticides are toxic to bees. This is a greater issue in areas where some producers are also engaged in honey production. Where honeybees and other pollinators are present, precautions must be taken to prevent poisoning. Precautions include not applying these pesticides in the middle of the day when bees are usually foraging and during the blooming period; using the lowest effective rate; using the pesticide least hazardous to bees; using the pesticide with the shortest residual effect; using sprays or granules instead of dusts; applying pesticides in late afternoon or at night when

2 http://www.irac-online.org/ 3 http://www.frac.info/ 4 http://www.hracglobal.com/ 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 53 bees are not foraging and visiting flowers; avoiding drift of pesticides onto plants that are attractive to bees; and notifying beekeepers several days before applying pesticides. These precautions will be incorporated into IPM and safer use training, where honeybees and other pollinators are present.

In all cases, proper application, storage, and disposal of pesticides to minimize threats to non-target ecosystems and species will be an integral part of training. An EMMP, attached as Annex 12, has been developed to monitor changes in knowledge and practices related to IPM and SPU.

Issue: Most smallholder producers do not understand pesticide ecotoxicity and pollution of the environment. Pesticide container labels and SDSs contain information on sensitive natural resources and how to reduce risks and protect them. Many producers do not read or understand this information or know how to use it and require training to do so.

Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:

Private sector activities and grantee demonstations funded by Harvest II, will, to the extent possible:

 Train producers about ecotoxicity and on how to read ecotoxicity precautions and pictograms on pesticide labels.  Train producers on applying pesticides the proper distance (30 m) (meters) from open bodies of fresh water, and not to wash their sprayers out in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, places with high water tables, or where rinse water may run off into these aquatic resources.  Minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce larger droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and use of a drift-control agent, if available.  Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray events so that they may move, cover or protect their hives.  Train producers not to spray when honeybees are active and foraging during the middle of the day.

3.8 FACTOR H: CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE PESTICIDE IS TO BE USED, INLCUDING CLIMATE, GEOGRAPHY, HYDROLOGY, AND SOILS Cambodia is a tropical country in mainland Southeast Asia with a territory of 181,035 km2. It abuts the Gulf of Thailand on the south and shares borders with Thailand (west and north), Laos (north), and Vietnam (east). Most of the country consists of plains and wetlands centered around the Tonlé Sap Lake, the Tonlé Sap River which flows from it, and the Mekong River Basin. Central Cambodia is dominated by these wetlands, which form 30% of the country. The Mekong river enters Cambodia at the Laotian border on the north and flows south through the country into Vietnam, where it forms a substantial delta. The Tonlé Sap Lake system is connected to the Mekong River through the Tonlé Sap River. In the rainy season, the force of the Mekong River’s flow impedes and reverses of the flow of the Tonlé Sap River into the Tonlé Sap Lake, flooding it and extending its size five-fold to 10,400 km2. The resulting flooded forests are a critical resource in terms of food and agricultural nutrients for those who live in the region.

Significant highland regions include the Cardamom and Elephant mountain ranges in the southwest, near the Thai border. A small portion of the Annamite range, most of which is in Vietnam and Laos, lies to the east. On the north, the Dangkrek Mountain escarpment rises along the Thai border. Cambodia claims 435 km2 of coastline, including mangroves, sea grass beds, and coral reefs. Transboundary issues impacting Cambodia include management of the Mekong River (actions such as dam construction by China, Thailand, and Laos affect river flows, fisheries, and water quality) and the flow of illegal logs and wildlife into neighboring Thailand and Vietnam.

Geology and Soils

Geological patterns of target areas have been created by 3 major forces: ancient volcanic activity forming the rugged mountainous areas, sandstone deposits of the ancient ocean, and the action of major drainages which have served to both carve away some of the ancient sandstone deposits and redistribute and deposit the resulting load of silt and other materials.

The lowland areas (primarily below 100 meters above sea level (masl)) of the target area can be described as three major formations:

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 54  Extensive plains of recent alluvia bordering the Tonlé Sap wetlands system at elevations between 5 and 30 m, much of which receive an annual increment of alluvial silt from the Mekong River.  Vast areas of rolling plains of northern Cambodia on ancient alluvial deposits punctuated by sandstone mesas, notably at Phnom Kulen and Phnom Tbeng, and smaller volcanic outcrops.  Fertile soils of the Battambang plain in western Cambodia derived from ancient alluvia and colluvia punctuated by small areas of limestone and basalts in western Battambang province and Pailin respectively.

Areas above 100 masl are almost entirely restricted to Battambang and Pursat. These consist of the:  Primarily sandstone Cardamom and Elephant Mountains along with major volcanic intrusions of Mt. Aural and Mount Tumpor.  Colluvial slopes along the northern and eastern edges of the Cardamom and Elephant Ranges.  Small sandstone mesas at Phnom Kulen and Phnom Tbeng, and the granitic (Phnom Chi) within the Northern Plains.

The major soils groups for Cambodia are closely associated with the country’s geology and have been described by Crocker (1962). Those associated within the target provinces can be summarized as:  Alluvial lithosols forming around the Tonlé Sap Lake, Mekong floodplain, and other major riverways.  Acid lithosols associated with the rugged higher elevations of sandstone.  Older hydromorphics along the higher ancient floodplains and drainages, largely within the Northern Plains.  Podzols occurring on undulating old alluvia of the Northern Plains and the northern slopes of the Cardamom Mountains.  Basalt-derived latisols in the westerly portions of the Battambang Plain.

The most productive soils are those situated on the relatively rich alluvial deposits and on some basalt derived soils of several extensive plateaus. Riceland soils within the recent alluvial plain also vary considerably. While the Krakor soil group dominates the current floodplain of the Tonlé Sap Lake and the lower reaches of the Stung Sen River, the Toul Samroueng soil group dominates the Battambang Plain, and the Toul Bakan and Pteah Lang soil groups Pursat. The Pteah Lang soil group also dominates rice fields to the north of the lake’s floodplains

Geography

Cambodia covers 181,040 square km in the southwestern part of the Indochina peninsula. It lies completely within the tropics; its southernmost points are slightly more than 10° north of the equator. The country is bounded on the north by Thailand and Laos, on the east and southeast by Vietnam, and on the west by the Gulf of Thailand and by Thailand. Much of the country's area consists of rolling plains. Dominant features are the large, almost centrally located, Tonlé Sap and the Mekong River, which traverses the country from north to south.

The largest part of the country—about 75% of the total—consists of the Tonlé Sap Basin and the Mekong Lowlands. To the southeast of this basin is the Mekong Delta, which extends through Vietnam to the South China Sea. The basin and delta regions are rimmed with mountain ranges to the southwest (the Cardamom Mountains the Elephant Range) and to the north (Dangrek Mountains).

These lowland areas are where Harvest II agricultural interventions will focus.

Climate

The climate is monsoonal and has marked wet and dry seasons of relatively equal length. Both temperature and humidity generally are high throughout the year. In summer, moisture-laden air, the southwest monsoon, is drawn landward from the Indian Ocean. The flow is reversed during the winter, and the northeast monsoon sends back dry air. The southwest monsoon brings the rainy season from mid-May to mid-September or to early October, and the northeast monsoon flow of drier and cooler air lasts from early November to March.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 55 Run-off of pesticides is an issue regardless of season, but it is especially a concern during the southwest monsoon.

The total annual rainfall average is between 100 and 150 cm, and the heaviest amounts fall in the southeast. Rainfall from April to September in the Tonlé Sap Basin-Mekong Lowlands area averages 130 to 190 cm annually, but the amount varies considerably from year to year. Rainfall around the basin increases with elevation. Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the Tonlé Sap Basin area, with only small variations from the average annual mean of around 25°C. The relative humidity is high at night throughout the year; usually it exceeds 90%. During the daytime in the dry season, humidity averages about 50% or slightly lower, but it may remain about 60% in the rainy period.

The high temperatures and humidity affect the willingness of farmers to use full personal protection equipment and Harvest II may need to identify innovative measures and equipment that farmers will be amenable to using.

Hydrology

Except for the smaller rivers in the southeast, most of the major rivers and river systems in Cambodia drain into the Tonlé Sap or into the Mekong River. The Cardamom Mountains and Elephant Range form a separate drainage divide. To the east, the rivers flow into the Tonlé Sap, while on the west they flow into the Gulf of Thailand. Toward the southern end of the Elephant Mountains, however, because of the topography, some small rivers flow southward on the eastern side of the divide.

The Mekong River in Cambodia flows southward from the Cambodia-Laos border to a point below Kracheh city, where it turns west for about 50 kilometers and then turns southwest to Phnom Penh. At Phnom Penh four major water courses meet at a point called the Chattomukh (Four Faces). The Mekong River flows in from the northeast and the Tonlé Sap River—flows in from the northwest. They divide into two parallel channels, the Mekong River proper and the Basak River, and flow independently through the delta areas of Cambodia and Vietnam to the South China Sea.

The Tonlé Sap Lake, the largest in SE Asia, is the dominant geographical feature of the Cambodian landscape, expanding to cover 13,000 km2 in the wet season. The lake and its 80,000 km2 catchment are of considerable cultural and economic importance to the communities that live close to its shore, and to those more distant who benefit from its abundant fisheries and agricultural output – in total, half of Cambodia’s population is thought to rely on the catchment. However, the Tonlé Sap Lake and catchment is being impacted by pesticides. The Tonlé Sap’s unique hydrology (wet season reverse flow of the river) and connection with the Mekong basin may contribute to pollutants being distributed far from their source.

The flow of water into the Tonlé Sab is seasonal. In September or in October, the flow of the Mekong River, fed by monsoon rains, increases to a point where its outlets through the delta cannot handle the enormous volume of water. At this point, the water pushes northward up the Tonlé Sab and empties into the Tonlé Sap, thereby increasing the size of the lake from about 2,590 square kilometers to about 24,605 square kilometers at the height of the flooding. After the Mekong's waters crest--when its downstream channels can handle the volume of water--the flow reverses, and water flows out of the engorged lake.

As the level of the Tonlé Sap retreats, it deposits a new layer of sediment. The annual flooding, combined with poor drainage immediately around the lake, transforms the surrounding area into marshlands unusable for agricultural purposes during the dry season. The sediment deposited into the lake during the Mekong's flood stage appears to be greater than the quantity carried away later by the Tonlé Sab River. Gradual silting of the lake would seem to be occurring; during low- water level, it is only about 1.5 m deep, while at flood stage it is between 10 and 15 m deep.

Harvest II’s agricultural interventions take this hydrological feature into account. Especially for agricultural interventions in these low-lying areas and seasonally flooded areas, the SUAP includes safeguards to protect Cambodia’s aquatic resources. Safeguards include recommending pesticides that are less likely to contaminate ground and surface water; and for those pesticides that may impact the aquatic environment, to ensure that farmers understand and implement mitigation measures (i.e., no use or disposal near water sources).

Flora and Fauna

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 56

About two-thirds of Cambodia is covered by forests; the rest of the land is meadow, pasture, or is under agricultural production. Much of the existing forest has been degraded, especially in the more readily accessible areas, by slash-and- burn agriculture, by shifting agriculture, and by development.

According to The Wetlands Alliance (http://www.wetlandsalliance.org/about-us/working- areas/cambodia), wetlands dominate the Cambodian landscape, with large expanses of land inundated during the wet season. Despite their ubiquity, however, the concept of wetlands remained unfamiliar to most Cambodians until the 1990s. It was during this time that Cambodia became a signatory to the Ramsar Convention, and an official Cambodian term for wetlands – ‘dambon dey saeum’ – was formalized in a government decree, greatly facilitating communication and increasing awareness of the concept. Nonetheless, wetlands in Cambodia remain threatened, primarily by the overexploitation of wetland resources and by conversion to land for agricultural expansion and human settlement.

According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cambodia, Cambodia is home to a great diversity of wildlife. There are 212 mammal species, 536 bird species, 240 reptile species, 850 freshwater fish species in the Tonlé Sap Lake area alone, and 435 marine fish species. Wildlife in Cambodia includes, and the above website links to scientific names of, dholes, elephants, deer (sambar, Eld's deer, hog deer, and muntjac), wild oxen (banteng and gaur), panthers, bears, and tigers. Many bird species are also found, including cormorants, cranes, ibises, parrots, green peafowl, pheasants, and wild ducks.

Many of the country's species are recognized by the World Conservation Union as threatened, endangered, or critically endangered due to deforestation and other types of habitat destruction, poaching, the illegal wildlife trade, and farming, fishing, and forestry. Intensive poaching may have already driven Cambodia's national animal, the kouprey, to extinction, and wild tigers, Eld's deer, wild water buffaloes, and hog deer are at critically low numbers.

Birds and fish are particularly sensitive to pesticide contamination—birds because they feed on some of the crops and fish because pesticide contamination enters waterways. Birds may also feed on the fish that are contaminated. Death in Small Doses (2002) points out that Cambodian water-birds, such as the globally threatened painted stork, are especially prone to pesticide exposure because of contaminated food and water.

Issue: Pesticides can adsorb (stick to) to soil, leach and contaminate groundwater resources. Each pesticide has physical and chemical characteristics, such as solubility in water. Also, each has an inherent ability to bind to soil particles and be held there (adsorbed). And each has a natural breakdown rate in nature. If they are strongly held by soil they do not enter the soil water interface and the ground water table as easily. A listing of these properties for at least some of the pesticides in use in Cambodia can be found by checking at this website: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm.

In general, pesticides with water solubility greater than 3 mg/liter have the potential to contaminate groundwater; and pesticides with a soil adsorption coefficient of less than 1,900 have the potential to contaminate groundwater. In addition, pesticides with an aerobic soil half-life greater than 690 days or an anaerobic soil half-life greater than nine days have the potential to contaminate groundwater. Moreover, pesticides with a hydrolysis half-life greater than 14 days have potential to contaminate groundwater.

The potential for pesticides to enter groundwater resources depends, as indicated above, on the electrical charge contained on a pesticide molecule and its ability and propensity to adhere to soil particles, but this also depends on the nature and charge of the soil particles dominant in the agriculture production area. Sand, clay, and organic matter, and different combinations of all of these, have different charges and adhesion potential for organic and inorganic molecules. Sandy soil often has less charge capacity than clay or organic matter and will thus not interact significantly with and hold charged pesticide molecules. So, in areas with sandy soil, the leaching potential for pesticides is increased, as is the velocity with which water and the pesticide migrate.

A pesticide’s ability to enter groundwater resources also depends on how quickly and by what means it is broken down and the distance (and thus time) it has to travel to reach the groundwater. If the groundwater table is high, the risk that the pesticide will reach it before being broken down is increased. Thus, a sandy soil with a high-water table is the riskiest situation for groundwater contamination by pesticides. Groundwater pollution (contamination) potential for each pesticide active ingredient available in Cambodia is provided in Table 1.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 57

Since the risks for contamination of scarce water resources is high in much of Cambodia, USAID/Cambodia-supported projects and sub-grantees should investigate these factors of soil adsorption and solubility before choosing pesticides to promote or support for their beneficiaries.

Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:  Hydrology: Do not spray or rinse pesticide equipment in or within 30 m of rivers, ponds, irrigation and drainage ditches, places with a high groundwater table, and other surface waters, including wetlands.  Hydrology: Do not spray pesticides with high toxicities to aquatic organisms before an impending rainstorm, as they can be washed into waterways before breaking down.  Soils: Do not use or recommend or promote for use herbicides or other pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential (see Table 1) near drinking water sources, on highly sandy soils or soils with water tables close (2- 3 m) to the surface.  Soils: Since transport of soil particles with pesticides adsorbed to them is a likely transportation route to waterways, employ techniques to reduce farm soil erosion whenever erosion is likely. Such techniques include vegetated buffer strips, green manure, mulching, terracing, employing wind breaks, employing ground covers between rows, planting rows perpendicular to the slope, and using drip irrigation.

3.9 FACTOR I: AVAILABILITY OF OTHER PESTICIDES OR NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS Many other pesticides and non-chemical control methods exist for Annex 1 contains numerous non-chemical preventive control methods used internationally for primary pests, diseases and weeds of Harvest II project target crops grown in Cambodia. It is the intent of this PERSUAP that Harvest II use this valuable resource, which compiles preventive IPM tools and tactics for each pest of each crop. It can be considered as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for translation into local languages, lamination, and distribution to farm input supply companies to help advise producers at point-of-purchase.

Alternatives to the use of synthetic pesticides are “natural” pesticides—inorganic or botanical pesticides; although some are as hazardous as synthetic pesticides, most are much less dangerous and are less expensive. Furthermore, as almost all synthetic insecticides target insect nervous systems, when a pest population builds up resistance to one insecticide (through changes in its nervous system), it often becomes resistant to all other insecticides with the same mode of action.

This PERSUAP recommends the use of several pesticides derived from plants, microbes, and minerals. These include bacterial extracts kasugamycin and streptomycin used against bacterial pathogens; Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma spp used to suppress fungal and some bacterial pathogens; lime sulfur used against fungal pathogens, sulfur used against fungal pathogens and mites; bacterial extracts abamectin and spinosad used against mites and insects; Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metharrizium anisopliae used against insects; artisanal garlic extract, chili pepper extract, neem seed extract, insecticidal soaps, mineral oils, Matrine (Sophia flavescens) extract, Pyrethrum flower extract and rotenone extract used against insects and Tagetes African Marigold oil extract used against mites. The GOC and MAFF are promoting the use of the above microbial pesticides for the better protection of beneficial predatory and parasitic insects that manage pest populations.

Recommendation for Harvest II’s SUAP:

 Harvest II should promote the use of preventive IPM tools and tactics for each crop-pest combination (Annex 1) before the choice is made to purchase and use synthetic pesticides. For most pests, diseases and weeds, in addition to preventive tools used in other countries, Annex 1 provides several choices of natural artisanal and synthetic pesticides to choose from, test, adapt, and adopt.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 58 3.10 FACTOR J: HOST COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO REGULATE OR CONTROL THE USE, DISTRIBUTION, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL OF THE REQUESTED PESTICIDE The Department of Agricultural Legislation is in charge of pesticide registration (the process is described below). The Department of Plant Protection, Sanitary and Phytosanitary (DPPSP) of the General Directorate of Agriculture (GDA) oversees activities in four areas:  Research on pest problem on major crops  Plant quarantine  Pesticide analysis  Pest control and extension

The first three areas are research and regulatory functions. The Department focuses a significant amount of its resources on measures to control pest damage on rice and vegetable production. They also play a role in IPM, including refining IPM measures; IPM is mainly implemented through farmer participation in Farmer Field Schools.

Until 1998, Cambodia had no legislation specifically concerning pesticides, although the 1996 Law of Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management covered the need to inventory pollutants being produced, imported, stored, or released. The1998 sub-decree on Standards and Management Agricultural Materials was the first legal instrument mentioning pesticides, and is concerned with “the import, sale, labelling, packaging, quality, storage, disposal, and marketing of pesticides in Cambodia.” The sub-decree prohibits the use and sale of pesticides classified by WHO as ‘extremely or highly hazardous to human health’ (Class Ia or Ib). However, past recent studies have found that pesticides designated as WHO Class Ia and Ib are still available in pesticides shops and in markets and that despite the political will to improve the situation, the GOC is impeded by a lack of human and financial resources. Weak law enforcement contributes to the continued market presence of these dangerous chemicals.

No pesticides are produced in Cambodia. Input supply dealers and importers throughout the country rely on chemicals imported from Thailand, Vietnam, and China. There is little control over the sale of prohibited chemicals and there is no enforcement of regulations requiring importers to translate the chemical labels into the Khmer language. The labels often fail to identify chemicals’ name, class of toxicity, risks, proper application procedures, or safety precautions.

According to the NGO Forum (http://www.ngoforum.org.kh/Environment/Env-Pro.htm), pesticides are often imported illegally across Cambodia’s uncontrolled borders. According to regulations, pesticides imported and marketed in Cambodia must have a label on the pesticide packaging in the Khmer language. However, in actual practice, few pesticides have such labelling.

In 2003, there were new sub-decrees on phytosanitary inspection (No. 15 dated 13 March 2003), which were being reinforced and implemented. Eighteen check points were designated at the seaport, airport, and entry points along the border with Thailand and Vietnam. There is little evidence that these checkpoints have decreased the import of dangerous pesticides into Cambodia.

The Department of Agricultural Legislation registers chemical compounds and trade names of pesticides. The registration process involves the following steps:  For a pesticide product (trade name) to be registered for commercial use in Cambodia the following information is required: Identity of applicant; name and address of registration holder; name and address of manufacturer’s enterprise; use of pesticide; bio-efficacy; toxicology; pre-harvest interval.  Registration Certificate in the country of origin, if any.  Registration Certificate from other countries, if any.  Technical information of pesticide both in Khmer and English.  Quality Inspection Certificate or guaranteed analysis from manufacture.  Model of pack and label in Khmer.  Sample sent to GDA for analysis and evaluation. This normally takes at least two months.

The completed application is submitted to a range of relevant officers for comment: (1) Chief of Office of Agricultural Legislation, (2) Deputy Director of Department of Agricultural Legislation, (3) Director of Department of Agricultural 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 59 Legislation, (4) General Deputy Director, (5) General Director, (6) Under Secretary of State, (7) Secretary of State, and (8) the Minister of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Once the pesticide receives the approval of the minister, the registration process is complete.

The following is the process for getting a new pesticide (chemical compound) updated in No.598 Brakas (the Brakas consists 3 Annexes):

If a pesticide is not registered in Cambodia’s List of Pesticides Permitted for Use in the Kingdom of Cambodia, and if not listed in Annexes 1 and 2, List of Pesticides Banned for Use and List of Pesticides Restricted for Use in the Kingdom of Cambodia, respectively, the registration involves three steps: (1) The pesticides have to be analyzed and evaluated by the GDA. (2) The results will be discussed in a meeting of relevant departments. (3) Comments will be proposed and discussed in a final meeting in which all relevant department representatives, Under Secretary of State, Secretary of State, and the Minister will participate and make the final decision.

Disposal of EPCs Information collected about the Cambodia pesticide system (from interviews with GOC, pesticide wholesalers and retailers as well as producers) indicates that most producers do not understand the importance of safely disposing of empty pesticide containers. Many Cambodian producers still throw the empty containers in the field or waterways.

The best method for container disposal in Cambodia is to triple-rinse the containers, puncture them to discourage re-use, and bury them, dispose of them in municipal waste, or recycle them. Harvest II should strongly discourage burning EPCs and single-use pesticide sachets that release toxic fumes, e.g., furans and dioxins, into the atmosphere.

Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAP:

 Where alternatives (Classes III and IV/U) exist, do not recommend or promote or use EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Class II pesticide products (see Table 1 and pesticide labels), unless Harvest II can verify that producers properly and consistently utilize PPE recommended by the pesticide label and SDS.

3.11 FACTOR K: PROVISION FOR TRAINING OF USERS AND APPLICATORS USAID recognizes that, in addition to the use of PPE, safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly critical in developing countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries.

Harvest II does not intend to supply pesticides to any producers or to use any pesticides over the life of project. Harvest II, as appropriate, through work with private sector partners and grantees, continue to promote IPM and SPU application techniques, including the use of appropriate safety clothing and equipment, as described on pesticide labels, as well as implementing Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Procedures (Annex 9). This is very important; although many producers are implementing IPM, the utilization of PPE during spraying is low.

For pesticides that are highly toxic to aquatic organisms and/or could contaminate groundwater, trainers/technicians will provide training on the protection of aquatic habitats and groundwater. For pesticides that are highly toxic to birds, bees, and other wildlife, trainers/technicians will give training on the protection of habitat, including preventing drift.

A summary of the Harvest II PERSUAP will be made available to Harvest II technical personnel/trainers, subcontractors/partners, and it will be used as a basis for training. Only agronomists with a pest management background and IPM training will be utilized for training activities within the project.

Recommendations for Harvest II’s SUAPs

 Annex 5 provides significant discussion of SPU and IPM training topics.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 60 3.12 FACTOR L: PROVISION MADE FOR MONITORING THE USE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF EACH PESTICIDE Evaluating the risks, impacts and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Proper pesticide use, and pest resistance are two of the risks that this factor is intended to address, as well as human health and safety and environmental effects.

On the farm, record keeping should track quantities and types of pesticides used, where they were used, and what they were used for with notes on efficacy. Notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides and pest numbers will help develop a more sustainable pesticide use plan for USAID/Cambodia agriculture sector and value chain project beneficiary producers. Producers will need to keep records of any reductions in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that resistance may be developing, and then a strategy needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class, and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.

Harvest II, to the extent possible, can work with private sector partners and grantees to promote the use of the following record keeping systems:  Annex 6 provides a format and ideas for producers for GlobalGAP-like record-keeping and adapt it to CamGAP on crops grown, pests/diseases encountered, and pesticides sprayed, among other pieces of data.  Annex 7 provides a format and ideas for the monitoring of beneficiary compliance and GAPs.  A pesticide checklist: This list allows project agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are using are registered. It should also provide notes on special safety requirements.  PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained, or replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is not taken into the home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.  Local regulatory compliance: A list of country laws related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection.  GAPs/IPM measures tried/used (see Annex 1): USAID-funded project agronomists should try to incorporate a minimum of at least ten new IPM measures per annum and document their success or failure.  Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the USAID/Cambodia agriculture sector and value chain project agronomists themselves, or if properly trained, by producers.  Train Harvest II staff about EHS procedures for pesticide use, see Annex 9.

SECTION 4: SAFER USE ACTION PLAN TEMPLATE AS RECOMMENDED BY BFS BEO

The SUAP summarizes what the conditions are for the safer use of the pesticide AIs recommended in this PERSUAP. Specific safety requirements are provided for each pesticide AI individually in Pesticide Data Sheets (end of this document).

This section describes the actions which will be taken to ensure each of the pesticide recommended in this PERSUAP can be used safely by the intended project participant. This includes complete and implementable plans for: 1) targeted training for producers, agricultural extension agents, handlers, applicators; 2) establishing pesticide quality, use of regulatory labels (or other guidance), and container standards; 3) pesticide-appropriate PPE to be sustainably used and supplied; 4) location-specific good practice methods for safe pesticide transport, storage, handling, use, and disposal, as well as safe management and disposal of empty pesticide containers.

This document requires that Harvest II Implementing Partners develop a Safer Use Action Plan which includes a list of the implementation team members, what their duties are, and a timeline of when things will get done. It is critical to describe a field-implementable training programs for all producers, handlers, and applicators involved in the activity. Establish a sustainable plan to ensure pesticide quality, use of labels or other guidance, and container standards. Describe the plan which will be used to ensure that pesticide-appropriate PPE is supplied and used. Create location-specific good practice methods for safe pesticide transport, storage, handling, use, and disposal. Harvest II has used the SUAP template 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 61 below to guide development of an EMMP, as appropriate, with specific risks, risk reduction measures, indicators or risk reduction, monitoring and reporting plans.

SUAP Conditions for Harvest II to promote to private sector partners and grantees:

1. Only pesticides with approved (by USEPA and host‐ government or a designated body where applicable) active ingredients can be procured, used, or recommended for use with USAID funds. 2. Pesticide products procured, used, or recommended for use must be labelled in a national language and include the following essential information: name and concentration of active ingredient, type of formulation, instructions for use, user safety information, safety periods for re‐ entry and harvest, Manufacturer, and country of origin. 3. Basic training in SPU and IPM. 4. Advanced training required for certain AIs and products. 5. Encourage use of appropriate PPE as recommended on pesticide product labels and SDSs, as possible.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 62 SUAP template recommended by BSF BEO

Project Title: Pesticide(s): Crops: Location Common Name(s): Target Pests: Actions to Responsible Required Compliance Mitigation Measures Compliance Dates achieve Status Party compliance

Technical Assistance for Trainers

Development and Distribution of Educational Material

Capacity Building Capacity Training of Pesticide Handlers

Establish Pesticide Quality Standards

Require Good Packaging and Clear,

Local Issues Local Adequate Labeling

Ensure Accessibility of Personal Protective Equipment

Define Appropriate Procedures for Safe Pesticide Transport

Define Appropriate Methods for Safe Pesticide Storage

Safer Pesticide Use Pesticide Safer Define Disposal Provisions for Used Pesticide Containers

Coordination, Collaboration, Term Term - Awareness raising, Surveillance,

Control Management, Research

Program Long

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 63 ANNEXES

ANNEX 1: HARVEST II CROPS, PESTS, DISEASES, WEEDS GAP AND IPM PLAN INFORMATION

CAMBODIA ASPARAGUS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Asparagus aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi Insect predators such as lady beetles, lacewings, predatory midges, and No reasonable treatment threshold flower fly larvae, by a Braconid wasp that is a parasite of many aphid found. species. Pyrethrum flower extract Remove weeds and infected leaves. spinosad neem seed extract mineral oils chili pepper extract Thrips, Thrips tabaci Many predators including bugs, beetles, lacewings, flies, mites and wasps. No reasonable treatment threshold Remove weeds. found. Pyrethrum flower extract spinosad neem seed extract insecticidal soap chili pepper extract

Asparagus beetles: Common: Crioceris Begin sampling asparagus crops in early spring and throughout the No reasonable treatment threshold asparagi growing season. found. Spotted: Crioceris duodecimpunctata In early spring, if beetles are feeding on spears, let some plants near the Pyrethrum flower extract edge of the field produce fern growth to attract the beetles away from the spears. If necessary, treat these areas. Sanitation: Destroy crop residues to eliminate overwintering sites.

Asparagus rust, Puccinia asparagi Use resistant and tolerant varieties if available. No reasonable treatment threshold Seed treatment to prevention seedborne infection from spore presenting on found. the surface of seeds. sulfur Prepare planting beds that can maximize air circulation to dry up the chlorothalonil leaves. Orient rows with the prevailing wind to allow free flow of air mancozeb through the field. Control irrigation to avoid over-watered or waterlogging Harvest the spears by cutting below soil line to avoid infection of the stubs 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 64 CAMBODIA ASPARAGUS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds of spears. Sanitation: At the end of the fern season, cut and remove, destroy or incorporate (plow under) diseased ferns and destroy volunteer asparagus within 400 yards of commercial asparagus fields. Cut spears when they are young to keep infections from occurring, thus breaking the cycle of the fungus in spring.

Cercospora Blight of Asparagus, Keep nurseries free from weeds and avoid over-crowded seedlings. No reasonable treatment threshold Cercospora asparagi Proper plant spacing to allow air circulation. found. Remove and burn the infected plant material and crop residue. chlorothalonil mancozeb

Fusarium crown and root rots: Use tolerant seeds if available. No reasonable treatment threshold Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi, Use clean seed in noninfected soil to produce disease-free seedlings, found. F. redolens, transplants, or crowns. Use of fungicides is not F. proliferatum Maintain crown vigor with proper irrigation and fertilization and minimize recommended. F. verticillioides plant stress as much as possible. Gibberella fujikuroi Maintain good soil pH, 6 or higher, and soil structure. Select well-drained field for planting and plant on raised beds. Long rotations out of asparagus are beneficial. To maintain crown vigor, avoid extended harvest periods and end harvest when production declines to 70% of the season's highest yield. Sanitation: At the end of the fern season, cut and remove, destroy or incorporate (plow under) diseased ferns and destroy volunteer asparagus within 400 yards of commercial asparagus fields.

Asparagus anthracnose, Colletotrichum Use clean seeds for planting and if possible, use resistant variety. No reasonable treatment threshold gloeosporioides If possible, water early in the day so that foliage dries out before evening. found. Promote air circulation and reduce periods of leaf wetness by thinning mancozeb plant canopies. difenoconazole Do not handle plants when wet and avoid cause plant injuries Remove and discard severely affected plants. Prune out and discard infected leaves.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 65

CAMBODIA BLACK PEPPER IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata General cultural practices during dry season and when pepper plants are No reasonable treatment threshold producing new buds and developing new fruits and mealy bugs are most abundant found. include removal of weeds, and control of ants associated with infestation and pruning of low branches cannot control mealy bugs but can help to mitigate risk mineral oil of mealy bugs infestation. insecticidal soaps Many parasites and predators including parasitoid wasps, hoverflies, praying Tagetes African Marigold oil mantis and coccinellids feed on mealybugs. neem seed extract At the beginning of a local outbreak severely infested vine branches should be cut thiamethoxam and burned immediately. buprofezin Insects may be dislodged by spraying a strong jet of water on the plants. clothianidin Control ants which protect mealybugs from predators and parasites.

Foot rot / quick wilt disease, Phytophthora Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold capsici Nursery soil should be disinfected using high temperatures through solarization found. (wetting and putting under black plastic in direct sunlight for several weeks) or other means. neem seed cake in soil Use disease-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries. metalaxyl Manage soil moisture and do not over-water. mefenoxam Avoid unnecessary tilling of soil conducive to spreading the pathogen fosetyl-aluminum Grow a cover crop of grass to prevent water splash on the plants and thus the copper compounds spread of the fungi. mancozeb Establish a thick mulch to reduce splashing rain. chlorothalonil Add Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) to the soil, if it can be sourced or mono- + di-potassium phosphate made available.

Anthracnose leaf blight, Colletotrichum Nursery soil should be disinfected using high temperatures through solarization No reasonable treatment threshold gloeosporioides (wetting and putting under black plastic in direct sunlight for several weeks) or found. other means. Use disease-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries. copper compounds Manage soil moisture and do not over-water. metalaxyl Remove fallen leaves. mancozeb Prune to promote ventilation of canopy above pepper vines. fosetyl-aluminum Establish a thick mulch to reduce splashing rain. chlorothalonil Add Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) to the soil.

Basal wilt, Sclerotium rolfsii Nursery soil should be disinfected using high temperatures through solarization No reasonable treatment threshold (wetting and putting under black plastic in direct sunlight for several weeks) or found. other means because basal wilt is a soil borne disease and the pathogen can survive in the soil for many years. neem seed extract 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 66 CAMBODIA BLACK PEPPER IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Use disease-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries. mancozeb Manage soil moisture and do not over-water. tebuconazole Control weeds in the orchard. trifloxystrobin Prevent soil from becoming acidic by using agricultural lime. propiconazole Ensure good soil drainage. Prune runner shoots before the monsoon. Maintain high calcium levels and use ammonium type fertilizers to suppress disease under low disease pressure. Use calcium nitrate to keep soil pH higher. Avoid over-irrigation and close vine spacing. Avoid injury during cultivation. Prune shade trees to allow entry of sun and wind. Prune off the leaves and shoots of vines to a height of 70 cm from the soil. Establish a thick mulch or maintained grass to reduce splashing rain. Add Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) to the soil.

Leaf rots and blights, Rhizoctonia solani, Nursery soil should be disinfected using high temperatures through solarization No reasonable treatment threshold Pythium spp, (wetting and putting under black plastic in direct sunlight for several weeks) or found. other means. Use disease-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries. copper compounds Manage soil moisture and do not over-water. neem seed cake added to soil Maintain recommended soil and plant nutrition. metalaxyl Remove and destroy infected runner vines throughout the season from nursery to fosetyl-aluminum field. mono- + di-potassium phosphate Use mulches or maintained grasses to reduce splashing of fungal spores up onto the vine and leaves. Add Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) to the soil.

Viruses: Use resistant varieties, if available. No reasonable treatment threshold Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Use virus-free planting materials: Collect runner shoots from healthy nurseries found. Pepper yellow mottle virus (PYMV) without virus. Crinkle leaf viral stunted disease, Piper nigrum Use exclusionary nets in nurseries to protect runner shoots from aphid and Control vectors with: strain of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV-Pn) mealybug crawler vectors. mineral oil may be transmitted by aphids and mealybugs Continually remove virus-infected plants and replant with healthy, virus-free insecticidal soaps materials. Tagetes African Marigold oil Monitor for and control virus vectors. neem seed extract Use of reflective mulches to reduce aphid visits to plants and thus delay virus thiamethoxam spread. imidacloprid Control weeds in the orchard to reduce aphid populations. acetamiprid Disinfect pruning and other tools when moving from plant to plant or orchard to dimethoate 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 67 CAMBODIA BLACK PEPPER IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds orchard. buprofezin acephate clothianidin pymetrozine

CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella Place seedling beds away from production fields. Treat if 10% of infested plants in the Fausse-teigne des crucifères Cover seedling bed with mesh. seedbed, 30% from transplanting to Interplant tomatoes with cabbage. cupping stage, 20% from cupping to Ensure clean seedlings when transplanting from nursery to the field. early heading, and 10% at early Conserve and encourage natural enemies. heading to mature head stages. Use of trap crops such as inter-planted or edge-planted mustards but monitor and destroy plants before adults are produced. thiamethoxam Mating disruption with sex pheromones. neem seed extract Synchronous planting in each community between adjacent fields. spinosad Remove and destroy or plow down crop residues. chili extract Practice crop rotation 6 weeks or more where no Brassica crops are grown by all garlic extract neighbors in a locality and follow crop rotation simultaneously, if feasible. acetamiprid imidacloprid malathion Beauveria bassiana indoxacarb Matrine extract

Flea beetles, Systena spp, Phyllotreta spp Conserve parasitoids like the Braconid wasps of Microcotonus spp that parasitize No reasonable treatment threshold and kill adult flea beetles. found. Use living mulches or intercropping and polycultures. Trap crops: Interplant field and margins with giant mustard or radish and destroy neem seed extract 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 68 CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

these plants once heavily infested. garlic extract Floating mesh or screen row covers can be used to cover seedlings and provide a cyromazine barrier to adult beetles. White and yellow sticky traps placed every 15 to 30 feet of row on the edges or outside of fields. Sanitation: Clean up and compost weeds and plant debris from field and around field.

Aphids: Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, Many predators and parasites attack aphids, especially in fields that are not No reasonable treatment threshold Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae sprayed or sprayed with less toxic materials. found. If feasible, put up insect-proof nets to protect nursery. Be sure transplants are clean before taking them to field. thiamethoxam Carefully manage nitrogen levels so that they are neither too high, which neem seed extract significantly attracts aphids nor too low, which impedes plant growth. garlic extract Inter-planting with a “living mulch” may reduce aphid populations. chili extract Use of “habitat plantings” of flowering perennial plants that attract aphid imidacloprid parasites and predators. acetamiprid In some humid areas there are outbreaks of naturally existing fungi that cause carbaryl epidemics among aphid colonies. pymetrozine Remove or control alternate hosts, including mustards and related weeds, around insecticidal soap field borders. mineral oil When plants are young and leaf cupping has not yet occurred, if feasible, high acephate pressure overhead sprinkler irrigation dislodges aphids. rotenone extract Use trap crops: Plant mustards on field margins or inter-planted and destroy these plants once heavily infested. Remove infested culls and weedy spp around fields that may harbor the aphid between crops. Destroy crop remnants immediately after harvest.

Armyworms, Spodoptera litura, Beet Many natural enemies and viruses attack armyworms, and reduce populations Start monitoring before seedlings armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera spp naturally, so, do not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism emerge by checking for egg masses levels and make treatment decision accordingly. and young larvae in surrounding Destroy weeds along field borders. weeds. Monitor and treat with Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be used to monitor adult insecticide if one second or third instar moths. This is a particularly good technique for detecting large emergences or larva for every 10 plants is found. migrations. Use of nocturnal overhead sprinkler irrigation, if feasible, to dislodge and repel Bacillus thuringiensis/BT spinosad larvae. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 69 CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating. indoxacarb Use of floating row screen or mesh covers, if feasible, to exclude egg-laying moths. extracts of garlic Disc fields immediately following harvest to kill larvae and pupae. extracts of chili pepper Beauveria bassiana Pyrethrum extract chlorantraniliprole

Imported cabbage worm, White cabbage Cole crops can withstand significant cabbage worm damage between No reasonable treatment threshold butterflies, Pieris rapae, Pieris spp transplanting/thinning and heading, without significant yield losses, but after found. heading, one larva per plant can cause significant damage. Natural enemies can assist significantly in the control of white butterfly larvae. malathion Viruses and bacterial diseases are also sometimes important control factors in the imidacloprid field. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Sample frequently to assess population levels, damage and levels of infected and spinosad parasitized larvae. indoxacarb Hand-pick larvae from plants. Use nocturnal overhead sprinkler irrigation systems to dislodge larvae. chlorantraniliprole On larger hectarages, use pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating, if available and feasible. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude egg-laying moths.

Heliothis Bollworms, Helicoverpa armigera, H. Removal of weeds in and around field. No reasonable treatment threshold punctigera Trichogramma wasps provide some control of tomato fruit worm eggs. found. Make and use pheromone (with Helilure) or light traps to capture adult moths and determine when females are flying, mating, and egg-laying. Use proper timing and thorough Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can control large coverage (once larvae enter the tomato, numbers of Helicoverpa larvae. control with insecticides is difficult). Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, to know when to monitor for eggs. neem seed extract Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and Bacillus thuringiensis/BT adults harboring in those weeds and grasses. indoxacarb Plow, disc and harrow fields at least two times before sowing seeds to expose Pyrethrum extract pupae to predators. spinosad Sow seeds thinly and remove competing weeds to produce vigorous plants, which are more likely to withstand pests and diseases. chlorantraniliprole Avoid planting crops successively that are hosts, like corn, cotton, tobacco and soybean. neem seed extract 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 70 CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Deep tillage. Check for cutworms in weeds around Planting time. the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from border areas. After the crop is up, check for a row of Destroy weeds 10-14 days before planting the crop. four or more wilted plants with Delay transplanting slightly until the stems are too wide for the cutworm to completely or partially severed stems. encircle and/or too hard for it to cut. If you find damaged plants, look for Flood the field for a few days before sowing or transplanting. cutworms by digging around the base Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before of plants and sifting the soil for planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites. caterpillars.

Treat with soil drench if 10% of young plants cut or damaged.

thiamethoxam acetamiprid carbaryl pymetrozine insecticidal soap neem seed extract chili extract chlorantraniliprole indoxacarb garlic extract dimethoate spinosad Bacillus thuringiensis/BT tebufenozide

Cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis Cover seedbed. Check 25 random plants for damage Crop rotation. and treat if find more than 9 small- to Cauliflower webworm, Hellula undalis Use clean planting materials. medium-sized larvae per plant. Transplant only healthy, and vigorous insect-free seedlings. Uproot and burn cabbage and kale stalks after harvest. malathion Natural enemies can assist significantly in the control of white butterfly larvae. imidacloprid Viruses and bacterial diseases are also sometimes important control factors in the Bacillus thuringiensis/BT 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 71 CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

field. spinosad thiamethoxam

neem seed extract Bacillus thuringiensis/BT

Damping off fungi, Root rots, Phytophthora Favor friable soil with good drainage and good soil aeration. No reasonable treatment threshold spp, Pythium spp, Rhizoctonia spp, Fusarium Avoid soils that easily waterlog. found. spp, Aphanomyces spp Use treated seeds. Use raised-bed production to manage soil moisture and speed up crop Use seed treated with development. thiram Water the crop only when soil is dry. mefenoxam Quickly remove and destroy dead seedlings. difenoconazole Use crop rotation to non-Brassicaceous crops. mancozeb neem seed cake in soil metalaxyl fosetyl-aluminum copper compounds chlorothalonil mono- + di-potassium phosphate Trichoderma spp

Alternaria leaf spot, Alternaria brassicae A. It is a seed borne disease and the spores easily spread by wind especially in warm No reasonable treatment threshold brassicicola and wet weather with optimal temperatures from 25-30ºC found. Use resistant varieties. Use hot water treatment for seeds before seeding. mancozeb Use certified clean seed or transplants. tébuconazole Obey seeding depth; Do not plant seed or transplants too deep. trifloxystrobin Avoid watering foliage at the end of day or at night. neem seed extract Avoid overhead irrigation particularly for cauliflower in which head rot may garlic extract occur. flutriafol 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 72 CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

Remove weeds from field and field margins. iprodione Avoid allowing plants to become drought-stressed as this increases the probability chlorothalonil of infection. Limit crop stress, such as poor fertility, drought, insect damage, and heavy unharvested heads. Remove and destroy all crop residues. Do crop rotation if there is a heavy infection rate.

Fusarium yellows, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold conglutinans Use quarantine procedures to avoid introducing the disease from an infected field found. to an uninfected one on soil or equipment. Use soil with good drainage. No chemicals are recommended. Use raised-bed production to manage soil moisture and speed up crop development. Soil-building practices such as cover crops and compost are recommended. Rotate with non-Brassicaceous crops.

Sclerotinia white fungal rots, Sclerotinia Use good drainage and irrigation practices that reduce soil humidity. No reasonable treatment threshold sclerotiorum, S. minor Use raised-bed production to manage soil moisture and speed up crop found. development. Do deep plowing after harvest to burry sclerotia. No synthetic pesticides are Rotate with non-Brassicaceous crops. recommended.

iprodione for seed production fields

Cabbage bacterial spot and rot, Erwinia Use resistant or tolerant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold carotovora, E. aroideae Use of certified disease-free propagation material. found. Avoid planting in soils with a history of disease. Use weed management in the field and surrounding areas. copper compounds Plant in well-drained soils, avoid over-irrigation. kasugamycin Avoid working in field when wet. Use deep well water for irrigation. Monitor regularly and remove and destroy diseased plants throughout the season. Avoid injury to plants near soil level. Avoid practices that transfer infested soils to non-infested areas. Change from sprinkler to furrow or drip irrigation may limit its spread. Remove and destroy diseased plants. Rotate with non-Brassicaceous crops. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 73 CAMBODIA BRASSICACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon, Bok choy, Green mustard

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

Black bacterial rot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Since black rot is seed borne disease and the bacteria can survive for a long time No reasonable treatment threshold campestris in crop debris and weeds but not soil, farm sanitation is very important. found. Use certified disease-free seed. Sterilize seed in 50-degree C water. No bactericides are recommended Avoid working in field when wet as the bacteria can splash by rain and by people and equipment. Use deep plowing. Remove weed and volunteer crucifers. Do crop rotations using non-hosts, and with crucifer crop no more often than every 2 years in any infested field. Remove and destroy diseased plants.

CAMBODIA CASHEW CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Mirid bugs, Tea mosquito bug (TMB), Timely management is essential since this pest is a low-density pest. Around 10 % of damaged fresh flushes Helopeltis theivora and other species There are no known tolerant or resistant varieties to use. may be considered as the threshold for Coconut bug, Pseudotheraptus wayi Vigilant monitoring: During the rainy season or whenever there are flushes of TMB. new leaves, bug outbreaks appear suddenly. Conserve natural enemies of the bug, like weaver ants, which build nests in garlic extract cashew trees and attack and eat the bugs. neem seed extract Do not interplant cashew with other crops (such as cotton, tea, sweet potato, insecticidal soap guava and mango) that are highly susceptible to TMB feeding. spinosad Control weeds in and around plantation. carbaryl acetamiprid imidacloprid clothianidin

Elephant trunk weevil / Shoot borer, Alcides Paint tree trunks white to prevent sun burn, which predisposes tree to attack. No reasonable treatment threshold spp, Alcidodes spp Provide sufficient water, fertilizer, and pruning. found. Monitor young orchards in spring and summer for holes with frass and gum 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 74 CAMBODIA CASHEW CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds pockets. thiamethoxam Prune away heavily infested tree parts. imidacloprid Remove heavily infested trees. clothianidin

Leaf and flower thrips, Selenothrips Ensure that trees don’t become water-stressed. No reasonable treatment threshold rubrocinctus, S. dorsalis, Rhynchothrips Monitoring and sampling for thrips by examining early flower clusters. found. raoensis, Haplorthrips ceylonicus, Frankliniella Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips control schultzei thrips in the crop. dimethoate Use blue and yellow sticky traps for monitoring pest densities. mineral oil insecticidal soap spinosad Pyrethrum extract thiamethoxam imidacloprid acetamiprid malathion neem seed extract garlic extract chili extract chlorfenapyr Metharhizium anisopliae

Cashew stem and root borer, Plocaederus Careful looking for damage symptoms on stem, trunk and root system and No reasonable treatment threshold ferrugineus, P. obesus mechanically kill the eggs, grubs and pupa. found. Regular pruning to remove dead branches or dry bark to prevent adult egg-laying on the tree. Treat soil at tree trunk with: neem seed cake

Metharrizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana thiamethoxam imidacloprid

Shoot tip web caterpillars, Anarsia epotias, Natural parasitoids usually control this pest sufficiently. No reasonable treatment threshold Hypotima (Chelaria) haligramma Rake lightly around trees to expose pupae. found. Collect and destroy damaged buds. No spraying of synthetic insecticides is recommended. neem seed extract garlic extract 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 75 CAMBODIA CASHEW CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds chili pepper extract

Cashew fruit and nut boring caterpillars, Collect and destroy infested fruits and nuts. No reasonable treatment threshold Thylocoptila panrosema, Hyalospila Natural enemies particularly red ants can effectively control this caterpillar. found. leuconeurella, Nephopteryx spp Beauveria bassiana Metharrizium anisopliae carbaryl during flushing, flowering and nut formation stages chlorantraniliprole tebufenozide

Post-harvest weevils, Araecerus fasciculatus, Do routine monitoring. Ensure good pest identification; understand pest biology, No reasonable treatment threshold Carpophilus spp, Oryzaephilus mercator ecology, and behavior. found. Use good sanitation and good grain and nut storage practices, as follows: All nuts stored off the floor on palates, with space between palates, well Treat nut bags and nuts with ventilated/aerated and lighted, dispose of old containers. powdered/dust: In empty shipping containers, thoroughly sweep or brush down walls, ceilings, Pyrethrum extract ledges, braces, and handling equipment, and remove all spilled debris. thiamethoxam Brush and sweep out and/or vacuum the truck beds, augers, and loading buckets spinosad to remove insect-infested nuts and debris. clothianidin Remove all debris from fans, exhausts, and aeration ducts (also from beneath slotted floors, when possible). Remove all debris and vegetation growing within ten feet of the warehouses (preferably the whole storage area). Examine area to determine if rodent bait stations are required and use if needed. Be sure to follow all label directions. Spray cleaned area around bins with a residual herbicide to remove all undesirable weedy plants. Remove all debris from the storage site and dispose of it properly. Frequent rotation of the stocks, "FIFO" (First In - First Out) rule applies. Use sticky traps to monitor for presence and quantity.

Warehouse rodents: mice, rats Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices (see above). Presence of mouse or rat chewing and Close and fill all potential entry holes along walls, under and at door joints, at droppings. wall-ceiling joints. Can use steel wool, which rodents will not chew through. Put (preferably metal) screens on all windows. Spray around warehouse with herbicide Remove all debris within a four-meter perimeter of the grain and nut storage glyphosate warehouses or on-farm storage bins to remove rodent hiding places. Spray a ten-foot perimeter around warehouses and on-farm bins with a residual 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 76 CAMBODIA CASHEW CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds herbicide to remove all undesirable weeds that rodents use to hide. Use sticky traps for capture and disposal by burying.

Anthracnosis Remove and destroy infected parts of the plant. No reasonable treatment threshold On flowers, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Put windbreaks on the windward side of the orchard. found. On leaves, Phytophthora nicotinae, Asterina Do pruning to open up canopy to light and air movement, which limit fungal carbonacea disease development. copper compounds Prune off diseased and infertile branches. sulfur Control weeds in orchard. mancozeb Control TMB to avoid damage on shoots, leaves and flowers because the neem seed extract damaged tissues can serve as an entry route for the pathogen to be transmitted and metalaxyl penetrate into plant tissue. mefenoxam fosetyl-aluminum chlorothalonil lime sulfur chlorothalonil

Flower Florescence blights / Phomopsis, Do pruning to open up canopy to light and air movement, which limit fungal No reasonable treatment threshold Gloeosporium mangiferae, Phomopsis disease development. found. anacardii Remove and destroy infected parts of the plant during the season. Prune off diseased and infertile branches. copper compounds Control weeds in the orchard. sulfur lime sulfur metiram

Stem canker / Gummosis, Diplodia natalensis, Plant in soil that drains well. No reasonable treatment threshold Diplodia spp Do pruning to open up canopy to light and air movement, which limit fungal found. disease development. Remove and destroy infected parts of the plant during the season. copper compounds Promote good cultural practices to enhance tree vigor and reduce the amount of sulfur dead wood. lime sulfur

CAMBODIA CITRUS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 77 Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Leaf miner caterpillar, In older orchards, leaf miners are controlled by several species of wasp parasites. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Phillocnistis citrella Avoid pruning live branches more than one time a year, to reduce new leaf flushes. imidacloprid (young tree nurseries and Do not apply large amounts of nitrogen while miners are present. young orchards less than 4 years old) Remove ‘water sprouts’ (vigorous shoots that grow above graft unions) and ‘suckers’ (grow below graft unions). mineral oils Sanitation: remove crop debris and weeds. neem seed extract Use pheromone traps, yellow and blue sticky traps for monitoring and mass trapping. acetamiprid Do weed control in orchard. mineral oil cyromazine Bacillus thuringiensis/BT thiamethoxam chlorantraniliprole garlic extract tebufenozide

Leaf feeding swallowtail butterfly larvae, Plant resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Papilio polytes, P. Memnon, P. Demoleus Use pheromone traps on orchard edges for monitoring. Plant Umbelliferous crops like fennel, celery, parsley on the orchard margins as a mineral oils trap crop to attract egg-laying adults, then destroy the Umbellifers once larvae neem seed extract have hatched. Hand pick the large colorful larvae. acetamiprid mineral oil cyromazine Bacillus thuringiensis/BT thiamethoxam chlorantraniliprole garlic extract tebufenozide

Brown citrus aphids, Toxoptera aurantii, T. A number of coccinellid and syrphid predators, parasites and fungal diseases No reasonable treatment threshold found. citricida usually keep aphid populations below damaging levels. Use upwind barrier crops of Lemongrass and Sugarcane. mineral oils On newly established trees and on new growth flushes on mature trees, it is not Beauveria bassiana uncommon for aphids to cause curling of leaves and produce honeydew. neem seed extract Treatment is usually not usually warranted because citrus can tolerate extensive Pyrethrum extract leaf curling without yield effects. acephate A moderate aphid population (about 40% of growth flushes infested) can be pymetrozine considered beneficial on mature trees because aphids and their honeydew provide rotenone extract a good food source for natural enemies of other pests early in the season when imidacloprid other hosts are not available. thiamethoxam

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 78 CAMBODIA CITRUS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Scales: Use and plant only certified clean tree stock. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Many predators and parasites control scales, including beetles, bugs, green Soft scales, Red citrus scale, Aonidiella aurantii lacewings and predatory mites. buprofezin Coccus viridis, Releases of mass-reared Aphytis melinus parasites can be useful in groves with clothianidin Mussel/Citrus/Purple scale Lepidosaphes beckii insufficient biological control. mineral oil Chinese wax scale Ceroplastes sinensis Manage ants that tend the scales by placing a sticky product called Tanglefoot neem seed extract Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasii around the tree trunk. garlic extract Provide plants with good growing conditions and especially appropriate chili extract irrigation. imidacloprid Prune branches to open up the canopy to light, sun and predators. thiamethoxam Sanitation: Prune off and destroy heavily infested branches.

Mites: Predatory mites control large numbers of plant-feeding mites. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Do weed control in orchard. Citrus rust/silver mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora Control dust near orchard by watering or oiling dirt roads. Bud mite, Eriophyes sheldoni Prevent water stress by irrigating or watering orchard during dry times. abamectin (bearing trees) Red mite, Panonychus citri Use adequate irrigation so that trees are not water-stressed. chlorfenapyr Spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Regularly monitor for outbreaks. Tagetes African Marigold oil Use sanitation, remove damaged and heavily infested branches. hexythiazox (bearing trees)

Citrus mealybugs: Planococcus citri, Mealybugs are primarily managed by conserving their natural enemies, parasites If 20% of field samples show crawlers Pseudococcus spp and predators, reducing ant populations and dust problems. apply a delayed dormant insecticide. Do regular monitoring, note-taking and mapping of mealybug and crawler Treatment is rarely required. (larvae) infestations. To find crawlers, peel back the thin bark on spurs in the current season's pruning and look for the presence of small mealybug crawlers. mineral oil Prune by cutting plants just above branch crotches and nodes to open up the insecticidal soaps canopy to light, sun, predators and parasites (minimize shearing or clipping of Tagetes African Marigold oil terminals which stimulates new growth, preferred by psyllids for feeding and egg neem seed extract laying). thiamethoxam If feasible, release of the mealy bug parasite Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. buprofezin clothianidin

Citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, transmits HLB Use of certified HLB disease-free planting materials is essential to minimize Prior to tree removal, the infected tree (see below) spread. should be treated with a foliar insecticide Budwood sources and nursery production is carried out under psyllid-proof to eliminate the psyllid vector. enclosures and are certified HLB free. Quarantine the orchard from entry of new fruit, plants, seeds, wood products, or neem seed extracts 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 79 CAMBODIA CITRUS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

soil from other orchards that may be infested with pysllids or infected with HLB. Pyrethrum extracts Prune by cutting plants just above branch crotches and nodes to open up the imidacloprid canopy to light, sun, predators and parasites (minimize shearing or clipping of thiamethoxam terminals). Do weekly scouting for greening-infected trees should be done routinely so that infected trees can be immediately sprayed and removed. Use yellow sticky traps placed on orchard edges to trap migrating adults. Provide appropriate irrigation. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer to established woody plants, unless foliage appearance or plant growth is unsatisfactory because of a confirmed nutrient deficiency. Sanitation: Remove HLB infected trees immediately upon discovery and diagnosis.

Citrus green stinkbugs, Acrosternum hilare, Use resistant varieties. A threshold of 2-3 bugs/meter row is Nezara viridula Water and fertilize seedlings to maintain vigor to resist these bugs. suggested. Control weeds in and around the crop. thiamethoxam imidacloprid neem seed extract malathion dimethoate acetamiprid

Prays citrus flower and fruit moth, Prays citri Make sure trees are not water-stressed. No reasonable treatment threshold found. The flower moth has many natural enemies, predators and parasites but high populations of flower moth may not be controlled. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Use pheromone traps to mass-trap and remove males from the population. Beauveria bassiana

Citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii A large number of predators and parasites feed on thrips. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Keep tree healthy by fertilizing and watering sufficiently; healthy trees can tolerate lots of leaf drop without a significant loss of yield. Metharhizium anisopliae spinosad abamectin cyantraniliprole dimethoate chlorfenapyr

Huanglongbing / Citrus greening disease, Use of certified disease-free planting materials is essential to minimize spread. No reasonable treatment threshold found. protobacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, Budwood sources and nursery production is carried out under psyllid-proof 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 80 CAMBODIA CITRUS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (above) enclosures and are certified HLB free. Prior to tree removal, to eliminate the Weekly scouting for greening infected trees should be done routinely so that psyllid vector, the infected tree should be infected trees can be removed. treated with: Diagnosis of HLB may be difficult since some nutrient deficiency symptoms and other problems are often confused with some of the symptoms associated with neem seed extract HLB. Pyrethrum extract Sanitation: Remove infected trees immediately upon discovery and diagnosis. imidacloprid thiamethoxam

Citrus scab, Elsinoe = Sphaceloma fawcettii Use frequent field monitoring for early detection and treatment. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Establish rootstocks and budwood nurseries at a distance from commercial orchards that have the disease. Apply in nursery: Prune the canopy to open it to air and sunlight and removing dead wood source of copper compounds spores. chlorothalonil Remove and destroy fallen infected fruit and leaves. lime sulfur metiram

Citrus canker, Xanthomonas citri sub spp citri, Use resistant varieties and healthy planting materials. No reasonable treatment threshold found. X. alfalfae Prune trees to allow better air circulation. Do not move equipment or personnel from infected orchards of groves to copper compounds uninfected orchards; disinfect all tools and clothes. Remove and burn infected trees on-site. Do not work in the orchard when the foliage is wet or raining Control leaf miners with petroleum oil.

Butt and root rots, Ganoderma applanatum = Be careful not to wound trees and bark when working or harvesting in the No reasonable treatment threshold found. Fames applanatus, Trametes villosa orchard; wounds provide entry to these fungi. Dig out, remove and destroy infected trees and all the root mass. There are no recommended chemical controls.

Citrus tristeza virus (transmitted by aphids Use tolerant rootstocks and certified disease-free planting materials. No reasonable treatment threshold found. particularly Brown citrus aphids, above) Control aphid vectors (see aphids, above). Remove and destroy dead trees when they become unproductive. To control aphid vectors, use: Use tolerant rootstocks (Sweet orange, Cleopatra mandarin, Beauveria bassiana Rough lemon, Rangpur lime and Trifoliate orange) imidacloprid Control aphid vectors (see aphids, above). thiamethoxam Do not plant in heavy, water-logged soils. Post-harvest: acephate Remove and destroy dead trees when they become unproductive. pymetrozine When grafting or top-working, use only certified, virus-free budwood. rotenone extract

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 81

CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cucumber, Squashes, Bitter Gourd, Sponge Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Pumpkin, Zucchini, Melons and Watermelon

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Thrips, Thrips tabaci Disc under weeds before they flower; do not disk after flowering as thrips will No reasonable treatment threshold found. quickly move to the crop. Provide good irrigation, drainage and fertilization. Metharhizium anisopliae Rotate Cucurbitaceous crops with corn or another non-Cucurbitaceous crop. spinosad dimethoate neem seed extracts garlic extracts chlorfenapyr

Fruit flies, Dacus bivittatus, D. ciliatus, Use shallow plowing to kill and expose pupae that fall to the soil. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Bactrocera cucurbitae Use yellow sticky traps for monitoring. Twice a week, for the entire season remove fruits with dimples oozing clear sap. thiamethoxam Bury infested fruits at least 50 cm deep. neem seed extract Practice early harvesting. garlic extract Bagging works well with watermelon. spinosad Set out fruit fly traps baited with Curelure product, if it can be made available. acetamiprid

White grubs, Cyclocephala spp, Phyllophaga Use weed management by cultivation in and around field. No reasonable treatment threshold found. spp, Holotrichia spp, Leucopholis irrorata Use light traps when adults are present. Irrigate to speed germination and emergence of the crop. imidacloprid Monitor to determine where infestations are heavy. thiamethoxam Sanitation: Destruction of plant residues from previous crops and avoiding acetamiprid planting in fields that are coming out of pasture. Metharrizium anisopliae Matrine extract

Leaf beetles, Striped cucumber beetles, Do not plant beans near Cucurbits. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Acalymma trivittatum Delay sowing, where practicable, to allow the crop to escape from high populations. neem seed extracts Practice post-harvest tillage to expose the grubs in the soil to the sun heat and to malathion predators. Matrine extract Rotate beans with non-host plants such as maize or sunflower to break the development cycle of the pest.

Pumpkin beetles, Aulacophora similis, A. Handpick and destroy adults. Monitor 20 plants at the seedling stage 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 82 CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cucumber, Squashes, Bitter Gourd, Sponge Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Pumpkin, Zucchini, Melons and Watermelon

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds abdominalis Put wood ash at the bottom of seedlings. weekly and treat if 1 adult per plant is Practice crop rotation. found. After one month, the threshold Provide conditions for healthy plant growth, manures and, or commercial becomes 3 adults per plant. fertilizers, and adequate water. Use straw mulches. Use seed treated with thiamethoxam Use a cover crop like red clover, if feasible. imidacloprid Remove and bury crop residues deeply. Rotate out of Cucurbits every other year. cyromazine neem seed extract spinosad acetamiprid

Cucumber moths, Leaf-tiers, Pickle worms, Use short cycle hybrids and resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Diaphania indica, D. hyalinata Do weed control in and around field. Use and destroy trap crops Apply to the base and stem of the plant Use live barrier while adults and small larvae are present, Elimination of infested material before burrowing into the flower or Trap moths using a solution of molasses and water. gourd Control with parasitic wasps of the genus Apanteles or Trichogramma and the ant Solenopsis invicta. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Clean and destroy crop residues. indoxacarb spinosad imidacloprid

Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids, Encarsia species, lady beetles, Monitoring crops and establishment of a and minute pirate bugs. pesticide program after finding 1 white Yellow sticky traps may be used for monitoring and reduce populations but fly per 10 plants, spraying may be used. cannot prevent the spread. Do intercropping and interplanting crops. neem seed extracts Ensure good growing conditions for the crop. Beauveria bassiana Avoid application of high doses of nitrogen fertilizer. imidacloprid After the last harvest, destroy all crop residues. thiamethoxam Metharhizium anisopliae pymetrozine acetamiprid buprofezin pyriproxyfen insecticidal soaps 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 83 CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cucumber, Squashes, Bitter Gourd, Sponge Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Pumpkin, Zucchini, Melons and Watermelon

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds mineral oil

Cotton/melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, Pea aphid, Use resistant varieties. If control is needed, treat when aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum transmit Cucurbit viruses Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps. Start checking traps after are found to be reproducing, particularly transplanting or when seedlings emerge. When aphids are observed on traps, when second and later generation begin monitoring crop foliage. wingless females have started reproduction. Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low insecticide input situations. imidacloprid Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for pymetrozine control of aphid pests or leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby thiamethoxam crops. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup. neem seed extract garlic extract spinosad acetamiprid acephate rotenone extract

Green leafhoppers, Empoasca kerri, E. facialis, Remove weeds in and around fields. No reasonable treatment threshold found. E. fabae Use resistant varieties. Natural enemies include general predators such as lady beetles, lacewings, ants, thiamethoxam spiders and pirate bugs, but they will not sufficiently control leafhoppers. imidacloprid Provide adequate moisture through timely irrigation. mineral oil Row covers can prevent leafhoppers from feeding on crops. neem seed extract garlic extract chili extract acetamiprid buprofezin clothianidin tebufenozide

Spider mites, Tetranychus spp, Panonychus Natural predators and parasites control large proportions of spider mite No reasonable treatment threshold found. ulmi, Mononychellus spp, Oligonychus spp populations. Apply water to reduce dust on roads near the field. Metharhizium anisopliae Maintain resident vegetation or other mowed cover around the field to further mineral oil reduce dust. sulfur Irrigate in a manner that will avoid plant stress. Overhead watering has been neem seed extracts shown to reduce mite problems, but it can increase some diseases. insecticidal soaps 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 84 CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cucumber, Squashes, Bitter Gourd, Sponge Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Pumpkin, Zucchini, Melons and Watermelon

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Install living windbreaks around the field. hexythiazox Leave a distance between the crop and the field borders. garlic extract Remove and destroy heavily-infested plants during the season. chili extract Avoid water and nutrient stress by applying mulch and incorporate organic matter abamectin into the soil. chlorfenapyr Keep the field free of weeds. Remove and destroy crop residues after harvest.

Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Erysiphe cichoracearum Use proper plant spacing. Selectively prune overcrowded plant material. neem seed extract Use soil solarization. azoxystrobin Avoid late-season applications of nitrogen fertilizer. tebuconazole Avoid overhead watering. trifloxystrobin Remove and destroy weeds, infected plants, and plant residues. bromuconazole cyproconazole folpet propiconazole

Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis Resistant varieties are available for control. Apply a fungicide when disease Use only certified disease-free seeds and planting material. symptoms first occur and repeat if Practice early planting. symptoms worsen. Use proper plant spacing. Selectively prune overcrowded plant material. mancozeb Avoid overhead irrigation. metalaxyl Ensure that soil is well drained. chlorothalonil Remove weed hosts found in the field. mefenoxam Remove and destroy crop residues after harvest. cymoxanil Practice crop rotation with non-cucurbits. dimethomorph fosetyl-aluminum folpet metiram

Fusarium wilt The pathogen can persist in the soil for many years, so use resistant varieties, No reasonable treatment threshold found. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum on clean seed and seedlings. cucumber Keep nursery bed tops dry. mancozeb F. oxysporum f.sp. melonis on cantaloupe Use mulches to reduce rain water splashing. thiram F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum on watermelon Plant in well-drained soils and avoid over-head irrigation. neem seed extract 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 85 CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cucumber, Squashes, Bitter Gourd, Sponge Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Pumpkin, Zucchini, Melons and Watermelon

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Remove and destroy crop debris. tebuconazole Disinfect machinery and equipment when moving from field to field. trifloxystrobin Flooding field for rice production reduce pathogen survival in the field. propiconazole

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum lagenarium Use resistant varieties and clean seed and seedlings. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Keep nursery bed tops dry. Sanitation: Inspect transplants for diseased plants and remove. mancozeb Use organic mulches to reduce rain water splashing. chlorothalonil Control irrigation water. thiram Avoid overhead sprinkler irrigation. mefenoxam Use frequent crop rotation to non-cucurbits and it would be best to avoid difenoconazole cucurbits for up to 3 years. tebuconazole Control weeds, remove and destroy or bury heavily-infected plants and fruits. trifloxystrobin Harvest fruits as soon as ripe. propiconazole Plow under the crop residues and straw mulches.

Cucumber fungal leaf spot, Target spot, Use resistant cultivars. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Corynespora cassiicola Check all seedlings in the nursery and throw away any with leafspots. Do not plant new crops next to older ones that have the disease. mancozeb Train cucumber plants to grow on a trellis or support to increase air circulation chlorothalonil around the leaves. azoxystrobin Keep field and field margins free of weeds which may serve as a host to this cymoxanil fungus. flutriafol Avoid working in the field when plants are wet. Plant as far as possible from papaya, especially if leaves have small angular spots, with "shot-hole” symptoms. Avoid overfertilization, especially with nitrogen, which leads to a lush growth. Be certain that fields are scouted thoroughly, and that leaf spot is not misdiagnosed as bacterial spot, early blight, or other foliar diseases. After harvest, promptly destroy crop residues promptly.

Gummy stem blight, Black rot, Didymella Use certified pathogen-free treated seed of a resistant variety. No reasonable treatment threshold found. bryoniae only plant in fields with crop debris from the previous season removed and destroyed. sulfur Eliminate weeds around plants to improve air circulation. chlorothalonil Avoid high rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Bacillus subtilis Prune out dead or dying plants as they appear. mancozeb Remove and destroy all volunteer wild citrons, balsam pear, or volunteer metiram 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 86 CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cucumber, Squashes, Bitter Gourd, Sponge Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Pumpkin, Zucchini, Melons and Watermelon

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds cucurbits before planting cucurbits. Promote vigor by weeding and fertilizing properly. Avoid wounding plant and fruit; make all pruning cuts during dry weather (at least three to four days before next expected rain). Rotate every 2-3 years away from Cucurbits. Remove and destroy all crop debris immediately after harvest. Avoid wounding fruits during harvest and store fruits at 7°C–10°C to resist development of postharvest black rot.

Angular bacterial leaf spot, Pseudomonas Use certified pathogen-free seed of a resistant variety. No reasonable treatment threshold found. syringae pv. lachrymans Limit the use overhead irrigation. Do not work in fields when they are wet or move from field to field. copper compounds Pick fruit when the plants are dry to prevent spread in the field. streptomycin sulfate Treat with Copper spray when symptoms first appear if the weather is predicted to be cool and rainy. Rotate out of cucurbits.

Bacterial wilt, Erwinia tracheiphila Transmitted by striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma spp and spotted cucumber No reasonable treatment threshold found. beetle, Diabrotica spp and the pathogen can survive for an extended period within the vectors, so control vectors. See control of striped cucumber beetles, Use resistant or tolerant varieties. above. Do not work in the field when foliage is wet. Use of certified disease-free propagation materials. copper compounds Do weed control in and around field. Bacillus subtilis Plant in well-drained soils and avoid over-irrigation. streptomycin sulfate Avoid overhead irrigation. Use deep well water for irrigation, if possible. Remove and destroy diseased plants. Rotate with non-Cucurbit crops.

Cucurbit viral diseases: Use resistant varieties. To control aphid vectors, see above. Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and Use only certified disease-free seeds and planting material. Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) transmitted Use silver reflective mulches to repel aphids and whiteflies that transmit viruses. by aphids; Rogue out and destroy infected plants. Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus Control aphids, whiteflies and beetles that transmit viruses. Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV) transmitted by Weed the plot and around the plot. aphids and mechanical activities like pruning; Disinfect hands and tools with 70% alcohol after contact with infected plants. Cucumber Necrosis Virus (CNV) 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 87 CAMBODIA CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Cucumber, Squashes, Bitter Gourd, Sponge Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Pumpkin, Zucchini, Melons and Watermelon

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

CAMBODIA GINGER AND TURMERIC IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Shoot borer, Conogethes = Dichocoris Numerous parasites and predators attack this shoot borer; protect them by not No reasonable treatment threshold found. punctiferalis over-applying broad-spectrum pesticides. Remove and destroy heavily-infested plants. neem seed extract Monitor frequently and and-pick larvae. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Install light traps during mid-day for adult mass trapping. Beauveria bassiana Destroy crop residues after harvesting the root. Metharrizium anisopliae Rotate with vegetables every 2 years.

Rhizome scale, Aspidiella hartii Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Follow proper plant spacing recommendations for each variety to keep the crop canopy open to light, air, predators and parasites. mineral oils Natural enemies usually control this scale species, don’t over-apply pesticides or buprofezin use pesticides that are more biologically friendly. clothianidin Monitor for presence and level of parasitism of scales before deciding to spray. imidacloprid Keep plants well-watered with good nutrition to resist scales. Destroy crop residues after harvesting the root. Control ants in the field.

Grass demon leaf roller, Udaspes folus Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Numerous parasitoids attack this leaf roller. If available, use pheromone traps placed on field margins for monitoring. neem seed extract Sanitation: Control weeds in and around field. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Monitor for rolled leaves, hand-pick larvae. Beauveria bassiana Destroy crop residues after harvesting the root. Metharrizium anisopliae carbaryl dimethoate clothianidin imidacloprid

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 88 CAMBODIA GINGER AND TURMERIC IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Turmeric thrips, Panchaetothrips indicus Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Good irrigation, drainage, and fertilization. Avoid over-watering. insecticidal soap Avoid excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizer. neem seed extracts Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips usually mineral oils control thrips in the crop. acetamiprid Use fine mesh row covers, with drip or furrow irrigation, especially when plants spinosad are young to exclude thrips entry and damage. thiamethoxam Use silver or gray reflective mulches. imidacloprid Control weeds in and around the field. chlorfenapyr Use blue sticky traps for monitoring. Metharhizium anisopliae Eliminate other host plants on or near the crop. Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues.

Red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Use only healthy planting materials and free from mite infestation. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Leave a distance (10m) between the crop and the field borders. Conserve natural enemies (like predatory mites and anthocorid bugs) by avoiding Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments use of broad-spectrum pesticides. for other pests frequently cause mite Provide good growing conditions for plants as healthy plants are more likely to outbreaks, so avoid these when possible. withstand mite attack. Weed control in and around field. neem seed extract Adequate irrigation since water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged. garlic extract Regular spraying of leaves with water can control spider mites and can help to chili extract conserve natural enemies. mineral oils Apply mulch and incorporate organic matter into the soil to improve the water insecticidal soap holding capacity and reduce evaporation. abamectin Remove crop residues after harvest several times at 10-day intervals. sulfur chlorfenapyr hexythiazox

Fungal rhizome rots, Pythium myriotylum, Put rhizomes into hot (51°C) water for 10 mins followed by treatment of the No reasonable treatment threshold found. Rosellinia spp rhizome with Trichoderma viride. Use disease-free healthy propagation materials. Trichoderma spp Plant ginger and turmeric in well-drained soils or on raised-beds. neem seed cake Destroy all crop debris after harvest. thiophanate-methyl Rainwater can wash spores from infected field to other fields so proper drainage mancozeb around the plot is highly recommended to prevent the spread of these diseases. metalaxyl Do not work in the field when it is wet. fosetyl-aluminum Keep fields free of weeds. mono- + di-potassium phosphate Do not grow ginger and turmeric for more than one year in same area. copper compounds 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 89 CAMBODIA GINGER AND TURMERIC IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Practice crop rotation as long as possible with cassava, maize and yam but not with beans and capsicums.

Ginger Fusarium yellows/ Fusarium wilt Use only healthy seeds/ rhizomes. Carefully look at each root piece before No reasonable treatment threshold found. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi planting and don’t plant any that show signs of rotting or cracking. Disinfect tools including knife with undiluted bleach. Trichoderma spp It is a soil-borne disease so do not plant ginger on known diseased land as the neem seed cake fungus can live in the soil for many years. thiophanate-methyl Careful harvest of rhizomes to be used for seeds and avoid damage during mancozeb harvesting. metalaxyl Remove and burn or bury crop debris after harvest. fosetyl-aluminum copper compounds

Bacterial wilt and soft rot roots, Pseudomonas Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. solanacearum, Erwinia spp Use raised-bed production and monitor soil moisture. Sufficiently drain the growing field and avoid water stress. copper compounds Make sure irrigation water is uncontaminated. Bacillus subtilis Monitor the field frequently and remove dead and dying plants that are full of streptomycin sulfate inoculum. Do not work in the field when it is wet. Disinfect all field tools with bleach between infected parts of field and other fields. Avoid wounding plants when working in the field. Destroy all crop debris after harvest.

CAMBODIA GUAVA AND JUJUBE IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Guava mealybugs, Nipaecoccus nipae, Natural parasitic wasps and predators such as lady beetle adults and larvae, No reasonable treatment threshold found. Chloropulvinaria = lacewings adults and larvae, minute pirate bugs and spiders can control Pulvinaria psidii mealybugs. mineral oil Do regular monitoring, note taking and mapping of mealybug infestations. insecticidal soaps Hose the plants with water if the infestation is small to clean off mealybugs. Tagetes African Marigold oil Control honeydew-seeking ants using tillage and common vetch cover crops. neem seed extract

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 90 CAMBODIA GUAVA AND JUJUBE IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Field borders should be kept clean of weeds and debris that may support thiamethoxam mealybugs between plantings. imidacloprid Sanitation: Eliminate crop residues, weeds and grass roots. buprofezin Remove and destroy ant nests and heavily infected leaves, stems, branches and fruit. Bagging of small developing guava fruit with plastic bag/ paper bag

Guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta Use resistant cultivars. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Many parasites and predators attack fruit flies. Weed control in and around the orchard. neem seed extract Use fruit fly traps with insecticide-treated baits (protein plus sugar) for adult flies garlic extract (wheat germ plus molasses plus insecticide). chili pepper extract Sanitation: Destroy all dropped and prematurely ripe fruit, as well as small fruit dimethoate suspected of being infested to prevent the larvae from developing into adult fruit malathion flies. spinosad Bagging of small developing guava fruit with plastic bag/ paper bag. thiamethoxam imidacloprid

Jujube fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Use resistant cultivars. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Many parasites and predators attack fruit flies. Weed control in and around the orchard. neem seed extract Use fruit fly traps with insecticide-treated baits (protein plus sugar) for adult flies garlic extract (wheat germ plus molasses plus insecticide). chili pepper extract Sanitation: Destroy all dropped and prematurely ripe fruit, as well as small fruit dimethoate suspected of being infested to prevent the larvae from developing into adult fruit malathion flies. spinosad thiamethoxam imidacloprid

Jujube foliage caterpillars and beetle: Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Leaf roller, Ancylis sativa Small infestations of rolled leaves can be handpicked, pruned and destroyed. Hairy caterpillar, Euproctis fraternal Sanitation of the orchard includes collecting plant debris after harvesting and burn neem seed extract Leaf beetle, Adoretus palles them. garlic extract Keep the orchard weed-free. chili pepper extract Mass trapping of the moth using light traps. malathion Spray with neem, pyrethrum and chili oils spinosad chlorantraniliprole clothianidin imidacloprid cyromazine 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 91 CAMBODIA GUAVA AND JUJUBE IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds tebufenozide Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (caterpillars only)

Guava wilt diseases, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Use resistant and tolerant varieties or rootstocks. No reasonable treatment threshold found. psidii, F. solani, F. chlamydosporum It is a soil borne disease so soil solarization is recommended before establishing any new orchard. Trichoderma spp Develop drainage within and around the orchard to reduce pathogen spread with neem seed cake runoff water. thiophanate-methyl Proper sanitation of the orchard includes uprooting and burning wilted plants. mancozeb Limit root damage while transplanting any new trees because the injury can serve metalaxyl as entry route for the pathogen. fosetyl-aluminum copper compounds

Anthracnose This disease is more prevalence in rainy season so plant healthy seedlings and No reasonable treatment threshold found. Gloeosporium psidii frees from any leaf spots. Colletotrichum psidii Remove and destroy infected leaves, plants and fruits because the wind can chlorothalonil spread spores from infected area to healthy plants. copper compounds Proper plant spacing and pruning to open p the canopy and manage humidity. metalaxyl Keep the orchard free from weeds. mancozeb fosetyl-aluminum

Jujube black spot disease Use disease-free planting materials (with no leaf spots). No reasonable treatment threshold found. Alternaria spp. Use proper plant density so that air can circulate and dry leaves quickly. Phoma spp. Orchard sanitation: pruning to remove dead/ infected leaves, fruits / twigs and copper compounds Fusarium incarnatum destroy and keep the orchard weed-free. mancozeb Limit the spread of infested soil by regularly cleaning farm equipment. Bacillus subtilis flutriafol

CAMBODIA LADY FINGER BANANA CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Banana aphids, Pentalonia nigronervosa A number of coccinellid and syrphid predators, parasitoids and fungal diseases No reasonable treatment threshold found.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 92 CAMBODIA LADY FINGER BANANA CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds usually keep aphid populations below damaging levels. Maintain adequate soil moisture and fertilization (Plants stressed for water or neem seed extract nutrients are more susceptible to and suffer greater damage from aphids). Pyrethrum extracts Use regular monitoring and trapping with yellow sticky traps. insecticidal soaps Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for mineral oil control of aphids. acephate Avoid excessively high soil nitrogen levels. pymetrozine Maintain good weed control around banana patch. rotenone extract Keep banana mats pruned of unwanted suckers as aphids prefer to feed on young suckers.

Banana root and stem borer, Cosmopolites Hot water treatment of corms. No reasonable treatment threshold found. sordidus Cover banana plant wound with soil after pruning or harvesting. Maintain healthy, properly fertilized and vigorous plants. Beauveria bassiana Baiting/trapping using ground traps with freshly cut corm with or without pheromone with the commercial name Cosmolure. Field sanitation: clean up and destroy crop debris and control weeds. Rotate with non-host crops including cassava, sweet potato, vegetables, bean, soybean.

Banana fruit fly, Bactrocera musae (post- Sanitation—remove and destroy infested fruit. No reasonable treatment threshold found. harvest) Use fruit fly traps for monitoring onset of infestation. Bag ripe fruit before fruit fly infestation. Use insecticide-treated baits for adult flies (wheat germ plus molasses plus spinosad insecticide).

Banana tip or corona rot, fungal species Reduce contact of the harvested fruit with leaf or other plant material to reduce No reasonable treatment threshold found. complex of: wounds and contamination. Colletotrichum spp, Antragnosis spp, If possible, remove and destroy infected fruits from the vicinity of the planting. mineral oils Sclerotium spp Fungal spores can be reduced by removing old hanging leaves and the remaining neem seed extract flowers from plantation. Trichoderma spp Rotate with non-Musaceae crops. mancozeb copper compounds

Fusarium wilt / Panama Disease, Fusarium In areas where Fusarium wilt is endemic, use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. oxysporum f.sp. cubense Use clean and disease-free suckers and never use any suckers from infected mother plants even though the suckers may look healthy. Not economical to control with Establish new plantations in areas with no previous history for this disease, with fungicides. fertile soil with high content of organic matter; Do not allow irrigation water to flow from an infested field to other fields without 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 93 CAMBODIA LADY FINGER BANANA CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds impounding. Prevent animal grazing and movement from infested to uninfected fields. Sanitation: Remove or compost crop residues after harvest. Thoroughly clean all equipment with disinfectant water. Inundation of infected soils to asphyxiate the pathogen. Rotate with cereals and root crops. If infected plants are found, disturb the soil as little as possible. Dig out the plants with its root mass and suckers and burn everything on the spot and consider removing a ring of plants surround the diseased one.

Banana bacterial wilt, Pectobacterium Use resistant varieties, if available. No reasonable treatment threshold found. carotovorum Use certified disease-free planting material. Don’t use planting material from a contaminated area. Not economical to control with synthetic Plant banana on well-drain soil and avoid water stress bactericides. Plant banana on well-decomposed organic matters because rhizome rot occurs on undecomposed organic matters. garlic extract Clean tools which are sterilized in fire, wipe clean with undiluted bleach or neem seed extract diluted disinfectant. Do de-budding by breaking the male buds with a forked stick. Regular monitoring banana bacterial wilt to uproot the infested plant and bury or burn it. Removal of weeds, plant debris, diseased parts and dead leaves. Rotate with maize, bean, soybean, cassava, sweet potato, vegetables. Improve drainage in the plantation and avoid water stress as plants are more susceptible when water stressed in hot and dry conditions follow by heavy rain.

CAMBODIA LETTUCES IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Aphids: Lettuce, Green Peach, Potato, Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Nasonovia ribis-nigri, Myzus persicae, Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low Macrosiphum euphorbiae insecticide input situations. imidacloprid Use yellow and blue sticky traps for monitoring and trapping. acetamiprid Weed management to avoid alternative hosts for aphids. pymetrozine Look for aphids on the underside of outer leaves and on both sides of tender mineral oil

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 94 CAMBODIA LETTUCES IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds central leaves. After cupping, heads should be opened if necessary to look for insecticidal soaps aphid colonization. thiamethoxam Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for garlic extracts control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops. Control ant nests

Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Use weed management by cultivation in and around field. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use light and pheromone traps when adults are present. Check cutworm in the soil and handpick and kill them Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Irrigate to speed germination and emergence of the crop. neem seed extract Monitor to determine where infestations are heavy particularly when growing garlic extract close to large field of maize. chili pepper extract Use deep plowing and destruction of plant residues from previous crops and chlorantraniliprole avoiding planting in fields that are coming out of pasture. imidacloprid Natural enemies include wasps and predatory beetles. thiamethoxam acetamiprid

Armyworms, Spodoptera litura, S. exigua, other Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Spodoptera spp (especially Spodoptera Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg masses and young frugiperda, if it migrates to Cambodia and larvae in surrounding weeds. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT becomes a pest) Destroy weeds in and along field borders. spinosad Trichogramma species, Braconid wasps and other micro-Hymenoptera wasps neem seed extracts provide control. Beauveria bassiana Disc fields immediately following harvest to kill larvae and pupae. chlorantraniliprole Use pheromone traps and mass trapping of the moth using light traps tebufenozide Crop monitoring and hand removing of infestation leaves with eggs and dimethoate caterpillars

Damping off, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp Use resistant varieties and certified clean seed. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use subsoil for nursery seedbed. Also apply sterilize the soil with solarization or other method. difenoconazole Provide adequate field drainage and prevent excessive seepage from irrigation mancozeb canals. Most importantly avoid over-irrigating, especially during periods of high metalaxyl temperatures. copper In soils where drainage is a problem, plant in raised beds. Trichoderma spp Monitor frequently, remove and destroy mono- + di-potassium phosphate Rotate to non-susceptible crops to reduce inoculum potential. Carefully adjust cultivating and thinning equipment to reduce mechanical injury to feeder roots.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 95 CAMBODIA LETTUCES IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

Stem rot, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae Use of resistant seed. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Transplanting healthy plants. Clean and disinfect machinery and tools. tebuconazole Use raised-bed and well-drained soil trifloxystrobin Removal and disposal of infected plants during the cropping season and after propiconazole harvest to reduce the inoculum and spread of the disease. mancozeb iprodione

Downy mildew, Bremia lactucae Use resistant seed and transplant disease-free plants. Apply a treatment when disease Use only well-drained fields. symptoms first occur and repeat if Avoid overhead irrigation. symptoms reappear. Organic mulch covering to avoid plant contact with soil and minimize weeds that enhance microclimate conditions favorable to disease dispersion. metiram Weed and crop residues removal to avoid infection of neighbor plants. copper compounds Sanitation-remove dead plants to minimize inoculum and reinfection of area. azoxystrobin Rotate away from highly infected fields. mancozeb trifloxystrobin metalaxyl dimethomorph chlorothalonil cymoxanil folpet

Leaf spots, Cercospora lactuca-sativa, Septoria Start with certified, disease-free seed. No reasonable treatment threshold found. lactucae In the nursery and throughout the season, examine seedlings and transplants and remove infected plants. copper compounds Avoid overhead irrigation. Bacillus subtilis Control wild lettuce-like weeds. cyproconazole Avoid working in fields when plants are wet. mineral oil Minimize periods of leaf wetness by orienting rows with prevailing winds, pyraclostrobin reducing plant density, and irrigating in the morning bromuconazole Plow plant debris under after harvest to speed up decomposition and reduce spores. Rotate with non-host crops.

Bacterial soft rot, Pectobacterium carotovorum Use resistant or tolerant varieties and certified disease-free seeds. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Control plant density to allow air circulation Do weed control in and around field. Bacillus subtilis Use straw or dry grass mulching to reduce splashing during heavy rain neem seed extract 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 96 CAMBODIA LETTUCES IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Plant in well-drained soils and avoid over-irrigation. copper compounds Remove and destroy diseased plants. Rotate with non-lettuce and non-Solanceous crops.

CAMBODIA LONG BEAN CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Green stinkbug, Nezara viridula Use resistant thicker-skinned cultivars, if available. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Avoid planting new bean crop next to order infested crops. Monitor young plants, then pods for bugs and egg masses, hand-pick, remove and To control nymphs (not adults), use: destroy before pod-set. Shake plants over a container with soapy water. Bugs move quickly to hide and insecticidal soap fall from the plant when disturbed. neem seed extract Consider removing thick organic mulch or using plastic, fabric or rolled paper Pyrethrum flower extract mulch (note that thick organic mulch provides desirable habitat for stinkbugs). imidacloprid Clean up plant debris, crucifers and other legumes after harvest. thiamethoxam Plant trap crops including Crotalaria (sunn hemp). clothianidin Use tillage to disrupt sites where stink bugs hide between seasons. If available and economically-feasible, use mesh or screen row covers to exclude adult bugs from the plants, especially early in the plant’s development.

Aphids, Aphis craccivora, Myzus persicae and Plant virus-resistant varieties as some aphids can transmit viruses to bean plants. Three weeks after crop emergence, Aphis gossypii Observe build up aphid populations and natural enemies (predators like lady bird sample 20 randomly selected plants each beetles, hover flies, lacewings, parasitic wasps like Aphidius spp) week. Apply insecticide if more than Regular crop inspection and hand removing heavily infected leaves. 20% of the plants are infested and at If ants are present, find the nest and destroy the nest because without ants, natural least 1 in 10 plants is heavily infested. enemies may be able to control the population of aphids. Plant trap crops such as chives, garlic, onions, and radish near the crop to be mineral oil protected. insecticidal soap Use yellow sticky traps placed on field edges for monitoring populations. imidacloprid Control weeds in and around the field. neem seed extract Use crop rotation to non-pulses. garlic extract chili extract pymetrozine rotenone extract

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 97 CAMBODIA LONG BEAN CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

Thrips: Tobacco thrips, Thrips tabaci, Palm Avoid planting new plants next to infested crops. A threshold of 5 thrips per flower is thrips, Thrips palmi Important predators include minute pirate bugs, lacewings, predatory thrips, recommended as a guideline before Flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus predatory mites and ladybird beetles. spraying. Use bright yellow or blue sticky board traps placed in field. Thrips populations tend to build up on weeds. Cultivating nearby weedy areas garlic extract before beans emerge will reduce the potential of a thrips problem when the weeds neem seed extract begin to dry out. Cultivating weedy areas after bean emergence will increase insecticidal soap thrips problems. thiamethoxam Sunflower, cosmos, alfalfa and green onions can be used as companion or trap abamectin crops that divert thrips from beans. spinosad Keep plants well irrigated. Lack of water increases the susceptibility of plants to acetamiprid thrips damage. chili extract Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues. acetamiprid Intercrop or rotate with non-host plants including capsicum, tomato, crucifers. chlorfenapyr malathion Metharhizium anisopliae

Armyworms, Spodoptera litura, S. exigua Weed control near and in field. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Regular crop monitoring and hand picking of infested leaves with egg masses and young caterpillars. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Monitor fields regularly to make decisions on spraying. chlorantraniliprole Encourage populations of natural parasites and predators to build. tebufenozide Succulent, rank-growing plants attract bollworms, therefore keep water, fertilizer, and plant density at recommended levels to avoid rank growth. Install mass trapping using light traps.

Whiteflies, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Use insect exclusion netting (>50 mesh) for nursery. Three weeks after crop emergence, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Do intercropping and interplanting with maize. randomly sample 20 plants. Treat when Use yellow sticky traps for monitoring. 50% of plants have whiteflies. Use shiny silver mulch on planting bed to repel whiteflies. Clean up weeds as weeds can be important host of whiteflies and viruses Metharhizium anisopliae After the last harvest, destroy all crop residues. mineral oil Ensure good growing conditions for the crop. insecticidal soap Avoid application of high doses of nitrogen fertilizer. imidacloprid Conserve natural enemies including lacewing larvae, ladybird beetles, hoverflies neem seed extract and predatory mites. garlic extract chili extract acetamiprid spinosad 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 98 CAMBODIA LONG BEAN CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds buprofezin pymetrozine

Pod borer, Maruca testulalis = M. vitrata Use trap crops like brown hemp, Crotalaria juncea, and destroy once infested. Beginning at flowering, randomly Parasitoids and predators provide a level of control. sample 20 plants each week and treat if Use resistant varieties. there are 3 or more larvae total. Practice intercropping and crop rotation: Plant non-leguminous crops every other cropping season. neem seed extract Look for early sign of webbing of the flowers by the caterpillars and handpick chili extract them. Pyrethrum extract Install pheromone traps for monitoring. dimethoate chlorantraniliprole tebufenozide

Bean flies, Ophiomyia phaseoli, O. Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. centrosematis, O. spencerella, Melanagromyza Plant early in the season. Bean fly numbers tend to be low during the early stages sojae, M. obtusa of the growing season and increase with time. neem seed extracts Improve plant vigor by adding organic fertilizers and well-decomposed farmyard Matrine extract manure. cyromazine Mulch (e.g. with straw and cut grasses) helps conserve moisture, promote imidacloprid adventitious root development and enhances tolerance to maggot damage. thiamethoxam Avoid planting beans near cowpea, soybean and many other leguminous crops, that may be the source of bean flies. Remove and destroy crop residues and all plant parts with symptoms of damage by bean flies. Earth up the soil around the plants to cover the roots at 2-3 weeks after emergence helps the adventitious roots to grow more quickly. If there is enough moisture, the plants are able to recover from the damage.

Green leafhopper, Nephotettix spp, Leptocentrus Avoid planting next to infested fields. No reasonable treatment threshold found. taurus Use adequate irrigation. Many natural enemies including lacewing larvae, ladybird beetles, and spiders neem seed extract can often limit populations. sulfur Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants are most likely to buprofezin be damaged. clothianidin Control measures include scouting fields and removing severely infested plants. tebufenozide Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular intervals. imidacloprid Use crop rotation to non-pulses. thiamethoxam

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 99 CAMBODIA LONG BEAN CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

Spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, T. Use crop rotation. No reasonable treatment threshold found. cinnabarinus, T. evansi Spider mites have many natural enemies including lacewing larvae, ladybird beetles, pirate bugs, and predatory thrips that often limit populations. insecticidal soap Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants are most likely to neem seed extracts be damaged. mineral oil Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible. Oils and soaps must contact mites to kill Control measures include scouting the fields and removing severely affected them so excellent coverage, especially on plants. the undersides of leaves, is essential and Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular intervals. Water-stressed repeated applications may be required. trees and plants are less tolerant of spider mite damage. Remove weeds like wild Amaranthus that are common host of spider mites. abamectin chlorfenapyr hexythiazox

Bean rust, Uromyces phaseoli Resistance is available for this disease although there are many races of the No reasonable treatment threshold found. fungus and few varieties are resistant to most or all races. Planting should be done during the correct planting period. mancozeb Rotate away from any bean for two years. azoxystrobin Control weeds and maintain good air circulation. bromuconazole Plant beans randomly mixed or intercropped with maize. cyproconazole Do not plant new bean crop nearby while the last crop is still in the ground. Sanitation: Plow debris under right after harvest.

Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Plant disease-free seeds and seedlings. Use seed treatments. metalaxyl Manage crop nutrition, a deficiency of potash will increase the susceptibility of dimethomorph seedlings to downy mildew. fosetyl-aluminum Use recommended plant spacing. mancozeb Improve air circulation and keep the leaves dry (do not use overhead sprinklers in cymoxanil the evening). copper oxychloride Promptly remove and destroy heavily-infected plants throughout the growing mefenoxam season. pyraclostrobin Clean up and destroy all crop debris following harvest. chlorothalonil Rotate with non-legumes, Cucurbits, Brassicas or other non-susceptible crops. folpet Remove weeds as weeds can be source of downy mildew and can increase metiram humidity around the crop.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 100 CAMBODIA LONG BEAN CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Do not plant new crops close to those that have disease, to prevent spread. Remove weeds from and around the farm. mineral oil Use recommended plant spacing and trellis plants to improve air circulation and sulfur reduce leaf wetness. folpet Irrigation should be properly scheduled so as to prevent powdery mildew. cyproconazole Avoid applying excess fertilizer and a good alternative is to use a slow-release bromuconazole fertilizer.

Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum, on older Use tolerant varieties (no resistant varieties exist) with protective fungicide No reasonable treatment threshold found. plants treatments. Use well-drained soil and plant on raised beds. difenoconazole Provide optimal growing conditions, avoiding stress caused by excess water, mancozeb prolonged drought and soil compaction. thiram Avoid over-fertilizing with nitrogen. To minimize the potential for seedling diseases, use methods that favor rapid seedling emergence, including planting seeds as shallowly as practical and managing soil moisture (pre-plant irrigation, seed into moist soil and delay second irrigation until seedlings are beyond susceptible stages). Spores of this fungus can spread with soil so clean and disinfect farm tools and limit entry to infected farms. If infected plants are found, dig out the plants with entire root system and the burn on spot. Make drainage system around the field to prevent rainwater runoff from infected farm as spores can be washed with rainwater. Sanitation: Clean out and destroy all infested plants. Use long-term (3 years) rotation out of beans.

Pythium stem rot, Pythium spp Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use certified clean seed that is treated. Reduce N fertilizer at flowering stage and check if the plants have nodulated, then thiram no additional N is required. mancozeb Do proper agronomic practices: seedbed preparation, weed control, seed handling, metalaxyl recommended date of planting, row spacing. mono- + di-potassium phosphate Use soil-less potting mixes like coco-peat for nursery. Avoid over-irrigation, especially during periods of high temperatures. Provide adequate field drainage and prevent excessive seepage from irrigation canals. Plant in raised beds, use sprinkler irrigation if feasible. Carefully adjust cultivating and thinning equipment to reduce mechanical injury 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 101 CAMBODIA LONG BEAN CROP IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds to feeder roots. Sanitation: Cut and destroy crop residues by burning or burying. To reduce inoculum potential, rotate out of legume crops for 3-4 years with crops like cereals, cassava, sweet potato and yam.

Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) Use certified and disease-free seeds No reasonable treatment threshold found. transmitted by aphids The virus is a seed-borne disease so if farmers keep their own seeds, carefully select only healthy plants without symptoms for seed production. See aphid control, above. Do not plant any new bean crop close to those that have this disease. Plant resistant varieties. Control attacks of aphid vectors (see above). Monitor and quickly remove infected plants from the field. Remove alternative legume hosts. Intercrop with cereals or maize. Use compost to improve soil and plant health.

CAMBODIA LONGAN IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Coffee mealybug, Planococcus lilacinus Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Several natural predators and parasites control mealybugs. Monitoring, mapping and noting population levels throughout orchard. mineral oil Control honeydew-seeking ants that protect mealybugs by using tillage and insecticidal soaps common vetch cover crops. Tagetes African Marigold oil Thorough cleaning of harvest equipment and fruit sacks. neem seed extract thiamethoxam buprofezin clothianidin imidacloprid

Longan stinkbug, Tessaratoma papillosa Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Many parasites and predators including tree ants control stink bug eggs and larvae. insecticidal soap Hand-pick masses of cylindrical eggs and use sweep net to collect bugs. imidacloprid 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 102 CAMBODIA LONGAN IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Remove all weeds from crop and surrounding area. thiamethoxam Use pheromone traps to monitor for stink bugs. malathion Mass trapping using light traps. dimethoate Plant repellent crops like lemongrass in the orchard. clothianidin

Flower-eating caterpillars, Homoeosoma Many parasites and predators attack these caterpillars—check for parasitism No reasonable treatment threshold found. vagella, Xanthodes congenita while monitoring. Carefully monitor blossoms and vegetative shoots during pre-bloom and bloom neem seed extract for caterpillars, webbing, or frass. garlic extract Eliminate nearby weeds. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Mass trapping and mating disruption using pheromone traps. chlorantraniliprole Pruning tree for optimal height and spraying efficiency. tebufenozide Remove host trees in nearby abandoned orchards to destroy reservoirs of the moth spinosad and larvae. Remove props, picking bins, and fruit piles from the orchard.

Fruit fly, Certitis capitata Use resistant cultivars. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Many parasites and predators such as spiders, assassin bugs and carabid beetles attack fruit flies. neem seed extract Weed control in and around the orchard. garlic extract Sanitation: Destroy all dropped and prematurely ripe fruit, as well as small fruit chili pepper extract suspected of being infested to prevent the larvae from developing into adult fruit dimethoate flies. malathion Use pheromone-baited fruit fly traps.

Stem borers and girdler weevils, Orthorrhinus Natural enemies include weaver ants and parasitoid wasps. No reasonable treatment threshold found. klugii, Paint tree trunks white to prevent sun burn, which predisposes tree to attack. Euthyrrhinus, meditabundus, Lift small pieces of bark of the tree following signs of infestation to find and kill Inject the infected piece of stem with Asynonychus spp the grub or pupa. mineral oils or Matrine extract to kill the Provide sufficient water, fertilizer, and pruning. grub inside the stem. Prune away heavily infested tree parts. Remove heavily infested trees.

False spider mite, Brevipalpus spp Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Use high quality clean propagation material and monitor nursery for mites. The western predatory mite, six-spotted thrips and spider mite destroyer are neem seed extract excellent predators of orchard mites. garlic extract Properly irrigate trees and reduce orchard dust. chili extract Grass cover crops and sprinkler irrigation minimize dust in orchards. abamectin Control weeds in and around the crop but do not mow the cover crop too short or hexythiazox 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 103 CAMBODIA LONGAN IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds let it dry or the mites may move up into the trees. chlorfenapyr Water and fertilize seedlings to maintain vigor to resist mites.

Longan witches’ broom syndrome caused by Twig pruning 40-50 cm from infected part can reduce the incidence of mites. No reasonable treatment threshold found. toxic saliva of the mite, Eriophyes dimocarpi Use high quality clean propagation material and monitor nursery for mites. The western predatory mite, six-spotted thrips, larvae of gall fly, and spider mite Control mites with: destroyer are excellent predators of orchard mites. Properly irrigate trees and reduce orchard dust. mineral oil Grass cover crops and sprinkler irrigation minimize dust in orchards. sulfur Use high pressure water application during dry season to wash out mites. neem seed extract garlic extract chili extract abamectin chlorfenapyr hexythiazox Metarhizium anisopliae

Anthracnosis / Pepper spot, Colletotrichum Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. gloeosporioides Prune the canopy to increase air movement, sunlight and decrease humidity. Remove dead leaves and fruits. mancozeb Keep calcium and nitrogen at adequate levels, to increase the resistance of the azoxystrobin fruit to infection. fludioxonil Handle fruit carefully to avoid damage that can initiate the onset of the disease. pyrimethanil Avoid harvesting immature fruit. copper compounds Use appropriate registered chemicals for post-harvest treatment to help to control lime sulfur the disease. chlorothalonil Reject fruit from orchards with a history of stem end rot losses for longer-term cool storage.

Stem end rots, Phomopsis longanae, Phomopsis Use resistant cultivars. No reasonable treatment threshold found. spp Do not allow trees to become water-stressed. Prune the canopy to increase air movement, sunlight and decrease humidity. copper compounds Remove dead branches from trees thiophanate-methyl Avoid harvesting immature fruit. lime sulfur Use appropriate registered chemicals for post-harvest treatment to help to control the disease. Immediately after harvesting cool fruit and store in well-ventilated containers. Reject fruit from orchards with a history of stem end rot losses for longer-term cool storage.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 104 CAMBODIA LONGAN IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Fruit rots, Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium, Harvest on time while fruit is ripe. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Greeneria spp, Pestalotiopsis spp Reduce time from picking to market. Use care when transporting so fruit does not become damaged or bruised. sulfur Sanitation: Collect and destroy heavily infected fruits. Cool storage at 10 degrees C.

CAMBODIA MANGO IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis If needed, purchase and introduce parasitoids (braconid wasp, Opius fletcheri) to No reasonable treatment threshold found. the orchard. There are many natural enemies including wasps, spiders, weaver ants, assassin Use baited (Naturalyte, NF-120 Fruit Fly bugs and beetles. Bait) traps with spinosad, if available. Baited (with methyl eugenol) traps can be used to monitor the presence and malathion control the flies. Fruit fly adults feed on honeydew. Reducing black scale populations may reduce a food source needed during high summer temperatures. Sanitation: Collect and burry all dropped fruits. Fruit bagging.

Mango seed-penetrating weevil, Sternochetus Quarantine the orchard, do not allow outside mangoes to be brought in. No reasonable treatment threshold found. mangiferae Continuous monitoring to ensure timely intervention is important (a weevil attack can be detected by monitoring for egg-laying marks on young fruit). When fruits are 2-4 cm, spray with: Ensure good orchard sanitation by collecting and destroying all scattered mango seeds and fallen fruit during the season. All collected fruit and seeds should be dimethoate buried at least 50 cm deep. malathion Apply sticky bands at the upper end of tree trunks when the trees start flowering clothianidin to reduce migration of weevils to branches for egg laying. imidacloprid End of the season sanitation by collecting and destroying or burying scattered mango seeds and fallen fruit after harvest.

Mango leaf-feeding weevils: Use resistant varieties, if available. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Gold dust weevil, Hypomeces squamosus Use un-infested planting material. Mango leaf-cutting weevil, Deporaus Site new plantings away from previous orchards. No control measures are recommended. marginatus Collect leaves with eggs, remove burn or burry.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 105 CAMBODIA MANGO IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Light tillage under trees will expose and kill pupae.

Mango and fig stem borer, Batocera Prune off heavily infested twigs and branches. No reasonable treatment threshold found. rufomaculata Cut off and remove heavily infested trees. Remove alternate host plants from in and around orchard. imidacloprid Mechanically kill the larvae and pupae by inserting long wire into the entry hole acetamiprid in the mango stem. thiamethoxam Kill the larvae and pupae by inserting into the hole cotton plugs dipped with one of the chemicals to the right. Cotton plug with: neem seed extract mineral oil Matrine extract

Mango shoot borer, Chlumetia transversa Prune off and destroy infested shoot tips. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Regularly monitor the orchard for eggs, larvae, moths and pupae. neem seed extract garlic extract chili extract Bacillus thuringiensis/BT carbaryl

Red-banded mango caterpillar (RBMC), Many native parasites and predators attack and feed on these caterpillars; use care No reasonable treatment threshold found. Noorda albizonalis to conserve them by not over-spraying with synthetic broad-spectrum insecticides. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Use pheromone traps for monitoring. neem seed extract Quarantine the orchard: do not allow outside mangoes to be brought in. spinosad Continuous monitoring to ensure timely intervention. chlorantraniliprole Place sticky bands around the tree trunks as barriers for RBMC larvae to tebufenozide pupation. Bag fruit with paper bags to exclude larvae from the fruit.

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Sanitation: Removal and destruction of fallen and leftover mangoes and leaves No reasonable treatment threshold found. Glomerella cingulata during the season and after harvest. Prune to promote ventilation of tree crowns and reduce humidity. cyproconazole Drop fruits in hot water (55 degrees C for 3-5 minutes) to kill the fungi, to reduce difenoconazole fruit rot in storage and transport. mancozeb tebuconazole trifloxystrobin copper products lime sulfur 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 106 CAMBODIA MANGO IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds chlorothalonil propiconazole Trichoderma spp

Mango powdery mildew, Oidium mangiferae Maintain a clean plantation, removing dropped fruit and leaves during the season No reasonable treatment threshold found. and after harvest. Prune tree to open canopy to air movement and sun to dry leaves and fruit. Bacillus subitlis Maintain proper local recommendations for nutrition and water. Apply potassium Trichoderma spp phosphate fertilizer, as an increase in NPK rate can reduce the incidence of sulfur powdery mildew. lime sulfur cyproconazole folpet copper compounds during flowering

Verticillium wilt, Verticillium dahliae Prune tree to open canopy to air movement and sun to dry leaves and fruit. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Maintain a clean plantation, removing dropped fruit and leaves during the season and after harvest. lime sulfur Maintain proper local recommendations for nutrition and water. Do not over- fertilize with nitrogen, fertilize to the locally-recommended rate.

Bacterial black spot, Xanthomonas campestris Maintain a clean plantation, removing dropped fruit and leaves during the season No reasonable treatment threshold found. pv. mangiferae-indicae and after harvest. Prune tree to open canopy to air movement and sun to dry leaves and fruit. copper compounds Do not work in orchard when leaves and fruit are wet. Bacillus subtilis Disinfect tools between trees and orchards. Do not market fruit that show bacterial black spot to avoid spreading the disease. Harvest by cutting fruit with stalk pieces, do not tear the fruit off the trees.

CAMBODIA OKRA IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Green leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Use resistant varieties. Treat as soon as damage is noted. transmits viral diseases A number of natural enemies including lacewing, ladybird beetles and spiders can often limit the population. thiamethoxam

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 107 CAMBODIA OKRA IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Control weeds, especially grasses, on field margins. imidacloprid Create a barrier of 10m of bare ground between crop field and previously infested neem seed extract crops, which can reduce leafhopper movement. garlic extract Provide adequate moisture through timely irrigation. chili extract Row covers can prevent leafhoppers from feeding on crops. acetamiprid Use intercropping. buprofezin clothianidin tebufenozide

Aphids, Aphis gossypii Use resistant varieties. Treat for aphids if high populations Usually controlled by enemies. Observe build-up of aphid populations and of persist for 7 or more days. The treatment natural enemies (predators like ladybird beetles, hover flies, lacewings, parasitic threshold is 25% of infested seedlings, wasps). 50 aphids per plant at later growth Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid stages. pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops. Remove infested culls and weedy species around fields that may harbor the aphid neem seed extract between crops. garlic extract Use regular monitoring, yellow sticky traps. chili extract If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be reproducing, particularly thiamethoxam when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. imidacloprid pymetrozine

Armyworms, Spodoptera exigua, S. litura, Many natural enemies attack armyworms, and reduce populations naturally so, do Treat if an average of 8 or more worms is not use broad-spectrum insecticides; monitor for parasitism levels and make found per 3 meter-row sample. treatment decision accordingly. Among the most common parasites are the wasps and Tachinid flies. Viral diseases like NPV also kill significant numbers. garlic extract Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg masses and young spinosad larvae in surrounding weeds. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Disc fields immediately following harvest to kill larvae and pupae. chlorantraniliprole Destroy weeds along field borders. Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be used to monitor adult moths. This is a particularly good technique for detecting large emergences or migrations occurring on weather fronts. Scouting is the number one cultural practice employed in okra production.

Tomato fruitworm / bollworm, Helicoverpa Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can control large No reasonable treatment threshold found. armigera numbers of Helicoverpa larvae including Trichogramma spp, lacewing, ladybird beetles, spiders and ants. thiamethoxam Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, to know when imidacloprid to monitor for eggs. neem seed extract 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 108 CAMBODIA OKRA IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and garlic extract adults harboring in those weeds and grasses. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Plow, disc and harrow fields at least two times before transplanting seedings to spinosad expose pupae to predators. Avoid planting crops successively that are hosts, like corn, cotton, sorghum, tobacco and soybean. Use trap crops like sunflowers.

Cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittata, Do not plant okra near Cucurbits. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Diabrotica undecimpunctata, D. balteata Delay sowing, where practicable, to allow the crop to escape from high populations. neem seed extracts Practice post-harvest tillage to expose the grubs in the soil to the sun heat and to malathion predators. cyromazine Rotate okra with non-host plants such as maize or sunflower to break the Matrine extract development cycle of the pest. Use traps with cucurbitacins mixed with a pesticide.

Melon thrips, Thrips palmi Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Good irrigation, drainage, and fertilization. Avoid over-watering. thiamethoxam Avoid excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizer. imidacloprid Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips usually neem seed extract control thrips in the crop. garlic extract Use fine mesh row covers, with drip or furrow irrigation, especially when plants chili extract are young to exclude thrips entry and damage. acetamiprid Use silver or gray reflective mulches. chlorfenapyr Control weeds in and around the field. Metharhizium anisopliae Use blue sticky traps for monitoring. Eliminate other host plants on or near the crop. Sanitation: Remove and destroy infested crop residues.

Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Conserve natural enemies (like predatory mites and anthocorid bugs) by avoiding Three weeks after crop emergence, use of broad-spectrum pesticides. sample 20 plants weekly and treat when Provide good growing conditions for plants as healthy plants are more likely to 30% of leaves show mites. withstand mite attack. Weed control in and around field. neem seed extract Adequate irrigation since water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged. garlic extract Apply mulch and incorporate organic matter into the soil to improve the water chili extract holding capacity and reduce evaporation. abamectin Remove crop residues after harvest several times at 10-day intervals. chlorfenapyr 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 109 CAMBODIA OKRA IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds hexythiazox

Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum Use disease-free seed. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Plant on raised-bed. Obey optimal spacing; avoid overcrowding. difenoconazole Amend the soil with compost which reduces Fusarium spores. mancozeb thiram

Powdery mildews, Oidium asteris-punicei, Use resistant varieties No reasonable treatment threshold found. Erysiphe cichoracearum Remove weeds. Avoid late-season applications of nitrogen fertilizer. neem seed extract Avoid overhead watering. azoxystrobin Remove and destroy all infected plant parts. tebuconazole trifloxystrobin bromuconazole cyproconazole folpet propiconazole

Viruses: Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Ensure strict sanitation by removal and destruction of diseased plants Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus Removal of possible weed host plants Control whitefly vectors with: Control vectors with insecticides before disease spreads. Bhendi Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (BYVMV) Ensure good growing conditions for the crop. mineral oil transmitted by whiteflies Avoid application of high doses of nitrogen fertilizer. insecticidal soap For whitefly vector prevention: imidacloprid Do intercropping and interplanting crops. thiamethoxam Use yellow sticky traps for monitoring. spinosad After the last harvest, destroy all crop residues. buprofezin Metharhizium anisopliae pymetrozine

CAMBODIA PAPAYA IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 110 CAMBODIA PAPAYA IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Mealybug populations are naturally regulated by predators and parasitic fungi No reasonable treatment threshold found. including ladybird beetles, lacewings and hover flies. Thorough cleaning of harvest equipment and fruit sacks. mineral oil insecticidal soap Can use orchard design, trap cropping and border trapping using sections of neem seed extract ‘sacrifice’ papaya trees with pheromone traps for control. garlic extract Sanitation by collection and destruction of infested fruits prior to adult emergence chili extract from fruits. Beauveria bassiana buprofezin thiamethoxam imidacloprid

Protein bait sprays with spinosad may become available.

Papaya fruit fly Monitor the damage and install pheromone traps to monitor fly populations. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Toxotrypana curvicauda Fruit bagging with paper. Farm sanitation: collect and destroy infected young or premature dropped fruit. Use fruit bait traps containing: Tilling the soil to kill the developing adults before emergence. spinosad Parasitoid wasp called Doryctobracon toxotrypanae can effectively control fruit flies. malathion Harvest earlier to avoid severe damage.

Papaya foot rot, Pythium aphanidermatum Use seed and transplant treatments before putting them in the field. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Provide good soil drainage and good air circulation among plants. Plant when temperatures are favorable for fast plant growth. Trichoderma viride applied at the time of Avoid application of excessive amounts of nitrate in nitrogen fertilizers. planting Practice crop rotation with vegetables. neem seed extract metalaxyl copper oxychloride mancozeb lime sulfur mono- + di-potassium phosphate

Papaya fruit and root rot, Phytophthora Plant papaya on well-drained soils. No reasonable treatment threshold found. palmivora Use raised-bed plantings. Rotate papaya with grain and vegetable crops. Protectant: Use organic mulches to reduce rainwater splashing. copper compounds Collect and burn all infected fallen fruit, diseased plants and stems of papaya trees chlorothalonil when harvests are complete. mancozeb 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 111 CAMBODIA PAPAYA IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Pesticide IPM threshold tactics and tools

Do not plant papaya near a cacao plantation because cacao may become a source of infection for papaya. Treatment: Practice crop rotation: do not replant papaya in soil where root rot occurred metalaxyl previously. phosphorous acid mono- + di-potassium phosphate

Papaya bacterial crown rot, Erwinia papaya Quarantine the orchard so that no diseased plant materials are brought in. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Treat seed with hot water, 50oC for 20 minutes. Choose to plant varieties that tolerate this disease. copper compounds Since the bacterium remains alive for only 2 weeks in the soil, bury any diseased streptomycin sulfate remains of the crop in the soil within the plantation.

Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) transmitted by Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. aphids (Aphis gossypii) Quarantine the orchard so that no diseased plant materials or workers exposed to aphids or virus are brought in. Aphid control is not economical and Disinfect cultivation equipment regularly. does not work well because by the time Remove volunteer papaya plants from within and around papaya plantings. the insecticide kills the aphids, it has Remove diseased trees and diseased blocks of trees as soon as symptoms are seen. already fed and transmitted the virus.

CAMBODIA PINEAPPLE IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Gray pineapple mealybugs, These mealybugs can also spread several viruses including pineapple mealybug No reasonable treatment threshold found. Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, wilt-associated virus (PMWV), so do not plant new pineapple close to those D. brevipes already infected by PMWV. mineral oil Natural parasitic wasps and predators such as lady beetle adults and larvae, insecticidal soaps lacewings adults and larvae, minute pirate bugs and spiders can control Tagetes African Marigold oil mealybugs. neem seed extract Hot water treatment, at 50ºC for 30 min, of the crowns or slips before planting. thiamethoxam Do regular monitoring, note taking and mapping of mealybug infestations. buprofezin Control honeydew-seeking ants using tillage and common vetch cover crops. clothianidin Field borders should be kept clean of weeds and debris that may support imidacloprid mealybugs between plantings. Sanitation: Eliminate crop residues, weeds and grass roots. Remove and destroy ant nests.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 112 CAMBODIA PINEAPPLE IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds

Pineapple scale, Diaspis bromeliae Use clean planting material, well-spaced. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Do not over-crowd plants. Plant early in the rainy season. neem seed extract Scales are often well controlled by beneficial predators and parasites, except chili extract when these natural enemies are disrupted by ants, dust, or application of persistent garlic extract broad-spectrum insecticides. malathion Provide plants with good growing conditions and proper cultural care especially acetamiprid appropriate irrigation. mineral oil Clear heavily-infested plots and allow 3 days before replanting. imidacloprid Use of mulch and manure decrease moisture stress and increase cassava buprofezin resistance. clothianidin Use crop rotation to vegetables.

Pineapple black rot, Ceratocystis paradoxa Use healthy, undamaged disease-free and resistant hybrid planting materials. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Disinfect stems prior to planting. Maintain good soil drainage and manage soil humidity. fosetyl aluminum Do not plant during wet weather. metalaxyl Collect and burn all the crop residues after harvest. lime sulfur Handle fruit carefully after harvesting to avoid bruising because even tiny wounds give entry to the fungus.

Bacterial Diseases: Use resistant varieties, if available. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Heart rot, Dickeya dadantii = Erwinia Use healthy, undamaged disease-free and resistant hybrid planting materials. chrysanthemi Do not work in fields when wet. copper compounds Soft rot, Erwinia carotovora sspp carotovora Plant pineapple on well-decomposed organic matters because rhizome rot occurs Bacillus subtilis on undecomposed organic matter. Disinfect all tools between plants and fields with undiluted bleach or disinfectant. Don’t use planting material from a contaminated area. Remove weeds, plant debris, diseased parts and dead leaves. Regular monitoring bacterial wilt to uproot infested plants and bury/burn them away from the field. Improve drainage in the plantation and avoid water stress as plants are more susceptible when water-stressed in hot and dry conditions followed by heavy rain.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 113 CAMBODIA SOLANACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Tomatoes, Eggplant, Chili and Sweet Peppers

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Nursery Management and Clean Propagation Material: Use only nursery- No reasonable treatment threshold found. produced seedlings that are completely free from Tuta leaf infestation. Mass trapping using light traps or pheromones mixed with small quantities of Bacillus thuringiensis/BT insecticide. chlorantraniliprole Control weeds to prevent multiplication in alternative weed host (especially spinosad Solanum, Datura). indoxacarb Place pheromone‐ baited and yellow sticky traps to monitor all stages of tomato imidacloprid production, i.e. nurseries, farms, packaging, processing and distribution centers. cyromazine Remove and destroy all other Solanaceous host plants of Tuta. neem seed extract Predatory bugs Nesidiocoris tenuis and Macrolophus caliginosus and parasitic chili extract wasp Trichogramma species can be effective predators of Tuta absoluta eggs and young larvae. Avoid the use of broad-spectrum pesticides in open field tomatoes in order not to disturb the development of indigenous population of predatory bugs. Sanitation: Remove and destroy (tillage, deep burial) infested tomatoes and plant residues immediately following last harvest. Allow a minimum of 6 weeks from crop destruction to planting the next crop to prevent carryover of the pest from previous crop. Between successive cycles, cultivate the soil and cover with plastic mulch or perform soil solarization. Rotation: Rotate to non-Solanaceae crops cereals, sweet potato, soybean, yard long bean, banana for more than one season.

Whiteflies, Bemesia tabaci that transmit Tomato The nursery should be covered with a 50-mesh net to avoid the infestation by No reasonable treatment threshold found. Leaf Curl Virus (LCV) whiteflies during seedling stage. Do intercropping and interplanting of different crops to increase diversity and neem seed extract decrease pests. Beauveria bassiana Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia species), lady beetles imidacloprid and minute pirate bugs. acetamiprid Yellow sticky traps may be used for monitoring to reduce populations but cannot Metharhizium anisopliae prevent the spread. neem seed extract Frequent monitoring of traps and plants. mineral oil Avoid excess use of nitrogenous fertilizers. insecticidal soap spinosad pymetrozine buprofezin

Aphids, Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low If control is needed, treat when aphids euphorbiae, Aulacorthum solani, Aphis gossypii insecticide input situations. However, these aphids reproduce quickly and move are found to be reproducing, particularly 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 114 CAMBODIA SOLANACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Tomatoes, Eggplant, Chili and Sweet Peppers

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds into protected areas of the plants, thereby greatly reducing the potential impact of when second and later generation their predators and parasitoids in older stage plants. wingless females have started Use resistant varieties. reproduction. Aphid populations are Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps and visual observation on plants. easier to control before the plants begin Field disking and destruction of crop resides immediately following harvest are to cup. important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops. imidacloprid acetamiprid neem seed extract pymetrozine mineral oil acephate rotenone extract

Leaf miner, Lyriomyza spp Use resistant varieties. Monitor crop and apply selective Destroy leaf miner pupae in the soil by plowing and tilling, by solarization, and, insecticide if the average is 0.7 larvae per on heavy soils, by flood irrigation. plant (0-2 true leaves) or 0.7 larvae per 3 Biological control is often adequate to control leaf miners, so evaluate levels of terminal leaflets (>2 leaves per plant). parasitism before making treatment decisions and use pesticides with care. Conserve natural enemies. Parasitic wasps normally control leaf miners. thiamethoxam However, the widespread indiscriminate use of persistent broad-spectrum imidacloprid insecticides, to control this and other pests, disrupt the natural control, leading to spinosad leaf miner outbreaks. chlorantraniliprole Use sufficient irrigation. cyromazine Monitor the crop by checking foliage for the presence of stipples caused by the adults while feeding and laying eggs, and for mines and larvae. Trap adult flies with yellow sticky or water traps. Removal and destruction of heavily infested leaves during season. Use macro and micro mesh tunnels to exclude leaf miners. Use sanitation – destroy crop residues at end of season. Rotate with non-host crops and plan the arrangement of fields so that old infested fields do not provide a reservoir of infestation for subsequent crops.

Armyworms, Spodoptera litura, S. exigua Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be used to monitor adult No reasonable treatment threshold found. moths. Plow and harrow field thoroughly. spinosad Practice proper field sanitation: Remove weeds regularly to reduce breeding sites chlorantraniliprole and shelter for armyworm. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Destroy weeds from bordering fields and on field borders. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 115 CAMBODIA SOLANACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Tomatoes, Eggplant, Chili and Sweet Peppers

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Remove all plant debris after harvesting.

Tomato fruitworm / borer / bollworm, Removal of weeds in and around field. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Helicoverpa armigera Trichogramma wasps provide some control of tomato fruit worm eggs. Make and use pheromone (with Helilure) or light traps to capture adult moths and Use proper timing and thorough determine when females are flying, mating, and egg-laying. coverage (once larvae enter the tomato, Check for and conserve natural predators and parasites that can control large control with insecticides is difficult). numbers of Helicoverpa larvae. Use insect pheromone traps near the field to monitor for presence, to know when neem seed extract to monitor for eggs. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and indoxacarb adults harboring in those weeds and grasses. Pyrethrum extract Plow, disc and harrow fields at least two times before sowing seeds to expose spinosad pupae to predators. chlorantraniliprole Sow seeds thinly and remove competing weeds to produce vigorous plants, which tebufenozide are more likely to withstand pests and diseases. Avoid planting crops successively that are hosts, like corn, cotton, tobacco and soybean.

Eggplant fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes Grow the varieties with long and narrow fruits in endemic areas. No reasonable treatment threshold found. orbonalis Collect and destroy the damaged and dead plants. Install pheromone and light traps at 1/ha outside the production field to attract and tebufeonzide kill adults. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Remove and destroy the affected tender shoots, fallen fruits and fruits with bore thiamethoxam holes. imidacloprid Avoid continuous cropping of eggplants crops. spinosad Rotate crops and avoid growing eggplant 2 years in succession. chlorantraniliprole

Eggplant leaf roller, Antoba (Eublemma) Avoid continuous cropping of eggplant on the same piece of land. No reasonable treatment threshold found. olivacea Use net barriers in nurseries. Delay planting, if possible. Bacillus thuringiensis/BT Some parasites and predators control larvae. thiamethoxam Collect and destroy affected leaves as soon as the insect and damage are imidacloprid discovered. spinosad chlorantraniliprole clothianidin

Eggplant leafhoppers, Amrasca biguttula Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. biguttula, A. devastans, Hishimonus phycitis Control weeds, especially grasses, on field margins. 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 116 CAMBODIA SOLANACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Tomatoes, Eggplant, Chili and Sweet Peppers

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Create a barrier of 10m of bare ground between crop field and previously infested thiamethoxam crops, which can reduce leafhopper movement. imidacloprid Provide adequate moisture through timely irrigation. mineral oil Row covers can prevent leafhoppers from feeding on crops. neem seed extract Use intercropping with non-Solanaceous vegetables. garlic extract chili extract acetamiprid buprofezin clothianidin tebufenozide

Pepper fruit flies, Atherigona orientalis, Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Removal of fruit as it matures. Sanitation: Clean up and destroy heavily infested fruit at least twice a week, burn thiamethoxam or bury at least 50cm deep. imidacloprid Pick overripe fruits, as they attract fruit flies. spinosad Physical methods include fruit fly traps. dimethoate malathion

Mites: Leave a distance between the crop and the field borders. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Conserve natural enemies (like predatory mites and Anthocorid bugs) by avoiding Broad mite or Chili mite, Polyphagotarsonemus use of broad-spectrum pesticides. Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments = Hemitarsonemu latus Provide good growing conditions for plants as healthy plants are more likely to for other pests frequently cause mite withstand mite attack. outbreaks, so avoid these when possible. Do weed control in and around field. Use adequate irrigation since water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged. neem seed extract Apply mulch and incorporate organic matter into the soil to improve the water garlic extract holding capacity and reduce evaporation. chili extract Remove crop residues after harvest several times at 10-day intervals. Metharhizium anisopliae sulfur abamectin hexythiazox mineral oil chlorfenapyr

Late blight, Phytophthora infestans Use tolerant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Sterilize seedbed soil. Use straw or other organic mulch to reduce soil splashing on plants. neem seed cake in soil Provide good drainage and prevent overwatering. metalaxyl 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 117 CAMBODIA SOLANACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Tomatoes, Eggplant, Chili and Sweet Peppers

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Follow proper planting date; do not plant late. mefenoxam Use raised-bed production, which manages soil moisture better than flat bed. fosetyl-aluminum Use poles and strings to raise tomato plants and fruit into the air to aerate the copper compounds plant and raise the leaves and fruit away from the soil. mancozeb Time planting to allow plants to emerge rapidly. chlorothalonil Restrict movement in field. metiram Uproot and destroy all plant residues after harvest. mono- + di-potassium phosphate Avoid rotating to Solanaceae plants.

Powdery mildews, Leveillula taurica, Oidium The first line of defense against wilt is to use disease-free seedlings. No reasonable treatment threshold found. lycopersici Use resistant varieties. Control irrigation water and do not over-water. sulfur Control weeds in and around field. trifloxystrobin Use natural and plastic soil mulches. azoxystrobin Follow strict field sanitation. neem seed extract Remove Solanaceae weeds. difenoconazole Sanitation: Remove and destroy dead plants. bromuconazole Practice rotation with non-Solanaceae crops for 2-3 years. cyproconazole folpet

Fusarium wilts of seeds, seedlings and standing Use resistant cultivars, clean seed and seed treatments. No reasonable treatment threshold found. crops, Fusarium spp, F. oxysporum f. sp. Disinfect tools and, if possible, steam clean equipment and surfaces between uses. lycopersici Use lime to raise soil pH. No synthetic fungicides are Use of chicken manure and mushroom compost to decrease disease symptoms. recommended for spraying. Use soil solarization (heating with moisture under black plastic for 3 months, if feasible) to kill spores. Try and reduce nematode infestations, as nematodes help the spread and penetration of Fusarium. Use sanitation – remove and burn heavily infected plants and crop residues at season end.

Blights and Leaf spots: Use certified disease-free seeds of resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Early blight, Alternaria solani If needed, disinfect seeds. Septoria leaf spot, Septoria lycopersici Make sure perennial weed hosts such as horse nettle are eliminated before Fungicide application is justified only planting. when the disease is initiated early Do not over-crowd plants closer than recommended spacings. enough to cause economic loss. When Use raised-bed to keep soil well-drained with exposure to sun and wind for justified, apply fungicides as soon as drying. symptoms appear; continued protection Water early in the day. Avoid watering the foliage at the end of the day or at requires application at 7- to 10-day 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 118 CAMBODIA SOLANACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Tomatoes, Eggplant, Chili and Sweet Peppers

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds night. intervals. Use a crop rotation of 3-4 years. Do not plant new fields near existing fields with blight symptoms, if feasible. Bacillus subtilis If possible, use furrow irrigation. azoxystrobin Blights can be minimized by maintaining optimum growing conditions, including chlorothalonil proper fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests. cyproconazole Do not work in fields when they are wet. mancozeb Grow later maturing, longer season varieties. metalaxyl Rotate at least one year with non-Solanaceae crops. bromuconazole Sanitation: During growing season, prune and remove lower leaves. metiram After harvest, remove and destroy all crop debris. pyraclostrobin

Damping off fungi of seeds and seedlings: Use of certified disease-free propagation material. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Verticillium spp, Rhizoctonia spp, Phomopsis Use resistant cultivars. spp Sterilize seedbed soil. Inoculate soil with Trichoderma viride Time planting to allow plants to emerge rapidly. and other Trichoderma species Need positive identification of Verticillium (to avoid confusion with Fusarium thiram wilt). mancozeb Sanitation—clean equipment to prevent transfer of inoculum. copper compounds Restrict movement in field and between fields. difenoconazole Use green manure plants. After harvest, uproot all residue plants and destroy by burning. Avoid rotating to Solanaceae plants. Rotate to small grains and maize.

Cercospora leaf spots, Cercospora = Use resistant and tolerant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Mycovellosiella concors, Cercospora Use clean seed. abelmoschi (especially on eggplant) Avoid overhead sprinkler watering. mancozeb Water early in the morning so leaves can dry out during the day. tebuconazole Remove and destroy crop residues and heavily infected plants. trifloxystrobin Crop rotation for 2-3 years with sorghum, maize, or fodder plants. neem seed extract propiconazole

Stem and root rot, wilt, Fruit rot, Sclerotium Sterilize seedbed soil. No reasonable treatment threshold found. rolfsii Use disease free seed and treated seeds with a recommended fungicide. Time planting to allow plants to emerge rapidly. Treat the seed with: Restrict movement in field. thiram Use raised-bed to keep soil well-drained with exposure to sun and wind for mancozeb drying. Trichoderma spp Uproot all residual volunteer plants, diseased seedlings and leaves, destroy by 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 119 CAMBODIA SOLANACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Tomatoes, Eggplant, Chili and Sweet Peppers

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds burning. Remove and destroy nearby tobacco crop residues. Routinely disinfect pruning equipment. Practice minimum of 3 years rotation with non-hosts (cereals, pulses). Avoid rotating to or near Solanaceae plants like tobacco.

Anthracnosis, Colletotrichum coccodes, C. Use certified disease-free seed and transplants of resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. melongenae Seed can be disinfested with a 30-minute hot water soak at 52°C. Control weeds and Solanaceae weeds in field. azoxystrobin Manage water moisture and avoid planting in water-logged soil. trifloxystrobin Disinfect seedling flats if reusing them. chlorothalonil If using overhead sprinkler irrigation, apply in early morning so plants can dry copper compounds before nightfall. difenoconazole Use mulch to reduce water splash onto leaves and fruit and weed regularly mancozeb without damaging fruit. metiram Harvest fruit as soon as it is ripe. Sanitation: Remove and dispose of diseased plants throughout season and after harvest. Rotate out of infested fields to other crops for 3 years. Avoid potato, soybean, tomato, eggplant, and cucurbits as rotation crops.

Bacterial Wilts and Spots: Plant resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum Use certified disease-free/treated seed. Bacterial spot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Grafting with tolerant tomato/ eggplant rootstocks. copper compounds vesicatoria Intercrop with maize to reduce the severity of common bacterial blight. kasugamycin Plant in well-drained soils. Control root-knot nematodes since they could Bacillus subtilis facilitate infection and spread of bacterial wilt. streptomycin sulfate Soil amendments (organic manures) can suppress bacterial wilt pathogens in the soil. Do not prune or cut plants when wet or work in fields when plants are wet. Disinfect all field tools between each cut and in between plants while pruning the plants. Tie the plants loosely to stakes with soft ties that do not wound the plant. Control pests which produce wounds through which these bacteria enter the plant. Remove wilted plants from the field throughout the season to reduce spread of the disease from plant to plant. Remove and destroy all strings, lines and plant/fruit supports which may have come into contact with the bacteria leaking from infected fruits. Harvest when the field is dry, minimize handling injury, use proper cool and dry 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 120 CAMBODIA SOLANACEOUS CROPS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS Tomatoes, Eggplant, Chili and Sweet Peppers

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds storage. Plow under debris after harvest. Practice a 2-3-year crop rotation. Avoid continuous planting of Solanaceae crops. Post-harvest decay can be reduced by harvesting fruits when dry, minimizing injury during handling, washing with chlorine water and storage at cool temperatures.

Viruses: Tomato and Tobacco Mosaic Virus Use resistant varieties if available. No reasonable treatment threshold found. (TMV) transmitted mechanically and on Use virus-free and whitefly-free transparent seedlings. seed/plant cuttings on tomato, pepper Manage white flies (see above). Control aphids (see above). Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) Cover plants with floating row covers. transmitted by white fly on tomato, pepper Sanitation: During season, rogue out diseased plants when virus incidence is low, Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) transmitted by Avoid the use of contaminated equipment and machinery and proper sterilization aphids of equipment with alcohol before using it in another field. Potato Y potyvirus (PTV) transmitted by aphids Avoid smoking while working in the field. Practice good weed management in and around the field. To exclude whitefly vectors, protect seedbeds with a 50+-mesh white nylon net— the later the plants are infected with the virus the less impact the disease will have on yield reductions. Use of reflective mulches to reduce aphid visits to plants and thus delay virus spread. Plant early to avoid later summer season infestations. Avoid continuous growing of tomato. Minimize plant handling during the growing season to reduce the amount of virus spread mechanically; regularly disinfect tools. Remove nearby volunteer plants and Solanaceae weeds from production fields; nearby ditch banks, hedges, fencerows or other locations. After harvest remove and destroy diseased plants. Rotate to non-Solanceous crops.

CAMBODIA ALL CROPS WEEDS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS (Read labels for recommended uses.)

Annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds, Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative herbicide IPM tools sedges and grasses 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 121 CAMBODIA ALL CROPS WEEDS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS (Read labels for recommended uses.)

Annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds, Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative herbicide IPM tools sedges and grasses Herbicide expenses make farmers use hand weeding, hoeing or cultivation. Use 1-naphthylacetic acid (1-NAA) PGR: Integrated Weed Management practices listed below: PGR for most crops, cereals, fruits, Sanitation: To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds vegetables flower and produce seeds. Cultivation equipment and irrigation water must also be kept free of weed seeds and vegetative propagules to avoid spreading weed 2 4 D: populations. Broad-leaved weeds cereals Cultivate areas around the field such as field edges, fence lines, roadsides, and irrigation ditches regularly to prevent weed seed production. ametryne: To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and annual and broad-leaved weeds cereals, produce seeds. fruits, vegetables Preplant plowing, followed by irrigation and one or two discings before bed formation, will destroy many weeds. bensulfuron: Proper bed preparation is important for successful weed cultivation after the crop annual and perennial weeds and sedges is planted. cereals Clean weeds along irrigation canals that can transmit weeds to the field. Monitor and identify what principle weeds are present. bensulfuron methyl: Use pre-irrigation to germinate and destroy weeds. annual and perennial weeds and sedges Use crop rotation. cereals Use transplants which can out-compete weeds quicker. Use soil solarization. bromacil: Use soil green manures to choke out weeds. annual and perennial weeds on fruits and Use mulches to smother weeds. non-crop areas around fields Continue hoe and hand weeding. Can use drip irrigation to regulate water in the crop and avoid weed emergence. clethodim: Regularly clean farm tools. annual and perennial grasses Use intercropping. fruits and vegetables Do not let the weeds flower. Do not compost weeds that have flowered and set seed. clomazone: Hoeing, mowing, and cutting. broad-leaved weeds and At end of the harvest, removal of remaining weeds. grasses vegetables, cereals

diuron (PGR): pre-emergence residual herbicide for total control of weeds cereals, fruits, vegetables

ethephon phosphonic acid: PGR for cereals and fruits like pineapple, ripening agent, prevents lodging 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 122 CAMBODIA ALL CROPS WEEDS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS (Read labels for recommended uses.)

Annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds, Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative herbicide IPM tools sedges and grasses

fluazifop-p-butyl: post-emergence herbicide used to control grass weeds in vegetables

fomasafen (-sodium): Pre-emergence herbicide leguminous crops, post-emergence control of broad- leaved weeds

gibberellins/gibberellic acid (PGR): PGR for fruit set and size

glufosinate: wide range of weeds and grasses vegetables, cereals and non-crop areas around fields

glufosinate ammonium: wide range of weeds and grasses vegetables, cereals and non-crop areas around fields

glyphosate, isopropylamine salt: pre-emergence annual and perennial grasses and broad-leaved weeds and non- crop areas around fields

imazethapyr: broad-leaved weeds and grasses in vegetables

linuron: pre- and post-emergence control of annual grass and broad-leaved weeds in cereals and vegetables

MCPA: annual and perennial weeds in cereals 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 123 CAMBODIA ALL CROPS WEEDS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS (Read labels for recommended uses.)

Annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds, Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative herbicide IPM tools sedges and grasses and vegetables

metolachlor: pre-emergence herbicide used to control Broad-leaved, Annual grassy weeds in cereals, vegetables

metribuzin: pre- and post-emergence herbicide used to control weeds in cereals and vegetables

oxyfluorfen: broad-spectrum, pre- and post-emergent herbicide annual broad leaf and grass weeds in vegetables, fruit

paclobutrazol PGR: PGR to reduce vegetative growth on fruits, vegetables

pendimethalin: annual grasses and common weeds in cereals, fruit and vegetables

penoxsulam: post-emergence herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds, grasses in orchards.

propanil: post-emergence herbicide used for broad-leaved and annual grass in vegetables

sethoxydim: post-emergence, selective, annual and perennial grasses in vegetables

simazine: 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 124 CAMBODIA ALL CROPS WEEDS IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS (Read labels for recommended uses.)

Annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds, Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative herbicide IPM tools sedges and grasses annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in fruits and vegetables

trifluralin: pre-emergence to control annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds in vegetables and orchards

uniconazole PGR: PGR to reduce vegetative growth and increase flowering in vegetables

CAMBODIA ALL CROPS SLUG AND SNAIL IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS

Pest, Disease Preventive non-chemical IPM tools, tactics Curative pesticide IPM tools, treatment thresholds Vegetable crops slugs, snails Sanitation: Clean up and destroy all plant leaves and debris, and remove rocks, No reasonable treatment threshold boards, and logs where slugs hide. found. Trapping with buried gallon plastic containers containing beer, with 1 trap every 3 m. Provide good soil drainage. Keep weeds under control. Do not use manure and/or mulches in areas of field prone to slug damage.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 125 ANNEX 2: GUIDELINES FOR PMPS FOR CAMBODIA CROPS AND BENEFICIARIES

Implementing Partners are encouraged throughout this document and in Annex 1 to work on and create PMPs by adopting, testing, and adapting recommended IPM tools to local conditions. This Annex provides additional information on such PMPs.

What is a Pest Management Plan (PMP)? PMPs or Year-Round (seasonal) IPM Programs are state of the art in many developed countries, and they help institutionalize IPM in planning and practice. PMPs provide agriculture managers and producers with a tool to predict and prevent many crop pests of each crop throughout a season. See examples of PMPs by clicking on crops with green checkmarks on http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops- agriculture.html.

Pest Management Plans or Guides provide field crop, livestock production, or project decision-makers – producers and farm managers – with best production practices recommendations, usually adapted by region, crop phenology, and seasons. The aims of PMPs are to reduce the risks to production from pests by using a combination of best practices, including IPM, Integrated Vector Management (IVM), and Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that maximize crop or livestock health, and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests, and without an over-reliance on pesticides needed when best practices are not followed. Thus, prevention of pests plays a strongly pivotal role in the PMP, followed closely by management of pests when prevention alone is not adequate for the level of control needed or desired.

Who are the PMP’s intended audiences and users?  Farm land preparation and crop production decision-makers  Producers  Farm managers

Why is a PMP being done?

PMP Objectives:

 Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production or health.  Protect the health of producers, farm family members, laborers, and community members from pesticide risks.  Maintain economically sound practices.  Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks.  Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable farm work environment.  Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best management practice standards, also called GAPs which include IPM measures, to achieve farm and produce certification.  Comply with local, regional, donor, and international laws, conventions, and regulations.

Organization of the PMP

The following pieces of crop- or livestock-specific background information are used to build a PMP base:

 General information on the crop/livestock/sector.  Crop/livestock common/species names.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 126  Crop/livestock developmental stages.  Production regions and how they differ by soil type, pH, fertility, etc.  Overall concerns and priorities for crop/livestock production.  Crop/livestock cultural best practices.  Crop/livestock GAPs including some IPM (see PERSUAP section on GAPS and IPM) recommendations.

Individual Pest Prevention and Management Sections for each of the following pest types:

 Invertebrate (Insects, Mites, Slugs/Snails, Nematodes)  Diseases (Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Other)  Weeds (annual grasses, broadleaves, perennial grasses, broadleaves, sedges, others)  Vertebrates (birds, rodents, other)

For each pest type, first, identify overall priorities for pest prevention and management in the target crop or livestock.

Next, identify individual pest species noting the type of damage incurred; part of plant damaged: roots/rhizomes/tubers, stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or stored); or if livestock, part of animal affected.

To best understand how to manage a pest, one needs to understand how, where, when, and on what parts of the plant or animal the pest feeds. For field pests and stored grain/food pests, many PMPs are designed and outlined as follows, for each major species of pest (insects, mites, slugs/snails, nematodes):

 Photographs of each pest, life stages  Photographs of plant or livestock damage  Description of the pest, life cycle and survival strategies5:  Description of damage symptoms  Best Prevention Practices o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM o Country or region-specific information  Best Management Practices o Focus on prevention (above) o Country or region-specific information

Information on PMP-recommended pesticides:

Information needed for each pesticide referenced in the above PMP, by pest (so the producer/farm manager has the information at their fingertips and do not need to refer to other documents and tables to find it):

Pesticide essential information needed:

 Active Ingredient (AI) name

5 Survival strategies: All pests have survival strategies that allow them to live and breed in each crop’s farming systems. Knowing the survival strategies, including overwintering habit and alternate host plants, that are employed by the pest can help with decision making at the farming systems-level (e.g. choice of rotation crops) and also can help to anticipate pest outbreaks.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 127  Product Trade names (with EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Classifications in parenthesis)  Amounts to use per hectare  Price  Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI)  Special comments on best application methods and frequency  Any resistance management strategies needed  Pesticide application record sheet  Guidelines for reducing spray drift  Re-entry interval (REI): field safe re-entry period after spraying  Maximum residue levels (MRL) permitted by markets  Pesticide precautions with use including  Reading the label  Legal responsibilities and permitted registration uses  Permit requirements for possession and use  Recommended and obligated use of PPE and best practices  First aid and antidotes  Transportation best practices  Storage best practices  Safe use best practices  Container disposal best practices  Leftover pesticide disposal best practices  Protection of non-pest animals, plants, endangered species and water body quality  Protect natural enemies & honeybees: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html  Posting signage in treated fields  Some chemicals not permitted on processed crops  Potential for phytotoxicity (crop injury) on some crops  Documentation and record-keeping on farms

Information needed on Natural Enemies of Pests:

Common Names of Predators and Parasitoids effective against above pests: For a list of common natural enemies of crop pests, see http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html. Genera will likely be the same around the world, with different species in different continents, filling similar niches.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 128 Annex 3: Elements of IPM Program

Implementing Partners are encouraged throughout this document and in Annex 1 to work on and create PMPs by adopting, testing, and adapting recommended IPM tools to local conditions. This Annex provides information on how to set up and operate an IPM scheme developed, tested, and perfected by FAO.

Although producers are likely using numerous IPM tactics, without really calling them that, IPM philosophy or planning is not generally an active part of crop production in most emerging market countries; thus, a basic understanding of the steps or elements needed in an IPM program are addressed below, as formulated by FAO6.

Step 1: Learn and value producers’ indigenous IPM tactics. Most producers are already using their own forms of GAPs and IPM, many of which are novel, self- created, adapted for local conditions, and many of which work well. These local tools and tactics need to be well understood and considered when making PMPs. Accurate assessments of these producers’ GAP and IPM technologies, as well as an understanding of actual losses due to different constraints in producers’ fields are required before designing a crop production and pest management program. Standards and Certification (S&C) producers will have records of historical pesticide use and trends, as well as information on current use of artisanal or local IPM tactics.

Step 2: Identify key pests for each target crop. Although perhaps up to ten species of pests may impact a crop and yields at different plant growth stages, generally only two or three are considered serious enough to spend money controlling. Producers should be encouraged to monitor their population size, their life cycle, the kind of damage they cause and actual losses. Note that crop loss figures based on producers’ perceptions of damage and loss are often overestimated.

Step 3: Evaluate all management options. Use of best management practices, preventive measures, and “organic” options to control pest impacts may eliminate the need for synthetic pesticides.

Step 4: Choose IPM methods; identify Needs and Establish Priorities. Continue dialog with project field staff, ministry extension staff, and producers when choosing methods to be used. Consider the feasibility of attractive methods, including the availability of resources needed, producers’ perceptions of pest problems, their abilities to identify pests, their predators, diseases, and parasitoids, and to act upon their observations.

Step 5: Do effective activities and training to promote IPM. Next, identify strategies and mechanisms for fostering the transfer of the needed IPM technology under various project and institutional arrangements, mechanisms, and funding levels. Define what is available for immediate transfer and what may require more adaptation and validation research. Set up an initial planning workshop (with a COP-supported and signed Action Plan) to help define and orient implementation activities and begin to assign individual responsibilities.

Learning-by-doing/discovery training programs

6http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e00.htm; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e02.htm; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producer_Field_School; http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 129 The adoption of new techniques by small-, medium-, and large-holder producers occurs most readily when program participants acquire knowledge and skills through personal experience, observation, analysis, experimentation, decision-making, and practice. At first, frequent (usually weekly) sessions are conducted for 10–20 producers during the cropping season in producers’ fields by trained instructors or extension agents.

Smallholder support and discussion groups

Weekly meetings of smallholders held during the cropping season, to discuss pest and related problems can be useful for sharing the success of various control methods. However, maintaining attendance is difficult except when there is a clear financial incentive (e.g., credit, advance knowledge of nearby infestations for early action leading to yield improvement).

Educational material

In many countries, basic written and photographic guides to pest identification and crop-specific management techniques are unavailable or out of date. Videos featuring graphic pictures of the effects of acute and chronic pesticide exposure, and interviews with poisoning victims can be particularly effective.

Youth education

Promoting and improving the quality of programs on IPM and the risks of synthetic pesticides has been effective at technical schools for rural youth. In addition to becoming future producers, these students can bring informed views back to their communities.

Food market incentives (especially important in the last decade)

Promoting Organic, GlobalGAP, BRC (British Retail Consortium), Fair Trade or other certification for access to the lucrative and rapidly growing S&C systems-driven international and regional food markets can be, and is, a strong incentive to adopt IPM.

Step 6: Partner successfully with other IPM implementers. The following design steps are considered essential.

Articulate the partnership’s vision of IPM

Organizations may forge partnerships based on a common commitment to “IPM” – only to discover too late that that their visions of IPM differ considerably. It is therefore highly important that partners articulate a common, detailed vision of IPM, centered on the crops and conditions the project will encounter.

Confirm partner institutions’ commitment

The extent of commitment to IPM integration into project, design, and thus implementation depends strongly upon the following key variables:

IPM program integration into larger project. The IPM program is likely to be part of a larger “sustainable agriculture” project. The IPM program must fit into a partner’s overall goals. The extent of this integration should be clearly expressed in the proposed annual work plan.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 130 Cost sharing. The extent of funds (or in-kind resources) is a good measure of a genuine partner commitment.

Participation of key IPM personnel. Organizations should have staff with expertise in IPM. In strong partnerships, these staff members are actively involved in the partnership.

Step 7: Monitor the fields regularly. At minimum twice a week, producers should monitor their fields for pests, as some pest populations increase rapidly and unexpectedly; this increase is usually related closely to the stage of crop growth and weather conditions, but it is difficult to predict the severity of pest problems in advance.

Step 8: Select an appropriate blend of IPM tools. A good IPM program draws from and integrates a variety of pest management techniques, like those presented in the above list. Flexibility to fit local needs is a key variable. Pesticides should be used only if no practical, effective, and economic non-chemical control methods are available. Once the pesticide has been carefully chosen for the pest, crop, and environment, it should be applied only to keep the pest population low, not necessarily eliminate it.

Step 9: Develop education, training, and demonstration programs for extension workers. Implementation of IPM depends heavily on education, training, and demonstration to help producers and extension workers develop and evaluate the IPM methods. Hands-on training conducted in producers’ fields (as opposed to a classroom) is a must. Special training for extension workers and educational programs for government officials and the public are also important.

Step 10: Monitoring, Record-Keeping and Evaluation (M&E). Develop data collection forms and checklists, collect baseline GAP/IPM data at the beginning of the project, and set targets.

For the use and maintenance of GAPs (that include safe pesticide storage, use and disposal), maintain farm or project files of: producer and farm employee training records certification; farm soil, water, biodiversity, cropping and pesticide use maps; pesticide purchase and stock records; price increases or decreases, chemical application instructions including target pest, type of chemical applied, dosage, time of spray, rates at which pesticides were applied, harvest interval days, application machinery, PPE required and used, and any special instructions on mixing, exposure to children or dangers.

Further, for project staff, beneficiaries, produce processing facilities, food warehouses, seed multipliers, or producers that store seed or food and deal with stored seed and food pests, there are warehouse best management practices (BMPs) and monitoring reports that incorporate some IPM tactics. These monitoring forms track, by location or warehouse, use of pallets, stacking, general hygiene and sanitation, damaged packages, actual infestations or signs of rodents, molds, insects, drainage, locks and security measures, use of IPM tactics including least toxic chemicals and strict BMPs, including restricted access, for use of common but hazardous fumigants like aluminum phosphide.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 131 ANNEX 4: ACUTE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES: EPA AND WHO CLASSIFICATIONS

General Toxicity

Pesticides, by necessity, are poisons, but the toxicity and hazards of different compounds vary greatly. Toxicity refers to the inherent intoxicating ability of a compound whereas hazard refers to the risk or danger of poisoning when the pesticide is used or applied. Pesticide hazard depends not only on toxicity but also on the chance of exposure to toxic amounts of the pesticide. Pesticides can enter the body through oral ingestion, through the skin or through inhalation. Once inside the body, they may produce poisoning symptoms, which are either acute (from a single exposure) or chronic (from repeated exposures or absorption of smaller amounts of toxicant).

EPA and WHO Toxicity Classifications

Basically, there are two systems of pesticide toxicity classification. These are the USEPA and the WHO systems of classification. It is important to note that the WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. So, WHO classification shows relative toxicities of all pesticide active (or technical) ingredients, whereas EPA classification shows actual toxicity of the formulated products, which can be more or less toxic than the active ingredient alone and are more representative of actual dangers encountered in the field. The tables below show classification of pesticides according to the two systems. a) USEPA classification (based on formulated product = active ingredient plus inert and other ingredients)

Class Descriptive term Mammalian Lethal Dose 50 Mammalian Irritation Aquatic Honey (LD50) invert/fish bee acute 2 Inhalation (LC50 or EC50) oral 1 Oral Dermal Eye Skin (LD50) LC50

I Extremely toxic 50 200 0.2 Corrosive Corrosive < 0.1

II Highly toxic 50-500 200-2000 0.2-2.0 Severe Severe 0.11-1.0 < 2 µg/bee

III Moderately toxic 500-5000 2000-20000 2.0-20 No corneal Moderate 1.1-10.0 2.1-11 opacity µg/bee

IV Slightly toxic 5000 20000 20 None Moderate or slight 10.1-100

Relatively non-toxic 101-1000

Practically non-toxic 1001-10,000 > 11 µg/bee

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 132 Non-toxic > 10,000

1 Corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days for Class I pesticides; corneal opacity reversible within 7 days but irritation persists during that period for Class II pesticides; no corneal opacity and irritation is reversible within 7 days for Class III pesticides; and Class IV pesticides cause no irritation 2 Lethal Concentration 50 or Effective Concentration 50 expressed in ppm or mg/l of water b) WHO classification (based only on active or ‘technical’ ingredient)

Oral LD50 for the rat Dermal LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt) (mg/kg body wt) Class Descriptive term Solids Liquids Solids Liquids

Ia Extremely hazardous 5 20 10 40

Ib Highly hazardous 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-400

II Moderately hazardous 50-500 20-2000 100-1000 400-4000

III Slightly hazardous 501 2001 1001 4001

Unlikely to present acute U 2000 3000 - - hazard in normal use

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 133 ANNEX 5: TRAINING TOPICS AND SAFE PESTICIDE USE WEB RESOURCES

Select topics from the following lists are provided for Harvest II to choose and promote, to the extent possible, to their private sector partners and subgrantees to use, as well as to highlight the work of other projects and donors, which complement Harvest II’s activities. Harvest II has neither the mandate nor budget to directly provide IPM and SPU training, but can choose, encourage, and promote such training for partners and grantees to perform, as resources permit.

GAP/IPM (USAID’s IPM Innovation Lab and FAO’s Farmer Field School program have been actively promoting IPM methods for pest and disease control in vegetable and fruit production)

 Pest identification: How to recognize common important pests, diseases, parasites, and predators  Monitoring: The importance of frequent crop monitoring for pests, diseases, and weeds  GAP and IPM concepts, tactics and tools found in Annex 1 that can reduce pesticide use and associated risks on specific pests of project target crops  PMPs—Pest Management Plans: Creating and using these farm crop-management tools

Pesticides (The United Kingdom’s Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau International, now known as CABI, has provided SPU training, as has GOC)

 Understanding pesticides: Quality, types, classes, and acute toxicities of common pesticides  Regulations: US, EU (European Union) and Cambodia laws that guide pesticide registration and use  Natural pesticides: Raise awareness of and promote the use of natural pesticides found in Annexes 1, 4, 5 and 7 as well as green-label synthetic pesticides with relatively low risks  Spot Treatments: The importance of spot treatments if needed (instead of crop-wide treatments)  SDS: How to use SDSs for pesticide-specific information on risks and risk reduction measures  REI: Pesticide-specific risks associated with entering a sprayed field too soon after the spray operation  PHI: Pesticide-specific risks associated with harvesting a crop before pesticides have had a chance to break down  MRL: Risks associated with pesticide residues on human food  Vulnerable individuals: The importance of keeping children, pregnant women, elderly, and infirm away from the field while spraying and kept out after spraying  Human and environmental risks: Risks associated with more commonly-used pesticides (use information from SDSs)  When to spray: Early in the morning, late in the afternoon, or night without wind or rain  Use of recommended PPE: Why it is used (see product SDSs, product labels and web reference below)  Proper use and maintenance of sprayers, including proper sprayer calibration and spray nozzle choice  Proper clean-up & post spray hygiene  Safe Use: How to purchase, transport, store, and use pesticides safely (“safe purchase” requires quality, brand-name products)

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 134  Maintenance: of PPE and sprayers  Monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance  Proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinseate and packaging (see disposal web reference below and SDSs)  The use of pesticide spray buffer zones near schools, water resources, organic crop production, apiaries, bird sanctuaries, biodiversity enclaves, national parks, or other sensitive areas.  How to reduce and mitigate risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity (found in PER Factors E and G)  Honeybees: Ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities, and spray early morning or late afternoon when no heavy winds or rain are present  Water Pollution: Raise awareness of pesticides (especially some herbicides) with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach (use Table 1 and SDSs)  Exposure routes: Ways pesticides enter the body and ways to mitigate entry  Basic first aid: Understanding how to treat pesticide poisonings (see first aid web reference and SDSs)  Record-keeping: Pesticide used, when used, which crop, how applied, who applied

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 135 ANNEX 6: FARM RECORD KEEPING ASSOCIATED WITH PESTICIDE USE

Agricultural pesticide application details Weather details Contact details (If product is being sprayed outdoors) Date of application Product trade Application name rate Crop/commodity Extent of use Location Wind Wind Name and address of Name and address of person treated OR (area/volume where speed direction applicator and (if for whom the application was situation product /weight) product was applicable) carried out was applied used supervisor

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 136 ANNEX 7: FORM FOR PROJECTS TO MONITOR PRODUCER BEST PRACTICES INCLUDING GAP AND IPM OPTIONS (For use in implementing parts of the EMMP)

Name of Staff Responsible for Monitoring Demonstration Farms:

Name of Demonstration Producer: Crop: Date:

What are the major pests encountered by the producer?:

Which of the attached Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM tools and tactics are used by producer?

Are pesticides used by demo producer? Yes__ No__

How are pesticides applied? backpack sprayer__ other__

What are the names of the pesticides used?:

Which PPE does producer have and use? gloves___ overalls___ boots___

respirator___ goggles___

Has the producer had IPM and Safe Pesticide Use training? Yes__ No__

Are there any empty pesticide containers scattered in the field? Yes__ No__

Are there signs that the backpack sprayer has leaks? Yes__ No__

Does the producer understand the pesticide label information? Yes__ No__

Is the pesticide stored safely out of the house or away from kids? Yes__ No__

Does the producer use gloves for mixing the pesticide with water? Yes__ No__

What times of the day are the pesticides applied?

Are pesticides applied during rain or windy conditions? Yes__ No__

Are women or children permitted to apply pesticides? Yes__ No__

Are empty pesticide containers are used to store water? Yes__ No__

Does the producer rinse equipment away from streams and open water? Yes__ No__

Does the producer wash clothes after applying pesticides? Yes__ No__

How does the producer dispose of empty pesticide containers? puncture/bury __ burn __

Is there any evidence that pesticides are becoming less effective? Yes__ No__

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 137

Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM options:

Preventive Preventive Curative Soil nutrient, texture, and pH Producer ability to correctly Mechanical insect control by testing identify pest predators, hand picking parasitoids, and diseases Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant Weekly field scouting to assess Producers make & apply local variety pest levels/damage artisanal plant extracts (neem, pyrethroid, garlic, chili, other) Early/late plantings or harvestings Use of trap crops to trap and Weed control by machine to avoid pests destroy pests cultivation, hoe, or hand Seed treatment with pesticides Removal/pruning of diseased or Purchase and release of heavily infested plants/tree predators or parasitoids to branches control major pests Soil moisture testing Planting parasite-attracting plants Use of pheromone traps to on field margins reduce overall pest levels Raised-bed production or Put baits and use other practices to Use of pheromone inundation mounding encourage predator/parasite to confuse pest mating build-up Irrigation and drip irrigation Use of pheromone traps to monitor Spot treatment of pest hotspots pest levels with insecticides, miticides or fungicides Use of natural fertilizers (manure, Inter-planting crops with aromatic Area spraying (complete field compost) herbs (celery, cilantro, parsley, coverage) using synthetic dill, or local plants) that repel and natural insecticides, pests miticides, or nematocides Use of purchased mineral Mulching with organic materials Use of synthetic and natural fertilizers or plastic to control weeds fungicides or bactericides Combinations of organic and Plant living barriers or Use of herbicides for weed mineral fertilizers bamboo/tree barriers on control windward edge of field Crop rotation Exclude insect pests by using Farm use of a locked storage vegetable tunnels and micro- building for pesticides tunnels Use of green manure crops Use of biodiversity or energy Producer use of pesticide in- conservation practices ground compost trap for depositing and capturing spilled or leftover pesticides Producer ability to correctly Crop stalks, residue, and dropped Producer use of receptacle for identify pests and their damage fruit destruction/composting empty pesticide bottle season end disposal

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 138 ANNEX 8: PERSUAP REFERENCES

Baker EL, Zack M, Miles JW, Alderman L, Warren M, Dobbins RD, Miller S, Teeters WR (1978) Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers. The Lancet, January: 31–33.

Websites: Website references used to develop the Programmatic PERSUAP International Treaties and Conventions: POPs website: http://www.pops.int PIC Website: http://www.pic.int Basel Convention: http://www.basel.int/ Montreal Protocol: http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php Pakistan malaria poisonings: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf. Pesticide poisonings: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/200000-die-year-pesticide-poisoning-170308140641105.html

IPM and PMP websites: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/ http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_pest_management

Pesticide Research Websites: http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html (Extoxnet Oregon State database with ecotoxicity) http://www.greenbook.net/ (pesticide Material Safety Data Sheets) https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=PPLS:1 (EPA Registration)

Ecotoxicity: http://alamancebeekeepers.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Hazardous-Pesticides.pdf (pesticide toxicity to honeybees) http://wihort.uwex.edu/turf/Earthworms.htm (pesticide toxicity to earthworms)

Safety: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides (EPA regulated biopesticides) http://ipm.ucanr.edu/index.html (IPM, PMPs and pesticide recommendations) https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/restricted-use-products-rup-report (Restricted Use Pesticides) https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/citizens-guide-pest-control-and-pesticide-safety (EPA Health & Safety) http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/PPISdata/ (EPA pesticide product information)

Personal Protection Equipment: http://www.dupont.com/products-and-services/personal-protective-equipment/chemical-protective- garments/brands/tyvek-protective-apparel.html http://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/565206O/3m-cartridge-and-filter-replacement-faqs.pdf

Pesticide Container Disposal Options: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/pesticide-containers

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 139 ANNEX 9: ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND SAFETY PROCEDURES

A. Pesticide Exposure Emergencies If there is reason to believe a person has been poisoned or injured by exposure to pesticides, including, but not limited to exposures from application, splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, take the following actions: 1. Remember to protect yourself first – you don’t want to be the next victim. Ensure that you are wearing the proper PPE and that the area is safe to enter. 2. If a person has been exposed to a pesticide, prevent further exposure and make sure that the victim is breathing. 3. Decontaminate the victim immediately – wash thoroughly. 4. Contact emergency medical personnel. 5. If you are trained, administer first aid. CPR techniques may be required. 6. Provide any obtainable information to medical personnel, including: a. Product name, EPA registration number, and active ingredient of any product to which that person might have been exposed. b. SDS and pesticide label - antidote, first aid, and other medical information from the product labeling. c. The circumstances of application or use of the pesticide. d. The circumstances of exposure of that person to the pesticide.

Specific instructions for pesticide exposures are given below: Ingested pesticides: Act immediately. Refer to the pesticide label to determine if vomiting should be induced. The decision must be made quickly and accurately. If the pesticide has entered the mouth but has not been swallowed, the mouth should be rinsed with large amounts of water. Never induce vomiting if the victim has ingested petroleum products unless directed to do so by the label, physician, or a poison control center. Never induce vomiting if the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison – a strong alkali or acid; if the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions; if the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate and oil solution as it may cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting.

Pesticides on the skin: Wash the pesticide off as soon as possible to prevent continued exposure and injury. Remove clothing and drench the skin with water. If you are assisting, avoid contact with pesticide contaminated clothing (use gloves and carefully bag the clothing). Thoroughly clean skin and hair with soap and water, being careful not to abrade skin. Dry the person and wrap in a blanket. Seek medical assistance.

Chemical burns on the skin: Remove contaminated clothing immediately. Wash skin with large amounts of cold running water. Immediately cover the affected area with a dry, loose, soft, clean cloth. Do not use materials recommended as first aid treatments for chemical burns. Seek emergency assistance.

Pesticides in the eyes: It is very important to wash the eye out as soon as possible. Hold eyelids open and rinse with a gentle stream of clean running water (at body temperature if possible) for 15 minutes or more. Avoid contamination of the other eye if only one eye is involved. Flush under the eyelids to remove debris. If contact lenses are in use, flush over the contact lens, which may dislodge the lens. It is extremely difficult to manually remove the contact lens due to involuntary eye spasms. If the lens is flushed out, continue flushing the eye for at least 15 minutes. Seek emergency assistance.

Inhaled pesticides: Immediately move or carry the victim to fresh air – do not allow the victim to walk. Loosen all tight clothing. Apply artificial respiration if breathing is stopped or irregular. Keep the victim as quiet as possible. Prevent chilling but do not overheat. If the victim is convulsing, watch breathing and

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 140 protect against injury. Pull the chin forward so that the tongue does not block the air passage. Seek emergency assistance.

B. Pesticide Spills Pesticides spills can occur despite careful handling. Small spills can result from leaking containers or splashes that occur during pesticide mixing and loading. Larger spills may occur from equipment malfunctions or vehicle accidents. For all spills, it is extremely important to prevent any of the spilled material from entering a body of water, including storm sewers or drains, no matter how small the spill.

The person observing the spill or release shall:  Identify the problem.  Ensure that you have on the proper PPE.  Stop the source of the spill/release. If a sprayer has tipped over or if a hazardous chemical is leaking from a damaged tank, take only those measures that can be done while protecting yourself. If a smaller chemical container is found to be leaking, place it in secondary containment. Do not expose yourself unnecessarily to the spilled pesticide and do not place yourself at risk.  If the spill is large or dangerous, call emergency services. Do not leave the spill unattended but stand back far enough so that you are not in danger.  Contain the spill/release by using absorbent socks, soil, or other materials, or construct a dike to prevent the spill/release from migrating to other areas such as soil, drains, or surface water. If it is a windy day and the pesticide spilled is a solid that may be blown, use the spray bottle in the spill kit to moisten the surface or cover the spill with a plastic cover or tarp. If the spill occurs remotely from the pesticide storage area, use any available materials to contain the spill that will not react with the spilled pesticide. Avoid using sweeping compounds or sawdust if the material spilled is a strong oxidizer (check the label or SDS) because such a combination presents a possible fire hazard.  Recover the spilled/released material and impacted soil or gravel by covering it with absorbent materials (pads, pillows, or loose absorbent). Other materials can be used as needed including shop rags, sawdust, etc. All free product must be absorbed. If the spill/release is to soil or gravel, excavate all material that is impacted. Use both visual observations and odors to determine the extent of material to be excavated. If the spill is to a concrete or paved area, it may be necessary to decontaminate or neutralize the area, especially if a carbamate or organophosphate insecticide was involved. Use ordinary bleach in water (30% solution) or hydrated lime, but not both. Work this cleaning material into the spill with a stiff broom and then use fresh absorbent material to soak up the now contaminated cleaning solution. This material should be swept up for disposal with the recovered spilled/released material.  Place all recovered material/absorbents in a plastic bag, bucket, or drum and label with the contents. Ensure that this waste has secondary containment.

C. Fires In the event of a fire, smoky condition, or explosion, the following actions should be promptly taken:  Contact fire emergency services and ambulance if there is a threat to people.  Inform the fire emergency services of the nature of the pesticides stored.  Keep people away  If significant smoke is generated, evacuate people from downwind areas.  Be aware that any runoff generated may be contaminated with pesticides.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 141

Notes and Precautions:  Portable fire extinguishers can be used for small fires. However, an immediate readiness to evacuate is essential.  Never enter a room that is smoke filled.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 142 ANNEX 10: PROHIBITED MATERIALS ANALYSIS (PMA)

Information and analysis on pesticides which should NOT to be used in project implementation, or other related environmental information.

 All POPs pesticides listed on: http://chm.pops.int/  All PIC pesticides listed on: http://www.pic.int/

The following pesticides registered in Cambodia are not approved for promotion or use due to listed following reasons.

Key:

NR = Not Registered by EPA for same or similar use RUP = Restricted Use Pesticide, not allowed by Regulation 216 HH = House Hold and/or Health Sector use Pesticide, not registered locally for field horticultural use H = Herbicide PGR = Plant Growth Regulator F = Fungicide I = Insecticide M/A = Miticide/Acaricide

Cambodia Rejected Pesticide AIs

Rejected Fungicide and Bactericide (B) AIs Reason for Rejection albendazole veterinary antihelminth product, not registered for horticulture benalaxyl not EPA registered benomyl/benlate not EPA registered bismerthiazole not EPA registered carbendazim not EPA registered for project crops copper citrate (B) not EPA registered diniconazole not EPA registered epoxiconazole not EPA registered fenoxanil not EPA registered flusilazole not EPA registered fthalide/phthalide not EPA registered hexaconazole not EPA registered imibenconazole not EPA registered iprobenfos not EPA registered isoprothiolane (also PGR) not EPA registered maneb not EPA registered 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 143 Rejected Fungicide and Bactericide (B) AIs Reason for Rejection ningnanmycin not EPA registered oxolynic acid not EPA registered pencycuron not EPA registered prochloraz not EPA registered procymidone/sumisclex not EPA registered propineb not EPA registered saisentong not EPA registered triadimefon not EPA registered for project crops triadimenol not EPA registered for project crops tricyclazole not EPA registered tridemorph not EPA registered validamycin (B) not EPA registered zinc sulphate (monohydrate) not EPA registered for project crops zineb not EPA registered

Rejected Herbicide and PGR AIs Reason for Rejection acetochlor RUP alachlor RUP anilofos not EPA registered atrazine RUP, known water pollutant butachlor not EPA registered butralin used on tobacco, not EPA registered for project crops chlomethoxyfen not EPA registered chlorimuron-ethyl not EPA registered for project crops cinmethylin not EPA registered cyhalofop-butyl not EPA registered for project crops dalapon-sodium not EPA registered ethephon Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers ethoxysulfuron not EPA registered fenoxaprop-p-ethyl not EPA registered for project crops haloxyfop R methyl not EPA registered mecoprop/MCPP not EPA registered for project crops metsulfuron not EPA registered metsulfuron-methyl not EPA registered for project crops molinate not EPA registered oxadiazon not EPA registered for project crops pretilachlor not EPA registered propaquizafop not EPA registered 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 144 Rejected Herbicide and PGR AIs Reason for Rejection pyrazosulfuron (ethyl) not EPA registered pyribenzoxim not EPA registered quinclorac not EPA registered for project crops quizalofop-p-ethyl Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate not EPA registered sulfosate not EPA registered thiobencarb not EPA registered for project crops

Rejected Insecticides and Miticides Reason for Rejection acrinathrin (mites) not EPA registered alpha-cypermethrin RUP beta-cyfluthrin/cyfluthrin RUP beta-cypermethrin RUP benfuracarb not EPA registered carbofuran (I,M,N) RUP carbosulfan not EPA registered cartap not EPA registered chlorfluazuron not EPA registered chlorpyrifos RUP chlorpyrifos/chlopyrifos-ethyl RUP cyfluthrin/beta-cyfluthrin (HH) RUP cypermethrin (insecticide) RUP deltamethrin (insecticide, HH) RUP diafenthiuron (I,M) not EPA registered diazinon (I,N) RUP dimehypo not EPA registered dinotefuran not EPA registered for project crops emamectin benzoate RUP esfenvalerate RUP etofenprox (HH) not EPA registered for project crops ethoprop(hos) RUP, Class I fenitrothion no EPA registered products, only AI registered fenobucarb not EPA registered fenpropathrin (I, M) RUP fenthion not EPA registered fenvalerate not EPA registered for horticulture fipronil RUP flufenoxuron not EPA registered 2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 145 Rejected Insecticides and Miticides Reason for Rejection hexaflumuron not EPA registered for project crops isoprocarb not EPA registered lambda-cyhalothrin RUP lufenuron (I, M) IGR not EPA registered for project crops/pests, only termites Matrine extract/Sophia flavescens not EPA registered monosultap not EPA registered naled/dibrom RUP, Class I permethrin RUP phenthoate (I, M) not EPA registered phosalone (I, M) not EPA registered phoxim not EPA registered profenofos (I, M) RUP propargite (I, M) RUP, Class I pyraclofos not EPA registered pyridafenthion/pyridiphenthion not EPA registered quinalphos not EPA registered thiodicarb RUP trichlorfon not EPA registered for horticulture

Rejected Molluscicide Reason for Rejection metaldehyde on GOC suspended or restricted list niclosimide not EPA registered for horticulture Rejected Rodenticide Reason for Rejection brodifacoum on GOC suspended or restricted list coumatetralyl not EPA registered diphacinone on GOC suspended or restricted list warfarin/coumaphene on GOC suspended or restricted list zinc phosphide Class I, too toxic for smallholder farmers

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 146 ANNEX 11: FEED THE FUTURE CAMBODIA HARVEST II PERSUAP SCOPE OF WORK

1. BACKGROUND Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II is a five-year project funded by USAID, which aims to accelerate the growth of Cambodian commercial horticulture in the Zone of Influence (ZOI) provinces of Pursat, Battambang, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom. To achieve its purpose, the project uses a buyer-led approach and supports commercial partnerships that will ultimately allow horticultural producers and buyers to compete more effectively in domestic and international markets. Commercial partnerships are formed to help buyers and sellers expand sales, create employment, and stimulate investment.

USAID completed an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the Feed the Future Cambodia Commercial Horticulture Program (01/31/2016), the name of which was later changed to Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II (hereafter referred to as Harvest II). The IEE identified two classes of actions within Harvest II: Categorical Exclusions. Pursuant to 22 CFR 216.2(c)(1) and (2), these actions do not generally require an IEE or an Environmental Assessment because they do not have an effect on the natural or physical environment. Specifically, as currently planned, these activities fall into the following classes of action: Education, technical assistance, or training programs except to the extent such programs include activities directly affecting the environment (such as construction of facilities, etc.) Analyses, studies, academic or research workshops and meetings, and Document and information transfers.

Negative Determination with Conditions (NDC). Activities that do not have potentially significant adverse environmental, health, or safety effects, but may contribute to minor impacts that can be eliminated or adequately minimized by appropriate mitigation measures. An Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan shall be developed, approved by COR and the Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) prior to beginning the activity, incorporated into work plans, and then implemented. Harvest II submitted an EMMP with its FY19 work plan which was approved on October 30, 2017. A PERSUAP was not recommended at that time. However, it was later determined by the Mission Environment Officer and Bureau Environmental Officer that since production level technical assistance advice is and will be provided by Harvest II staff (as well as consultants and/or private sector partners) to horticultural producers on pesticide use (no direct procurement by Harvest II), creation of a PERSUAP would be prudent.

2. PURPOSE Pesticides, if not used properly, can kill, damage, or otherwise injure both human beings and environmental resources. Pesticides are synthetic or natural products (plant, microbe) or derived chemical products intended to kill, control, and repel insects, plant diseases, weeds, and other pest organisms.

The objective of the assignment is to evaluate, or update the previous evaluation, of the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned assistance “for the procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction” to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impacts. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to following factors listed under 22 CFR

216.3(b)(1)(i): (a) The USEPA registration status of the requested pesticide; (b) The basis for selection of the requested pesticide; (c) The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is part of an integrated pest management program; (d) The proposed method or methods of application, including availability of appropriate application and

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 147 safety equipment; (e) Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards; (f) The effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use; (g) Compatibility of the proposed pesticide with target and non-target ecosystems; (h) The conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils; (i) The availability and effectiveness of other pesticides or nonchemical control methods; (j) The requesting country's ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and disposal of the requested pesticide; (k) The provisions made for training of users and applicators; and (l) The provisions made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of the pesticide. The study will cover activities under the Harvest II project, which may involve assistance for the procurement (not anticipated) or use of pesticides for a variety of crops (1. Vegetable: Solanaceae: eggplant, tomato, chili and sweet pepper, Brassica: cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese kale, Chinese radish/daikon and other Chinese greens (bok choy, green mustard etc.), Cucurbit: cucumber, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd and pumpkin, Other: yard long bean, okra, ginger, lettuce and asparagus 2. Fruit: Mango, Longan, Orange, Papaya, Pineapple, Banana, Melon (including watermelon), Other: lime, pomelo, guava and jujube, Black pepper, Ginger, turmeric, Cashew). Under this SOW, assistance for the procurement or use of pesticides is defined broadly and includes recommending the conduct of training programs in pesticide handling and use.

The study will include analysis of USEPA and domestic regulations and registrations. Consultant will develop this analysis in close consultation and cooperation with the Harvest II’s technical team, implementation partners, and USAID, taking into consideration feedback and guidance received from key stakeholders. The analysis will cover those pesticides proposed for use by USAID’s Harvest II and that are:  Registered by USEPA for the same or similar uses without restrictions;  Also registered by the Royal Government of Cambodia; and  Available in Cambodia.

The PERSUAP will include appendices evaluating the economic, social, and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use by crop commodity to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. If a pesticide rejected by the PERSUAP is still desired or deemed necessary for use on project activities, an Environmental Assessment (EA) in accordance with §216.3(b)(l) requirements, in addition to the PERSUAP, will be conducted (separate from this SOW). This EA will include, but not be limited to, an analysis of the factors identified in §216.3(b)(l)(i) and be subject to an amendment to this PERSUAP contract.

The SUAP portion of the PERSUAP report will: • Have a strong focus on training (and retraining) implementing partners and leader farmers on findings in the PERSUAP vis-à-vis Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Safe Pesticide Use (SPU); • Assure accessibility of protective clothing and equipment needed with training on safe use; • Emphasize operational monitoring & evaluation; • Work with the project to define key staff and interested actor roles such as public, commercial private, and non-profit private sector entities; • Integrate pesticide risk mitigation measures with other project risk mitigation measures; • Discuss disposal options and provisions for used pesticide containers;

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 148 • Provide a list of pesticides that may not be used or procured by USAID projects as well as a list of minimum risk pesticides exempted under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Section 25(b); and • Provide standard records templates to be filled out by the project and /or partners in case of pesticide procurement or use.

3. RESPECTIVE TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF USAID AND THE HARVEST II PROJECT TEAM The Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) for Harvest II and USAID/Cambodia Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) will take an active role in this PERSUAP process by approving the technical activity, this SOW to conduct the analysis and all draft PERSUAP reports produced. The MEO will provide specific technical guidance and direction, review progress and other draft materials produced by the Consultant, and perform liaison functions, as needed, with the Asia Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO/Asia) and Harvest II.

The Harvest II implementer will assign a contact person or persons to work with the Consultant. The contact person will assist the Consultant in implementing the study by providing information about uses and conditions of use for all pesticides, types of activity implementation, roles and responsibilities of implementing partners, farmers, laborers, extension officers, and local service providers to ensure all relevant pesticides are covered and to help the PI/PMS design training for at-risk populations in the field. Harvest II will translate the revised PERSUAP into the local language as appropriate.

4. CONSULTANT OBJECTIVES AND DUTIES Overall, the Consultant will:  Acquire, analyze, and synthesize information on Cambodia’s newest list of registered pesticides, as well as ways, means and capacity to regulate or control the acquisition, distribution, use, storage, and disposal of pesticides;  List local restrictions on use of pesticides, and conditions required following an analysis of EPA registration of the same pesticides;  Examine, by site visits to targeted project activity areas and clients, the conditions under which various pesticides will be used (ex., climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, soils, proximity to water bodies, etc.);  Acquire from the project information on the extent to which pesticide use is and could be part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program; and  Review the previous Cambodia PERSUAPs to identify lessons learned, constraints, shortcomings, and updates to be addressed in this PERSUAP.

Specifically, the Consultant will:  Perform desk-based review of proposed Harvest II activities, related work planning materials, Harvest II IEE (Asia 16-042), and other relevant documents.  Review Cambodia’s newest list of registered pesticides as well as the list of potential pesticides to be used during implementation by crop/commodity and review USEPA status of the pesticides.  Review Cambodia Regulatory Acts on pesticide registration and application.  Contact the USAID/Cambodia MEO, COR, Harvest II project staff, and perhaps REA to review compliance requirements and pest management options to develop an agreed upon definition of “assistance for procurement or use of pesticides”.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 149  Assess the overall capabilities and limitations of the Harvest II project’s pesticide management relative to the more common pesticide use problems affecting the targeted users and implementers.  Meet with appropriate national Ministries, Departments, and Agencies; NGOs; and pesticide importers/distributors and retailers, as well as farmers/cooperatives.  Outline “Off the Shelf” IPM and GAP (Good Agriculture Practices) measures that could be tried and used by the project’s clients for each production or commodity constraint.  Recommend and outline a training program, including a plan to train participants who will be implementing the recommendations of the analysis.  Recommend mitigation measures for project activities (in addition to training), identified in concert with project personnel, which involve pesticide use.  Develop a pesticide database in Excel that includes registration in USEPA and Cambodia, active ingredients, commercial names, major sources of origin, toxicity levels by organization (Cambodia Plant Protection Institute, USEPA, WHO, etc.), pesticide uses, pesticide formulation and concentration to demonstrate that PERSUAP recommended pesticides are intended “for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction”  Provide, in an annex to the report, a table outlining the people met and their organizational affiliations.  Provide an annex with preliminary Pest Management Plans (PMPs) for each crop- pest combination, including extensive preventive tools/tactics that can be used, as well as recommended curative pesticides.  Provide a full list of acronyms used throughout the document. Provide information on Cambodia’s obligations related to pesticides under the Stockholm Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Rotterdam Prior Informed Consent (PIC) conventions.  Review other donor activities and policies towards pesticide use in Cambodia (capacity building, regulatory reform, procurement, use, etc.), specifically those donors planning horticultural interventions in the near future.  Draft Harvest II IEE amendment to reflect the updated PERSUAP recommendations.

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 150 ANNEX 12: HARVEST II EMMP TABLE IV ON PESTICIDE RISK, RISK MITIGATION, AND MONITORING

For use by Harvest II private sector partners and grantees

Potential Risk Reduction or Mitigation Indicators of Risk M & E: M & E: Frequency of Environmental Measures/Best Management Reduction/BMPs Implementation Responsible M&E Monitoring, Reporting Risks & Impacts Practices (BMPs) Staff Member  Acute human  Train farmers on how to read  Number of complete sets of Environmental or Quarterly poisoning and interpret safety PPE present on demo sites and M&E Advisor leading to death precautions and first aid used measures and/or safety  Number of beneficiaries that pictograms on pesticide use acute risks, SPU mitigation labels measures  Training on acute pesticide  Number of beneficiaries having risks, safe pesticide use and using essential PPE (SPU), basic first aid for  Increase in use of fee-based pesticide overexposure spray services with maintained (including antidotes), and use sprayers and PPE, and bulk- of personal protective purchase discounts on inputs equipment (PPE)  On demo farms and in flyers, promote use of SPU methods, including maintenance and use of sprayers and PPE  Use of fee-based project- promoted spray services  Chronic human  Training on chronic pesticide  Number of complete sets of Environmental or Quarterly poisoning risks, SPU, and use of PPE PPE present on demo sites and M&E Advisor leading to  On demo farms and in flyers, used future health promote use of SPU methods,  Number of beneficiaries that issues including maintenance and use chronic risks, SPU use of PPE mitigation measures  Use of fee-based project-  Number of beneficiaries having promoted spray services and using essential PPE  Increase in use of fee-based

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 151 Potential Risk Reduction or Mitigation Indicators of Risk M & E: M & E: Frequency of Environmental Measures/Best Management Reduction/BMPs Implementation Responsible M&E Monitoring, Reporting Risks & Impacts Practices (BMPs) Staff Member spray services with maintained sprayers and PPE, and bulk- purchase discounts on inputs  Increasing pest  Encourage use of preventive  Number of farmers using IPM Environmental or Quarterly resistance to IPM tools and tactics to instead of pesticide use M&E Advisor over-use of one minimize pesticide use  Number of farmers not using type of  Avoid the promotion of knapsack mixes pesticide knapsack mixes of two or  Number of farmers rotating more pesticides pesticides by class and mode of  Discourage the use of action persistent chemicals  Encourage long-term pesticide rotations by pesticide class and mode of action  Lack of  Train farmers about  Number of farmers trained in Environmental or Quarterly compatibility of ecotoxicity and how to read reading ecotoxicity and M&E Advisor pesticide use precautions on pesticide pesticide labels and pictograms with labels  Number of farmers applying ecosystems  Train farmers on applying pesticides at least 30m from pesticides at least 30m from open waters open fresh water and not to  Number of farmers taking wash their sprayers out in measures to reduce spray drift ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, or wetlands, or where water might run off into aquatic areas  Train farmers to minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce large droplets, properly calibrating

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 152 Potential Risk Reduction or Mitigation Indicators of Risk M & E: M & E: Frequency of Environmental Measures/Best Management Reduction/BMPs Implementation Responsible M&E Monitoring, Reporting Risks & Impacts Practices (BMPs) Staff Member and maintaining spray equipment, and considering use of drift-control agents  Improper  Train farmers not to spray  Number of farmers trained not Environmental or Quarterly pesticide before impending rainstorms to spray prior to a rainstorm M&E Advisor application as  Train farmers to not spray or  Number of farmers trained on relates to rinse pesticide equipment in employing soil erosion climate, or within 30m of rivers, reduction measures hydrology, and ponds, irrigation and drainage  Number of farmers trained to soils ditches, or other surface not spray with 30 m of water waters bodies, and not using pesticides  Train farmers to not spray that have high leaching with high toxicities to aquatic potential organisms before impending rainstorms  Train farmers to not use or recommend use of herbicides or other pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential near drinking water sources on highly sandy soils or on soils with water tables less than 3m to the surface  Train farmers to employ techniques to reduce farm soil erosion whenever erosion is likely to reduce the water transport of contaminated soil particles into waterways

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 153 Potential Risk Reduction or Mitigation Indicators of Risk M & E: M & E: Frequency of Environmental Measures/Best Management Reduction/BMPs Implementation Responsible M&E Monitoring, Reporting Risks & Impacts Practices (BMPs) Staff Member  No/low use of  See above mitigation  See above on training farmers Environmental or Quarterly safety measures on training farmers in PPE accessibility and use M&E Advisor equipment in PPE accessibility and use (PPE)

 Pesticide labels  Work with GOC to  Quantity of pesticides using Environmental or Annually do not have encourage adoption of WHO labels with WHO-mandated M&E Advisor WHO’s color- safety standards, including warning color coded labels coded pesticide color-coded labels used by  Increase in presence and use of toxicity brand-name pesticides higher-quality brand-name warnings  Work with GOC pesticide pesticides and extension services to promote use of known- quality pesticides  Do not promote the pesticides banned by Cambodia  Do not promote or use pesticides rejected by the 2018 PERSUAP; only promote those listed in the PERSUAP as acceptable

 Groundwater  Do not promote or permit use  Number of beneficiary farms Environmental or Quarterly (drinking water) of known groundwater not using groundwater M&E Advisor contamination polluting herbicides during polluting herbicides from herbicides training or on demo farms  Number of farmers using  Risks to human  Promote use of trained PPE- approved herbicides by trained, health from protected spray services PPE-protected spray service herbicides personnel

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 154 Potential Risk Reduction or Mitigation Indicators of Risk M & E: M & E: Frequency of Environmental Measures/Best Management Reduction/BMPs Implementation Responsible M&E Monitoring, Reporting Risks & Impacts Practices (BMPs) Staff Member  No abeyance of  Training on reading the  Number of farmers obeying Environmental or Quarterly pesticide-crop pesticide label and pesticide label safety M&E Advisor pre-harvest understanding of PHI information and PHI interval (PHI)  On demo farms and in flyers,  Number of trained, PPE- promote reading and protected spray service following pesticide label personnel instructions and warnings  Promote use of trained PPE- protected spray services

 Farmer Field  Repeated training, using FFS,  Number of beneficiary farmers Environmental or Quarterly Schools (FFS), on and use of GAPs, IPM who use GAPs, IPM for target M&E Advisor Good  On FFS and project demo crops agriculture farms and in flyers, promote  Increase in use of GAP and practices use of GAPs including IPM tools and tactics by (GAPs) and preventive IPM tools beneficiaries Integrated Pest  Use great care to not promote  Number of trainings where the Management pesticide AIs rejected by List of prohibited Pesticides is (IPM) not USAID’s PERSUAP available during trainings and known or demo sites understood or used  National Pest  Increase understanding of  Number of farmers using Environmental or Semi-Annually Management pests/diseases of each crop & preventive PMPs as seasonal M&E Advisor Plans (PMPs) preventive pest management crop management tools by not made tools beneficiary farmers  Work with GOC extension agents to make PMPs for each target crop, including preventive IPM tools and USAID’s PERSUAP- approved pesticides

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 155 Potential Risk Reduction or Mitigation Indicators of Risk M & E: M & E: Frequency of Environmental Measures/Best Management Reduction/BMPs Implementation Responsible M&E Monitoring, Reporting Risks & Impacts Practices (BMPs) Staff Member  No technical  Assist GOC Extension  Number of IPM flyers Environmental or Semi-Annually flyers on Service and other NGOs with distributed to farmers M&E Advisor preventive and production of IPM flyers  Increase in preventive IPM curative IPM containing numerous tools/tactics used by tools for preventive tools/tactics beneficiary farmers extension  Train on and use IPM flyers agents or on demo farms farmers  Surface water  Training on use buffer zones  Number of farmers using buffer Environmental or Semi-Annually contamination (30 meters) between crop zones between crop fields and M&E Advisor leading to field and surface water (also surface waters such as wetlands aquatic Climate Resilience measure) and other fish/aquaculture by ecotoxicity (fish  On demo farms and in flyers, beneficiaries kills) promote use of preventive  Increase in use of trained spray IPM tools to reduce pesticide service providers use, and SPU tactics to reduce risks to surface water  Promote use of trained and PPE protected spray services who understand aquatic ecotoxicity issues

 Death of  Training on proper spraying  Number of farmers using Environmental or Quarterly pollinator time, warning apiaries of mitigation measures to avoid M&E Advisor honeybees, spraying times, and buffer negative impacts to decline in zones to protect honeybees/apiculture apiculture honeybees/apiculture  Decrease in official and  On demo farms and in flyers, anecdotal reports of damage to promote use of preventive apiculture and honeybee kills IPM tools to reduce pesticide from pesticide misuse use, and SPU tactics to  Increase in use of spray service reduce risks to providers honeybees/apiculture

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 156 Potential Risk Reduction or Mitigation Indicators of Risk M & E: M & E: Frequency of Environmental Measures/Best Management Reduction/BMPs Implementation Responsible M&E Monitoring, Reporting Risks & Impacts Practices (BMPs) Staff Member  Promote use of trained and PPE protected spray services who understand bee toxicity issues

 Incorrect  Train technical experts,  Number of beneficiaries that Environmental or Quarterly pest/disease extension agents and can correctly identify pests, M&E Advisor identification beneficiaries on proper pest diseases and proper pesticide by extension and disease identification, choice agent or farmer and (USAID-approved)  Increase in use of spray service pesticide choices to use providers  On demo farms, show  Number of farmers and examples of identifiable pests spraying services using and disease damage appropriate PPE during  Promote use of trained and spraying operations PPE protected spray services using quality products  Sprayers not  Provision of spare sprayer  Number of beneficiaries that Environmental or Quarterly maintained and parts and training on proper use sprayers properly and M&E Advisor leak on maintenance of sprayers maintain them applicators  Demonstrations of proper  Increase in availability of spraying and calibration on sprayer spare parts demo farms  Increase in use of spray service  Promote use of trained and providers spray services using quality sprayers

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 157 Potential Risk Reduction or Mitigation Indicators of Risk M & E: M & E: Frequency of Environmental Measures/Best Management Reduction/BMPs Implementation Responsible M&E Monitoring, Reporting Risks & Impacts Practices (BMPs) Staff Member

 Fake,  Test suspect pesticides for  Quantity of pesticide products Environmental or Semi-Annually counterfeit and active ingredients (AIs), used by beneficiaries M&E Advisor low-quality amount of AIs present, independently tested by a pesticides from amount of manufacturing laboratory China, Uganda contaminants present at  Number of farmers who buy or other known quality certified labs and use quality pesticides counterfeit  Use pesticide test results to  Increase in use of spray service countries make decisions on which providers who use pesticide  Crop losses, products with PERSUAP- products of guaranteed quality risks to health, approved AIs to promote and  Number of farmers selecting and waste of which ones should not be pesticides of known quality and beneficiary used low human / ecological money, time  Demonstrations of proper toxicities (USAID-approved) pesticide  Number of farmers and choice on demo farms spraying services using  Train farmers on how to appropriate PPE during choose correct pesticides spraying operations (those of known quality and low human / ecological toxicities) instead of relying solely upon the advice of retailers / agrodealers  Promote use of trained and PPE protected spray services using quality products  Incorrect  Train farmers to not throw  Number of beneficiaries that Environmental or Monthly disposal of EPCs into fields correctly dispose of EPCs M&E Advisor empty pesticide  Train farmers on proper  Decrease in number of farmers containers triple-rinsing, puncturing, and who reuse EPCs for storing

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 158 Potential Risk Reduction or Mitigation Indicators of Risk M & E: M & E: Frequency of Environmental Measures/Best Management Reduction/BMPs Implementation Responsible M&E Monitoring, Reporting Risks & Impacts Practices (BMPs) Staff Member (EPCs) burial or recycling of EPCs consumable liquids  Re-use of EPCs  Train farmers to not re-use  Increase in use of spray service EPCs for storing cooking oil, providers that understand and water, milk, honey, or other use proper EPC disposal- liquids  On demo farms and in flyers, promote good EPC disposal techniques  If justifiable, promote the start and use of a re- collection and recycling program for EPCs  Promote use of trained and PPE protected spray services that understand proper EPC disposal

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 159 Biodata of PERSUAP Author Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA

Alan Schroeder was raised on a small family farm where the beautiful Susquehanna and Unadilla River valleys meet in upstate New York, the same place where the powerful Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse) Iroquois Confederacy held sway for over 600 years prior to European colonization. While the First Nations peoples grew the “Three Sisters” crops of corn, beans, and squash, Alan’s father, Electrical Engineer Samuel Schroeder, grew every vegetable, fruit, spice, and cut flower crop growable in the seasonal temperate upstate NY climate, and his mother, Registered Nurse Betty Dowling, used the produce to cook and bake an assortment of northern and eastern European delicacies. The menu occasionally included poultry as well—chickens and ducks and their eggs were often fine table fare, hand-raised at home.

At a very young age, Alan and his brother Daniel, true entrepreneurs, set up a roadside stand to sell garden vegetables, fruits, and cut flowers to passersby. The income earned, plus numerous scholarships, helped put Alan and Daniel through college. This wonderfully rich bucolic rural agricultural environment and entrepreneurial spirit served as a powerful inspiration to Alan as he pursued his life’s dream: To work with producers on diverse and exotic crops in other countries.

With this upbringing, Alan made the decision to train as a Crop Protection and Agribusiness Specialist. With over 28 years of experience gaining knowledge, skills and abilities researching, writing, analyzing and reducing pest/disease risks to agriculture production, chemical and pesticide risks to humans/natural resources, and now risks from climate changes, Alan continuously learns from others. Alan takes great pride to assist developing country producers with expertise in agriculture, an understanding of USAID regulations, as well as formal training and practical experience in entomology, plant pathology, chemistry, and agriculture business around the world. Producers in some 60 to 70 countries in all regions have taught Alan how they survive with their agricultural skills in challenging and ever-changing environments. NGOs have taught him how they make a difference every day in the lives of these producers, by introducing and applying modern new crop production tools and techniques.

Alan began his career in international development by being selected in 1989 as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center near Texcoco, Mexico. In 1990, he won a prestigious Science and Diplomacy Fellowship through the American Association for the Advancement of Science, working with USAID’s Bureau for Africa on agriculture research networks across Africa, and during which time he lived in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. He next served for nine years as an International Program Leader through USDA Agriculture Research Service, where he provided policy advice, technical leadership, risk-taking, vision, and management input on invasive trans-national locust, armyworm, bird, and rodent plagues, as well as complex and sensitive international environmental challenges. He provided integrated pest management expertise as well as pesticide safety, management and disposal advice for upper-level USDA and USAID administrators, US Ambassadors, and United Nations officials often saving the US government hundreds of thousands of dollars. During this time, he has been recognized by both of his universities as a Distinguished Alumni for his strong focus on using technical information and sharply-honed critical thinking skills to take well-calculated risks, make common-sense decisions on multi-million dollar technical and political development challenges.

During 2001, Dr. Schroeder founded E-NoeTec Consulting, from which he has worked as an International Consultant on agriculture and environmental compliance issues ever since. He recently spent two years living in Belgium, where his wife, Dr. Sonia Ortega, served as the Science Attaché to our USA Embassy to the EU, and during which time he developed a European arm to his consulting business. In his free time and with a lifetime focus on high-quality farming and food—from production through processing to the kitchen tabletop—he volunteers with the Arlington Food Assistance Center, a community-based non-profit that grows and provides nutritious produce and food for Arlington neighbors in need. He can be reached at [email protected].

2018 Feed the Future Cambodia Harvest II PERSUAP 160