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An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi

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An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi By Jung-yao Lu An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi, by Jung-yao Lu This book first published 2013 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Jung-yao Lu All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-4818-2, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4818-3 — Dedicated to Yuqing Yang (杨喻清) & Joshua Yichen Lu (吕奕辰) for their This is a Naxi Dongba pictograph which means LOVE. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures............................................................................................. ix List of Tables ............................................................................................... x List of Maps ............................................................................................... xii Acknowledgments .................................................................................... xiii Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction 1.1. Methodology 1.2. Cross-linguistic Data 1.3. Abstract and Organization Chapter Two ...............................................................................................11 Sound Change: Tonal Split 2.1. Tonal Splits in Chinese *Checked Syllables 2.2. Previous Studies about Subgroupings of Loloish 2.3. Tonal Splits in Lolo-Burmese *Checked Syllables 2.4. Discussion Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 52 Semantic Change: Schematic Effect 3.1. The Motion Verb RETURN—还 3.2. The Disposal Marker BA—把 Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 99 Syntactic Change: Structural Reanalysis 4.1. Previous Studies 4.2. Previous Studies: Causative-to-passive Development 4.3. Questions on Previous Studies 4.4. Development of Agentive Passive Markers 4.5. Discussion viii Table of Contents Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 127 Contact-induced Change: Borrowing 5.1. Definiteness and Nominalization, Relativization, and Genitivization in Chinese 5.2. Development of Nominalization, Relativization, and Genitivization in Naxi Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 168 Conclusion Appendices A. List of Abbreviations .......................................................................... 178 B. References & Reconstructions for *Voiced Initials in Chinese ........... 180 C. References & Reconstructions for *Voiceless Initials in Chinese ....... 181 D. IPA Descriptions for Wu Dialects (*Voiced Initials) .......................... 182 E. IPA Descriptions for Wu Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ....................... 183 F. IPA Descriptions for Hakka & Min Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ........... 184 G. IPA Descriptions for Hakka & Min Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ...... 185 H. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ................. 186 I. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) .............. 187 J. IPA Descriptions for Cantonese Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ................. 188 K. IPA Descriptions for Cantonese Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ........... 189 L. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects, Xiang, and Gan (*Voiced Initials) ................................................................................ 190 M. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects, Xiang, and Gan (*Voiceless Initials) ............................................................................ 191 N. References & Reconstructions for *Voiced Initials in Yi and Loloish ........................................................................................ 192 O. References & Reconstructions for *Voiceless Initials in Yi and Loloish ........................................................................................ 193 P. IPA Descriptions for Yi Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ............................. 194 Q. IPA Descriptions for Yi Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ........................ 196 R. References for *Voiced Initials in Naxi and Mosuo ............................ 198 S. References for *Voiceless Initials in Naxi and Mosuo ........................ 199 T. IPA Descriptions for Possible Loloish & Burmish (*Voiced) .............. 200 U. IPA Descriptions for Possible Loloish & Burmish (*Voiceless) ......... 203 Notes ........................................................................................................ 205 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 213 Subject Index ........................................................................................... 223 LIST OF FIGURES 2.1. From Proto-Lolo-Burmese to Proto-Lahoid 2.2. Bradley’s Genetic Relationship between Naxi and *L 2.3. Tonal Splits in the *Checked Syllable from *LB 2.4. Tonal Splits in the *Checked Syllable from *C 2.5. Genetic Distribution Based on Patterns of Tonal Splits 3.1. The Historical Changes of RETURN (还) 3.2. Sweetser’s Image Schema of AGAIN 3.3. Prototypical Image Schema of RETURN 3.4. Semantic Extensions from the Image Schema of 还 3.5. Wu’s Grammaticalization Process of BA Construction 3.6. Image Schema of the Thing-transferred Event 3.7. Image Schema of the Thing-located Event 3.8. Image Schema of the Thing-transformed Event 3.9. Image Schema of the Instrumental Causative Event 3.10. Image Schema of the Disposal Event 3.11. Development of Constructions with TAKE 4.1. Causative-to-passive Process of gei, rang, na, and jiao 5.1. Grammaticalization Pathways of Mandarin di (底)/de (的) 5.2. Grammaticalization Pathways of Chaozhou kai 5.3. Grammaticalization Pathways of Cantonese ge3 5.4. Mono-syllabified Process of [That + Cl] LIST OF TABLES 2.1. Middle Chinese Tone Categories 2.2. Eight-tone System in Chinese 2.3. The *Checked Syllable with Voiced Initial in Dialects of Wu 2.4. The *Checked Syllable with Voiceless Initial in Dialects of Wu 2.5. The *Checked Syllable with Voiced Initial in Dialects of Hakka and Min 2.6. The *Checked Syllable with Voiceless Initial in Dialects of Hakka and Min 2.7. The *Checked Syllable with Voiced Initial in Dialects of Mandarin 2.8. The *Checked Syllable with Voiceless Initial in Dialects of Mandarin 2.9. The *Checked Syllable with Voiced Initial in Dialects of Mandarin 2.10. The *Checked Syllable with Voiceless Initial in Dialects of Mandarin 2.11. The *Checked Syllable with Voiced Initial in Dialects of Cantonese 2.12. The *Checked Syllable with Voiceless Initial in Dialects of Cantonese 2.13. The *Checked Syllable with Voiced Initial in Mandarin, Xiang, & Gan 2.14. The *Checked Syllable with Voiceless Initial in Mandarin, Xiang, & Gan 2.15. The Short/Long Contrast of *Vowel 2.16. A Combination of Conditioning Factors 2.17. Secondary Split in *Short Vowel 2.18. The Voiced/Voiceless Contrast of the Root-initial Consonant 2.19. The *Checked Syllable with Voiced Initial in Yi Dialects 2.20. The *Checked Syllable with Voiceless Initial in Yi Dialects 2.21. The *Checked Syllable with Voiced Initial in Possible Loloish 2.22. The *Checked Syllable with Voiceless Initial in Possible Loloish 2.23. The *Checked Syllable with Voiced Initial in Possible Burmish 2.24. The *Checked Syllable with Voiceless Initial in Possible Burmish 2.25. Matrix of Tonal Split Patterns in Languages 3.1. Serial Verb Constructions with the Verb TAKE 4.1. A Shared Form of Passive/Disposal Markers in Certain Chinese Dialects 4.2. Position Class in Causativity of gei, jiao, rang, or na 4.3. Thematic Roles in Causativity of gei, jiao, rang, or na An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi xi 4.4. Position Class after Topicalization of NP3 4.5. Position Class after Omission of NP1 4.6. Position Class in Passive Constructions 5.1. Nominalizer, Genitive Marker, and Relativizer in Chinese 5.2. Definiteness in Chinese Genitive Marker, Relativizer, and Nominalizer 5.3. Four Types of Constituents for the Expression of Definiteness 5.4. Nominalizer, Genitive Marker, and Relativizer in Possible Loloish Languages 5.5. Nominalization-relativization Syncretism LIST OF MAPS 1.1. Linguistic Groups in Mainland China and Taiwan 1.2. Tibeto-Burman Languages in Yunnan Province of China 5.1. The Mosuo and the Naxi Regions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work could not have been completed without the academic and personal support of several people. To those people who were willing to spend their time and energy to help me complete this study, my appreciation is beyond words. I would especially like to express my deep appreciation to Scott DeLancey, who acted as my Ph.D. advisor at the University of Oregon and the chair of my dissertation committee, for his support of my work over a period of many years and for his professionalism in ensuring that everything was in place to make my work a success. I was fortunate to have found Scott, an extremely generous Tibeto-Burman linguist, who allowed me to work
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