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Burmese Tone?
Burmese Tone? Peter Jenks I. INTRODUCTION This paper is an investigation of the lexical properties of Burmese tone. It characterizes Burmese tone as resulting from an interaction between laryngeal and proper tonal features. The first, [±CONSTRICTEDGLOTTIS] (+CG]) is phonetically realized as a distinction between creaky and 1 breathy phonation (Matisoff 1968; 1973; La Raw Maran 1971; Halle & Stevens 1971) , while the feature [±HIGH] is phonetically realized as high vs. low tone. These features are not claimed to be independent of one another; on the contrary, their interaction is subject to distinctiveness constraints (Flemming 2006) which both restrict certain combinations of features while favoring others. There is an additional correlation to be noted between vowel length as a phonetic realization of phonation and its correlation with the single contour tone in Burmese, which is only licensed in a long vowel, as predicted by Zhang (2002). Thus, the putatively simple system of Burmese tones results from a complex interaction of features and phonetically motivated constraints. The paper proceeds as follows: In section 2 I present the basics of Burmese tone and present details of their phonetic realization and syntactic distribution that lead to my proposal. Section 3 is the proposal for the lexical properties of Burmese tone, and couches that proposal in terms of constraints on distinctiveness and contours. Section 4 presents data from tone sandhi in Burmese that is crucial for my claim that one of the Burmese suprasegmentals is a contour tone, an original proposal. * This paper is based on research done while enrolled in the Field Methods class at Harvard University in the Spring of 2007. -
Gradient Phonemic Contrast in Nanjing Mandarin Keith Johnson (UC Berkeley) Yidan Song (Nanjing Normal University)
UC Berkeley Phonetics and Phonology Lab Annual Report (2016) Gradient phonemic contrast in Nanjing Mandarin Keith Johnson (UC Berkeley) Yidan Song (Nanjing Normal University) Abstract Sounds that are contrastive in a language are rated by listeners as being more different from each other than sounds that don’t occur in the language or sounds that are allophones of a single phoneme. The study reported in this paper replicates this finding and adds new data on the perceptual impact of learning a language with a new contrast. Two groups of speakers of the Nanjing dialect of Mandarin Chinese were tested. One group was older and had not been required to learn standard Mandarin as school children, while the other younger group had learned standard Mandarin in school. Nanjing dialect does not contrast [n] and [l], while standard Mandarin does. Listeners rated the similarity of naturally produced non-words presented in pairs, where the only difference between the tokens was the medial consonant. Pairs contrasting [n] and [l] were rated by older Nanjing speakers as if two [n] tokens or two [l] tokens had been presented, while these same pairs were rated by younger Nanjing speakers as noticeably different but not as different as pairs that contrast in their native language. Introduction The variety of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Nanjing does not have a contrast between [n] and [l] (Song, 2015), while the standard variety which is now taught in schools in Nanjing does have this contrast. Prior research has shown that speech perception is modulated by linguistic experience. Years of research has shown that listeners find it very difficult to perceive differences between sounds that are not contrastive in their language (Goto, 1971; Werker & Tees, 1984; Flege, 1995; Best et al., 2001). -
Electroglottograph and Acoustic Cues for Phonation Contrasts in Taiwan Min Falling Tones
INTERSPEECH 2011 Electroglottograph and Acoustic Cues for Phonation Contrasts in Taiwan Min Falling Tones Ho-hsien Pan1, Mao-Hsu Chen1, Shao-Ren Lyu1 1 Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu Taiwan [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] including closed (contact) quotients obtained using a hybrid Abstract method (CQ_H) and Peak Increase in Contac (PIC), This study explored the effective articulatory and acoustic distinguished modal, breathy, and creaky phonations in parameters for distinguishing Taiwan Min falling unchecked Hmong and distinguished tense and lax phonations in Yi [6, 8]. tones 53 and 31 and checked tones 5 and 3. Data were Acoustic parameters including spectral tilts which measure the collected from Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, and mixed accents in amplitude differences between the first harmonic (H1) and the northern, central, and southern Taiwan. Results showed that strongest harmonic in the first formant (A1), second formant EGG parameters, Contact Quotients (CQ) and Peak Increase (A2) and third formant (A3), i.e. H1*-H2* (corrected), H1*- in Contact (PIC) were not effective in distinguishing checked A1* (corrected), H1*-A2* (corrected), H1*-A3*, and Cepstral from unchecked tones across speakers. In contrast, f0 contour Peak Prominence (CPP) distinguished phonation contrasts in and Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) consistently Hmong and Yi [6, 8]. distinguished checked tones from unchecked tones across A previous fiberoptic study of Taiwan Min checked speakers. The f0 onset was highest for tone 53, followed in syllables with final unreleased stops [p t, k, ǚ] produced with order by tone 3, 5 and 31. -
Glottalization of Taiwan Min Checked Tones
Glottalization of Taiwan Min checked tones Ho-hsien Pan Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, National Chiao Tung University [email protected] This study explores the glottalization of Taiwan Min checked tones 3 and 5 with a CV [pt k ʔ] syllable structure. Electroglottography (EGG) supplements acoustic data on disyllabic words with checked tones collected from 40 speakers from five dialect regions. The results indicated that a final coda can be realized as a full oral/glottal stop closure, an energy dip at vowel’s end, an aperiodic voicing at vowel’s end, or a coda deletion. Over 80% of /ʔ/ codas and less than 20% of /ptk/ codas were deleted. The undeleted /ptk/ codas were more likely to be produced with a full stop closure among tone 3 and sandhi tones. Glottal contact quotient (CQ_H) distinguished tones 3 and 5 from unchecked tones 31 and 51, respectively. In sandhi positions, the vowels of tone [5] /3/ were produced with a longer CQ_H, lower H1∗-A3∗ and a higher Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP), suggesting a longer close phase, a more abrupt glottal closure and more periodic voicing than tone [3] /5/. In juncture position, coda deletion and the merging of H1∗-A1∗,H1∗-A3∗ and A1∗-A2∗ of tones [3] /3/ and [5] /5/ suggest a sound change among checked tones. 1 Introduction 1.1 Taiwan Min checked tones Taiwan Min, also known as Taiwanese Hokkien or Taiwanese, is spoken by approximately 70% of the population in Taiwan. It belongs to the Min-Nan (Southern Min) variety of Chinese Min and is not mutually intelligible with Mandarin, Hakka, or the Formosan Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan. -
From Tone to Accent
This page intentionally left blank Matthew Chen’s landmark study offers the most comprehensive analysis to date of the rich and complex patterns of tone used in Chinese languages. Chinese has a wide repertoire of tones which undergo often surprising changes when they are connected in speech flow. The term tone sandhi refers to this tonal alternation. Chen examines tone sandhi phenomena in detail across a variety of Chinese dialects. He explores a range of important theoretical issues such as the nature of tonal representation, the relation of tone to accent, the prosodic domain of sandhi rules, and the interface between syntax and phonology. His book is the culmination of a ten-year research project and offers a wealth of empirical data not previously accessible to linguists. Extensive references and a bibliography on tone sandhi complete this invaluable resource which will be welcomed as a standard reference on Chinese tone. Having taught for many years at the University of California, San Diego, is Professor and chair of Linguistics and Dean of the Humanities and Social Sciences faculty at the City University of Hong Kong. He has written numerous articles on linguistics and is Associate Editor of the Journal of Chinese Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley. In this series 52 . and . : English focus constructions and the theory of grammar 53 : Linguistic realities: an autonomist metatheory for the generative enterprise 54 : From etymology to pragmatics: metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure 55 : Relevance relations in discourse: a study with special reference to Sissala 56 : On definiteness: a study with special reference to English and Finnish 57 and : The syntax of Noun Phrases: configuration, parameters and empty categories 58 : Conditions on phonological government 59 . -
1 Setting the Stage
Cambridge University Press 0521652723 - Tone Sandhi: Patterns Across Chinese Dialects Matthew Y. Chen Excerpt More information 1 Setting the stage This introductory chapter is intended to provide the necessary background for our investigation of tone sandhi. After a brief description of the gen- etic grouping of the languages of China, from which we draw the bulk of our primary data (section 1), I give a thumbnail sketch of the tone system of Middle Chinese (circa AD 600) and its evolution into the diverse pat- terns we see in modern dialects (sections 2–3). Historical tonal categories furnish us with a common frame of reference as we move from one dia- lect to another. I then set tone sandhi in the context of various types of tonal perturbations in connected speech, including tonal coarticula- tion, intonational effects, and morphologically conditioned tone changes (section 4). Tone sandhi processes often strike the analyst as arbitrary and totally lacking in phonetic or functional motivation. Section 5 shows that we can make sense of, if not explain, certain puzzling synchronic facts if we look at them from a diachronic perspective. This chapter closes with some terminological clarification (section 6). 1 Languages and dialects of China According to Major Statistics of the 1982 Census, published by the People’s Republic of China State Statistics Bureau (Beijing, October 1982), China (including Taiwan) has a population of 1,026 million.1 Of these, 977.2 million or 95.2% speak one form or another of Chinese. The remain- ing 46.2 million are distributed over a wide variety of language families/ stocks, spoken mostly on the periphery of China, with a high concentration of speakers of “minority” languages across the southwestern provinces. -
38060117.Pdf
Conference program 9.30-10.30 am Poster session: P1 A Case Study of Two Singlish Conversations in View of Sociolinguistics Fangbo LIAO P2 Discovering Sound Symbolism Through Chinese Ideophones Yang XIAO P3 The Teaching of Students with Special Educational Needs, SEN, in Hong Kong Charles Ka Shing KO P4 An acoustic study of retroflex and dental stops in Punjabi Qandeel HUSSAIN P5 A Comparison of Aspectual System in Four Sinitic Languages Ceylon Shiliang ZHANG P6 Challenge of developing and orthography for an unwritten endangered language of Norah Xueqing ZHONG China P7 A grammatical analysis of the ‘induced creaky tone’ in Burmese Mimi TIAN P8 A Postmodern Curriculum Perspective on Oral ESP Teaching Dan CHEN P9 The expression of time in Mandarin Nadine OTTING P10 Process description of translating English verbs with imperative aspect to Philipino Mariyel Hiyas C. LIWANAG and their translatability P11 Diversity and homogeneity: Images of ethnic minorities in Hong Kong Kara FLEMING P12 Is Vocabulary Knowledge Alone Sufficient for Second Language Lexical Inferencing? Sihui KE P13 Tone Sandhi in the Nanjing dialect Chris OAKDEN P14 Tones in Cantonese English and Musical Intervals Suki YIU P15 The Emerging of Evidentiality: a Case Study on Naxi Jun LIU P16 An Analysis of Suffixes “-er” and “-zi” as Countable Markers in the Xuzhou Dialect Zhe GAO P17 Influence of the German multiethnolect Kiezdeutsch and Turkish first names on the P17Linda JOHN grading of school essays: A language attitude study 10.30-11.30 am Light refreshments will be served Presenters free to peruse other posters 11.30am-12.30pm Invited talk by Dr Mark Donohue A Case Study of Two Singlish Conversations in View of Sociolinguistics P1 Fangbo LIAO This article is an analysis of two conversations in Colloquial Singaporean English (CSE), in differing their degrees of familiarity. -
Classifiers in Kam-Tai Languages: a Cognitive and Cultural Perspective
Classifiers in Kam-Tai Languages Classifiers in Kam-Tai Languages A Cognitive and Cultural Perspective Tian-Qiao Lu Universal-Publishers Boca Raton Classifiers in Kam-Tai Languages: A Cognitive and Cultural Perspective Copyright © 2012 Tian-Qiao Lu All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher Universal-Publishers Boca Raton, Florida • USA 2012 ISBN-10: 1-61233-144-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-61233-144-7 www.universal-publishers.com Cover image @Cutcaster.com/Domen Colja Publisher’s Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lu, Tian-Qiao. Classifiers in Kam-Tai languages : a cognitive and cultural perspective / Tian-Qiao Lu. p. cm. ISBN: 978-1-61233-144-7 1. Tai-Kadai languages. 2. Southeast Asia—Languages. 3. Classifiers (Linguistics). I. Title. PL4113 .L8 2012 495.9—dc23 2012945803 Contents AUTHOR’S PREFACE ........................................................... VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................ XI ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................. XIII ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .......................................... XV 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 17 1.1. LINGUISTIC GENEALOGICAL POSITION OF KAM-TAI ............. 17 1.2. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES .................................................... 22 1.2.1. Phonology -
The Phonology and Phonetics of Rugao Syllable Contraction: Vowel Selection and Deletion
THE PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS OF RUGAO SYLLABLE CONTRACTION: VOWEL SELECTION AND DELETION By Chenchen Xu A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Linguistics — Doctor of Philosophy 2020 ABSTRACT THE PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS OF RUGAO SYLLABLE CONTRACTION: VOWEL SELECTION AND DELETION By Chenchen Xu In Chinese languages, when two syllables merge into one that has the segments from both, the segments compete to survive in the limited time slots (Chung, 1996, 1997; Lin, 2007). The survival or deletion of segment(s) follows a series of rules, including the Edge-In Effect (Yip, 1988) and vowel selection (R.-F. Chung, 1996, 1997; Hsu, 2003), which decide on the outer edge segments and vowel nucleus, respectively. This dissertation is dedicated to investigating the phonological patterns and phonetic details of syllable contraction in Rugao, a dialect of Jianghuai Mandarin, with more focus on the vowel selection and deletion process. First, I explored the segment selecting mechanism, including the preservation or deletion of the consonantal and vocalic segments, respectively. Based on the phonological analyses, I further investigated two major questions: 1) what determines the winner of the two vowel candidates for the limited nucleus slot in the fully contracted syllable, the linearity of the vowels (R.-F. Chung, 1996, 1997) or the sonority of the vowels (Hsu, 2003), and 2) is a fully contracted syllable phonetically and/or phonologically neutralized to a non-contracted lexical syllable with seemingly identical segments with regards to syllable constituents, lengths, and vowel quality? The corpus data suggest that, 1) the Edge-In Effect (Yip, 1988) is prevalent in Rugao syllable contraction in deciding the survival of the leftmost and rightmost segments in the pre- contraction form whether they are vocalic or not, unless the phonotactics of the language overwrite it. -
THE MEDIA's INFLUENCE on SUCCESS and FAILURE of DIALECTS: the CASE of CANTONESE and SHAAN'xi DIALECTS Yuhan Mao a Thesis Su
THE MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF DIALECTS: THE CASE OF CANTONESE AND SHAAN’XI DIALECTS Yuhan Mao A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Language and Communication) School of Language and Communication National Institute of Development Administration 2013 ABSTRACT Title of Thesis The Media’s Influence on Success and Failure of Dialects: The Case of Cantonese and Shaan’xi Dialects Author Miss Yuhan Mao Degree Master of Arts in Language and Communication Year 2013 In this thesis the researcher addresses an important set of issues - how language maintenance (LM) between dominant and vernacular varieties of speech (also known as dialects) - are conditioned by increasingly globalized mass media industries. In particular, how the television and film industries (as an outgrowth of the mass media) related to social dialectology help maintain and promote one regional variety of speech over others is examined. These issues and data addressed in the current study have the potential to make a contribution to the current understanding of social dialectology literature - a sub-branch of sociolinguistics - particularly with respect to LM literature. The researcher adopts a multi-method approach (literature review, interviews and observations) to collect and analyze data. The researcher found support to confirm two positive correlations: the correlative relationship between the number of productions of dialectal television series (and films) and the distribution of the dialect in question, as well as the number of dialectal speakers and the maintenance of the dialect under investigation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express sincere thanks to my advisors and all the people who gave me invaluable suggestions and help. -
Research on Checked Tone in Lingchuan Dialect
Open Access Library Journal 2020, Volume 7, e6769 ISSN Online: 2333-9721 ISSN Print: 2333-9705 Research on Checked Tone in Lingchuan Dialect Zhipeng Wang School of Humanities, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China How to cite this paper: Wang, Z.P. (2020) Abstract Research on Checked Tone in Lingchuan Dialect. Open Access Library Journal, 7: This paper selects normal checked characters and makes a comprehensive e6769. analysis of checked tone merging in Lingchuan dialect from rhyme, initial https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106769 consonants and tone. In terms of rhyme, geng rhyme’s merging speed is fast- Received: September 2, 2020 est and shen rhyme is slowest. As for ancient consonants, nasal has the fastest Accepted: September 19, 2020 speed, and voiced initial has the slowest speed. Judging from the attribution Published: September 22, 2020 of the tones, the voiced and nasal initial checked characters are majorly clas- Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and Open sified into the departing tone, while the voiceless initial checked characters Access Library Inc. are attributed to four tone categories. The merging in Lingchuan dialect This work is licensed under the Creative mostly follows the rules of mandarin, but from the perspective of the quanti- Commons Attribution International ty, there are a few differences between Lingchuan dialect and Mandarin. License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access Subject Areas Linguistics Keywords Checked Characters, Tone Merging, Rhyme, Initial 1. Introduction Checked tone is one of four tones in middle Chinese dialect and also refers to the checked syllable that ends with consonants. -
Proto-Ong-Be (PDF)
PROTO-ONG-BE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 2018 By Yen-ling Chen Dissertation Committee: Lyle Campbell, Chairperson Weera Ostapirat Rory Turnbull Bradley McDonnell Shana Brown Keywords: Ong-Be, Reconstruction, Lingao, Hainan, Kra-Dai Copyright © 2018 by Yen-ling Chen ii 知之為知之,不知為不知,是知也。 “Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.” iii Acknowlegements First of all, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Lyle Campbell, the chair of my dissertation and the historical linguist and typologist in my department for his substantive comments. I am always amazed by his ability to ask mind-stimulating questions, and I thank him for allowing me to be part of the Endangered Languages Catalogue (ELCat) team. I feel thankful to Dr. Shana Brown for bringing historical studies on minorities in China to my attention, and for her support as the university representative on my committee. Special thanks go to Dr. Rory Turnbull for his constructive comments and for encouraging a diversity of point of views in his class, and to Dr. Bradley McDonnell for his helpful suggestions. I sincerely thank Dr. Weera Ostapirat for his time and patience in dealing with me and responding to all my questions, and for pointing me to the directions that I should be looking at. My reconstruction would not be as readable as it is today without his insightful feedback. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Alexis Michaud.