Dos Ensayos Sobre La Colombia Indígena Tim Cloudsley

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Dos Ensayos Sobre La Colombia Indígena Tim Cloudsley DOS ENSAYOS SOBRE LA COLOMBIA INDÍGENA TIM CLOUDSLEY Traducido por Elvia Rosa Castrillon Cubierta frontal fotografía de Balsa de La Laguna sobre el Mito de Guatavita 1 ÍNDICE PREFACIO…………………………………………………………………………………….. CAVILACIONES SOBRE EL ARTE PREHISPANICO DE LA COLOMBIA ACTUAL ……………….. POEMAS DE TIM CLOUDSLEY: MYTH AND DREAM…………………………………………………………………………. LAGUNA DE GUATAVITA………………………………………………………………….. EXPLORAR/IMAGINAR A REICHEL-DOLMATOFF…………………………………… 2 PREFACIO Estos dos ensayos fueron escritos entre 2003 y 2004, en Bogotá. El primero está inspirado en los artefactos pre-hispánicos vistos en los museos de Colombia entera, incluyendo, especialmente los magníficos de Bogotá; se inspiró también en la lectura y en el estudio de parte de la vasta literatura relevante. También está influenciado por una visita a San Agustín, donde mi esposa y yo estudiamos sus increíbles estatuas. El segundo ensayo surge de una exploración de algunos de los escritos de Reichel-Dolmatoff, como lo indica la primera parte de su título. En el proceso de su escritura, me encontré yo mismo ampliando, llenando, o imaginando las implicaciones de las profundas y trascendentales ideas de Reichel-Dolmatoff, como lo sugiere la segunda parte del título del ensayo. Espero que el lector perdone, o mejor aún, disfrute la inclusión de largas citas de los escritos de Reichel-Dolmatoff, como medio esencial mediante el cual sus ideas puedan ser tanto exploradas como imaginadas. Siento que este ensayo es más como un viaje a través de la música de un gran compositor; tal empresa es casi imposible sin escuchar largos pasajes de su música. Conocí a Rosa Castrillón como colega-profesora de la Escuela de Idiomas de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga en 2006. Tuve la suerte de que ella aceptara traducir al español del inglés original estos dos ensayos, que ahora se publican aquí. Tim Cloudsley 2007 Bucaramanga 3 CAVILACIONES SOBRE EL ARTE PREHISPANICO DE LA COLOMBIA ACTUAL “Entonces vi las cosas que habían sido traídas de la Nueva Tierra del Oro para el Rey..... maravillas de todas clases... objetos esplendorosos para el uso del hombre, más bellos que cualquier cuento de hadas. En todos los días de mi vida nunca había visto cosa alguna que llenara tanto de gozo mi corazón como estas cosas. Porque entre ellas vi tesoros de arte extraño, exquisitamente trabajados, y me maravillé del genio sutil de estos hombres de tierras distantes. No tengo suficientes palabras para describir las cosas que vi ante mis ojos.” Albrecht Dürer (1520) Karen Olsen Bruhn en su libro Ancient South America ofrece una caracterización excelente de las artes visuales en las civilizaciones andinas precolombinas. Su libro presenta una visión de las artes como un todo, y en particular, sobre la región colombiana actual. Es obvio que las artes visuales (textiles, metalurgia, alfarería, y escultura) sobrevivieron el tiempo más fuerte de los periodos de la preconquista, gracias a su durabilidad física. Por supuesto, estas civilizaciones tuvieron también literatura poderosa, pero como era oral, sólo pudo sobrevivir para nosotros en forma de tradiciones religiosas y mitológicas, las cuales han sido inseparables. La ‘literatura’ de las sociedades precolombinas, así como las sociedades indígenas contemporáneas no asimiladas, tendría tan gran alcance que ha sido asociada con las inspiradas narraciones, cantos, conjuros y declaraciones de los chamanes, muy a menudo inducidos por drogas, en trance alucinatorio; lo que es, un oráculo visionario-extático. Como lo presenta Efraín Sánchez: “Fueron sociedades sin rueda, sin caballo y, más significativo aún, sin escritura. Si tuvieron un Homero que cantara la epopeya de sus dioses, héroes y hombres, no nos es dado saberlo. Ciertamente no hubo ningún Vitrubio que dejara un volumen sobre sus artes. Los cronistas de la conquista no se tomaron la molestia de dejar consignado en sus escritos el valor o el significado que los indios que hallaron en el territorio daban a sus artes. Lo único cierto y, literalmente, sólido, que tenemos son las piezas.” Asimismo, la música tiene que haber sido tan importante para las civilizaciones colombianas antiguas como sus literaturas orales y sus artes visuales, pero como la literatura su música es más intangible y difícil de asir por ahora, aunque en un libro Music Of El Dorado de Dale Olsen su potencia sobrenatural empieza a tomarse como una forma imaginable real. Las siguientes palabras de una canción tumaco muestran un muy buen sentido del significado de la música del pueblo prehispánico: “Escucha el canto, escucha el canto que enseña la tradición. Entra al baile, Siente el abrazo de la comunidad. 4 Toca el instrumento, Libera su enseñanza, Deja que cante su historia, Deja que vuele ese pensamiento. Después de que el padre y la madre Se abrazaron y crearon la vida, Se convirtieron en instrumentos. Por eso hay instrumentos macho y hembra. Por eso, nuestra música es como la vida. Cantamos para vivir, Para que el río se apacigüe, Para que la enfermedad se vaya, Para que el animal se aleje y no haga daño. ….Bailamos para no morir. Lleva por dentro las semillas, Lleva la esencia y el origen. Por eso el curandero toca la maraca, Para que lo escuche el espíritu de la vida.” (en La Música De La Vida. Instrumentos Rituales, Banco de la República.) Sin embargo, no olvidemos qué tan poco fundado es el vínculo que tenemos con las realidades del arte colombiano prehispánico: cuan casi deshecho estaba nuestro hilo conector a ese pasado, siendo realistas. Durante casi todo el periodo colonial todas las esculturas y estatuas talladas en oro encontradas estaban fundidas en lingotes, tanto para la conveniencia del comercio como para los trabajos tallados en oro que eran mirados como idolatría pagana, así que el filisteísmo involucrado en su tallado podría justificarse como parte de una campaña general conocida como la “extirpación de la idolatría”. Trabajos como los admirados por Albrecht Dürer probablemente casi nunca sobrevivieron. La mayoría de los trabajos artísticos hechos en oro que existen actualmente de la Colombia prehispánica fueron descubiertos, principalmente en tumbas, por guaqueros, coleccionistas o arqueólogos, durante los siglos diecinueve y veinte. Algunos trabajos pueden haber sobrevivido de “los armarios de curiosidades” mantenidos por individuos entusiastas, normalmente aristócratas del siglo dieciocho. Pero vale la pena recordar cómo el vínculo mencionado antes estaba casi perdido, incluso, en el nivel de la supervivencia física y la continuidad. No obstante, es de igual importancia el hecho de que un interés en, un deseo de comprensión, y aún más una respuesta estética a la belleza de estos trabajos de arte, tenía que esperar muchos siglos para pasar después de la Conquista española, antes de adoptar raíces profundas. Efraín Sánchez acentúa el alcance que, incluso el gran Humboldt, magnífico por lo que era, podía sólo ver el arte precolombino a través de los ojos clásicos goethianos. Si eso no respondía a las maravillosas normas de la estética de la Grecia antigua era simplemente atrasado o primitivo. La emoción de Humboldt con los monumentos de la arquitectura prehispánica era claramente un 5 avance en la simplemente hostil, moralista, destructiva, ignorante y arrogante actitud de los colonialistas españoles (a pesar de las artes y arquitecturas maravillosas y preciosas que ellos mismos crearon en el país). Pero sólo permitieron a los artefactos de estas civilizaciones entrar a los museos europeos como fenómenos etnográficos. El esteticismo europeo a finales del siglo diecinueve, tal como se expresó en la novela de Oscar Wilde El retrato de Dorian Gray; y el vanguardismo del siglo veinte, Efraín Sánchez argumenta, por fin se permitió a algunos europeos ver estos trabajos como arte. Artistas como Picasso, Juan Miró, Orozco y Diego Rivera abrieron una puerta para entender las formas de arte no occidentales como potencialmente grandes y con posibles influencias del artista moderno, de manera comparable a la de la antigüedad europea y a otras épocas pasadas del arte europeo podía influenciar el arte moderno. Como señala Efraín Sánchez: “Los hombres del neoclasicismo creían saber que el germen de las bellas artes se había desarrollado solamente en Grecia y Roma. Los del siglo XX no pueden estar tan seguros, han aceptado como nadie antes que ellos que la creación y la apreciación artísticas son un misterio que aflora en todas partes. Como nadie antes que ellos, excepto por antiguos creadores de belleza como Alberto Durero, de quien son estas palabras que utilizó para describir las piezas de orfebrería prehispánica que le maravillaron, parecen pronunciadas por un pintor de nuestro tiempo: Was aber die Schonheit sei, das veis ich nicht, pero no sé que es la belleza.” En efecto, esto parece correcto, pero pienso, en última instancia, que los trabajos de las civilizaciones prehispánicas deberían entenderse simultáneamente de todas las maneras posibles. Para el puro ‘objeto estético’ de la civilización europea durante los últimos siglos de su existencia, es en sí mismo muy nuevo y excepcional para la humanidad entendida en términos de toda su historia. La idea de que el arte debería ser algo diferente de los objetos usados en el culto religioso, como titulares del beneficio del poder mágico, o como expresión de temor; como otros agentes del anhelo y aprendizaje espirituales, de la profecía, oración y súplica; como otros vehículos de instrucción sobre las reglas para vivir, sentencias incontrovertibles de las normas, creencias
Recommended publications
  • The Legend of Bogota S N O M M O C
    The Legend of Bogota s n o m m o C a i d e m i k i W a i v ) k r o w n w O ( ) z i t r O n á r u D o t r e b o R o i r a M ( o d r o i r a M y B A golden Muisca raft The Muisca people of Colombia had an unusual line of succession for its zipas, or rulers. The zipa’s oldest sister’s oldest son always became the next zipa. Tisquesusa became zipa of the southern Muisca Confederation in 1514 after his uncle died. The Muisca Confederation was one nation of people that was ruled by different people in the north and south. Tisquesusa was as ready as he’d ever be. His family had just come out of mourning for his uncle. They had mummified him and buried him only a few short days before. Beside him in his royal tomb, they placed pottery, food, golden ornaments, and other necessities for the afterlife. Tisquesusa had spent the last days fasting and felt weak but purified. The ceremony was about to start. Tisquesusa solemnly boarded the raft with his attendants and the village holy men by the shores of Lake Guatavita. 1 © 2018 Reading Is Fundamental • Content created by Simone Ribke The Legend of Bogota When the water was about chest-deep, Tisquesusa dropped his ceremonial robe. He let the priests cover his body in a sticky sap. Then they covered him from head to toe in gold dust until he shone and sparkled like the Sun god himself.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017-10 PGPI Newsletter
    Portland Gold Prospectors, Inc. GPAA Portland, Oregon Chapter The Legend of El Dorado October, 2017 The Muisca raft (Balsa Muisca in dimensions of 19.5 cm x 10.1 cm Come join us at our Spanish), sometimes referred to and various figures on the raft, next meeting. as the El Dorado Raft, is an artistic the largest figure that stands in October 15th at 1:30pm. figure of pre-Columbian gold the middle apparently represents Milwaukie Grange hall votive, drafted by the Muisca who the chief, which is adorned with 12015 SE 22nd, Milwaukie, OR established one of the four grand headdresses, nose rings and The Portland Gold Prospectors civilisations in the Americas on the earrings, measuring 10.2 cm and meetings are the third Sunday of Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the is surrounded by his soldiers who every month beginning at 1:30pm. Eastern Ranges of the Colombian carry banners. All interested parties are invited Andes. to attend the monthly meetings. The raft was found by three Become a member of the Portland farmers in early 1969 in a cave Gold prospectors, Inc a chapter of in the village of the Gold Prospectors Association of Lázaro Fonte in the America. municipality of Pasca For info contact Jerry Johns, (Cundinamarca), [email protected] or visit www. Colombia in a ceramic portlandgoldprospectors.org. pot, adorned with a human figure whose Presidents Blog face has sharp teeth. The October 2017 priest of the municipality Fall is upon us and the chapter protected the piece until it is getting ready to have its last was acquired by Bogota’s outing of the year on Oct 8th.
    [Show full text]
  • The Licit and the Illicit in Archaeological and Heritage Discourses
    CHALLENGING THE DICHOTOMY EDIT ED BY LES FIELD CRISTÓBAL GNeccO JOE WATKINS CHALLENGING THE DICHOTOMY • The Licit and the Illicit in Archaeological and Heritage Discourses TUCSON The University of Arizona Press www.uapress.arizona.edu © 2016 by The Arizona Board of Regents Open-access edition published 2020 ISBN-13: 978-0-8165-3130-1 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-8165-4169-0 (open-access e-book) The text of this book is licensed under the Creative Commons Atrribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivsatives 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Cover designed by Leigh McDonald Publication of this book is made possible in part by the Wenner-Gren Foundation. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Field, Les W., editor. | Gnecco, Cristóbal, editor. | Watkins, Joe, 1951– editor. Title: Challenging the dichotomy : the licit and the illicit in archaeological and heritage discourses / edited by Les Field, Cristóbal Gnecco, and Joe Watkins. Description: Tucson : The University of Arizona Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016007488 | ISBN 9780816531301 (cloth : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Archaeology. | Archaeology and state. | Cultural property—Protection. Classification: LCC CC65 .C47 2016 | DDC 930.1—dc23 LC record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/2016007488 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legend of Bogota by Mariordo (Mario Robertoby Mariordo Durán Ortiz)Via Wikimedia (Own Work) Commons
    The Legend of Bogota By Mariordo (Mario RobertoBy Mariordo Durán Ortiz)via Wikimedia (Own work) Commons A golden Muisca raft The Muisca people of Colombia had an unusual line of succession for its zipas, or rulers. The zipa’s oldest sister’s oldest son always became the next zipa. Tisquesusa became zipa of the southern Muisca Confederation in 1514 after his uncle died. The Muisca Confederation was one nation of people that was ruled by different people in the north and south. Tisquesusa was as ready as he’d ever be. His family had just come out of mourning for his uncle. They had mummified him and buried him only a few short days before. Beside him in his royal tomb, they placed pottery, food, golden ornaments, and other necessities for the afterlife. Tisquesusa had spent the last days fasting and felt weak but purified. The ceremony was about to start. Tisquesusa solemnly boarded the raft with his attendants and the village holy men by the shores of Lake Guatavita. 1 © 2018 Reading Is Fundamental • Content created by Simone Ribke The Legend of Bogota When the water was about chest-deep, Tisquesusa dropped his ceremonial robe. He let the priests cover his body in a sticky sap. Then they covered him from head to toe in gold dust until he shone and sparkled like the Sun god himself. Tisquesusa submerged himself in the water, purifying himself for his people, for the quality of his reign, and for the goddess of the lake. The people on the shore and those on the raft began to throw gifts of gold and of emeralds into the lake.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes
    Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Beatriz Goubert All rights reserved ABSTRACT Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Muiscas figure prominently in Colombian national historical accounts as a worthy and valuable indigenous culture, comparable to the Incas and Aztecs, but without their architectural grandeur. The magnificent goldsmith’s art locates them on a transnational level as part of the legend of El Dorado. Today, though the population is small, Muiscas are committed to cultural revitalization. The 19th century project of constructing the Colombian nation split the official Muisca history in two. A radical division was established between the illustrious indigenous past exemplified through Muisca culture as an advanced, but extinct civilization, and the assimilation politics established for the indigenous survivors, who were considered degraded subjects to be incorporated into the national project as regular citizens (mestizos). More than a century later, and supported in the 1991’s multicultural Colombian Constitution, the nation-state recognized the existence of five Muisca cabildos (indigenous governments) in the Bogotá Plateau, two in the capital city and three in nearby towns. As part of their legal battle for achieving recognition and maintaining it, these Muisca communities started a process of cultural revitalization focused on language, musical traditions, and healing practices. Today’s Muiscas incorporate references from the colonial archive, archeological collections, and scholars’ interpretations of these sources into their contemporary cultural practices.
    [Show full text]
  • South American Archæology; an Introduction to the Archæology Of
    ••••1 '( !f;i '". ")..<•/«'*'-< »/. ' " l|il'i " l iPi i>i UnwHHft lm 1 "l l W ll(8 . a» m CORNELL , UNIVElt'^'rY^ LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 ' BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Date Due w 'm:T^^m^ nBssrrrmii ^m' Cornell University Library F 2229.J89 South American archaeology; »" i"'™,"!'"?''" 3 1924 020 446 989 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020446989 SOUTH AMERICAN ARCHiE O LOGY TLATE I SOUTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ARCHE- OLOGY OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN CONTINENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EA^LY HISTORY OF PERU. BY THOMAS A^|OYCE, MA. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND A MAP NEW YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS MDCCCCXII F A^>in.r4> PREFACE IT is not without great diffidence that I have ven- tured to compile the following chapters on the archaeology of South America. The subject is one of great magnitude, and the literature dealing with it is vast. Besides this, there exist so many gaps in our knowledge, gaps which can only be filled by years of patient excavation, that the formation of theories is still a precarious task. At the same time it is useful to pass in review the work which has already been completed, with the object both of pointing out the missing links in the chain of evidence, and of stimulat- ing further research by calling attention to the results already achieved.
    [Show full text]
  • Scanned by Scan2net
    CHIBCHA LEGENDS IN COLOMBIAN LITERATURE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SPANISH IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF AR TS AND SCIENCES BY EDWINA TOOLEY MARTIN, B.A . DENTON, TEXAS MAY, 1962 Texas Woman's University University Hill Denton, Texas _________________________ May • _________________ 19 q_g__ __ W e hereby recommend that the thesis prepared under om supervision by -----'E'---'d"-'w"-'1=-· n=-=a ----"'T'--"o'--'o'-'l=-e=-y.,__c...cM-=a-=r-=t-=i'-'-n'-------- entitled Chibcha Legends in Colombian Literature be accepted as fulfilling this part of the requirements for the D egree of Master of Arts. Committee Chairman Accepted: ~f~ ... 1-80411 PREFACE La legende traduit les sentiments reels des peuples. Gustav Le Bon For centuries the golden treasure of the pre-conquest inhabitants of Colombia, South America, has captured man's imagination. The various legends of El DQrado led to the exploration of half of the South Am erican continent and the discovery of the Amazon River. It also lured Sir Walter Raleigh on the ill-fated expedition that finally cost him his head in the tower of London. These legends have inspired Colombia's men of letters and interested such foreign writers as Milton, Voltaire, and Andres/ Bello. Although it is true that the imaginative and psychological aspects of the legends are of particular interest to the student of a foreign culture, a legend may contain elements of historical truth also. Since these legends pro- vide insight into the early history of Colombia, an effort to find and preserve them has been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocultural Diversity, Pollinators and Their Socio-Cultural Values
    THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, POLLINATORS AND THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES 275 Coordinating Lead Authors: Contributing Authors: Rosemary Hill (Australia), Peter Kwapong Manuela Carneiro da Cunha (Brazil), Megan (Ghana), Guiomar Nates-Parra (Colombia) Gee (New Zealand), Mary Gikungu (Kenya), Anik Larasati (Indonesia), Philip Lyver (New Zealand), Elisa Oteros-Rozas (Spain), David Lead Authors: Roubik (Panama), Marie Roué (France), Edgar Selvin Pérez (Guatemala), Brenda Tahi (New Sara Jo Breslow (USA), Damayanti Buchori Zealand) 5(Indonesia), Brad Howlett (New Zealand), Gretchen Le Buhn (USA), Márcia Motta Maués (Brazil), José Javier Quezada-Euán (Mexico), Review Editors: Shafqat Saeed (Pakistan) Robert Kajobe (Uganda), Berta Martín-López (Spain) THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................... 278 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 280 5.1.1 Diversity of knowledge systems and the IPBES Conceptual Framework . 280 5.1.2 Focus on scientific and indigenous and local knowledge systems . 282 5.1.3 Indigenous and local knowledge systems and biocultural diversity . 284 5.1.4 Diversity of methods for eliciting values ................................ 286 5.1.5 Sociocultural and holistic valuation ................................... 286 5.2 POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND NATURE’S BENEFITS TO PEOPLE . 288 5.2.1 Natures’s benefits to people, good quality of life and categories of values . 288 5.2.2 Provisioning ecosystem services (socio-cultural valuation) . 289 5.2.3 Cultural ecosystem services: sources of inspiration (socio-cultural valuation) . 291 5.2.4 Cultural ecosystem services: recreational and educational values of beekeeping (socio-cultural valuation) .................................. 293 276 5.2.5 Nature’s gift: practices of ILK-holders and their extent of influence (holistic valuation).
    [Show full text]
  • The Prehistoric Individual, Connoisseurship and Archaeological Science: the Muisca Goldwork of Colombia
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery The prehistoric individual, connoisseurship and archaeological science: the Muisca goldwork of Colombia Marcos Martinón-Torres1 and María Alicia Uribe-Villegas2 1UCL Institute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, UK 2Museo del Oro, Banco de la República, Calle 16 # 5–41, Bogotá DC, Colombia [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Unlike art historians, archaeologists rarely make systematic attempts at attributing artefacts to individual artisans – they stop at the broader category of ‘provenance regions’ or ‘technical styles’. The identification of archaeological individuals, however, allows detailed insight into the organisation of workshops, knowledge transmission, skill, and the tension between individual and social agency. This paper reviews the potential of archaeological science methods to identify individual artisans through the study of material culture. Focusing on the Muisca votive goldwork of Colombia, it combines stylistic, chemical and microscopic analyses to identify idiosyncratic motor habits, material selections and artistic preferences that allow the identification of individual makers and manufacturing events. The results are informative of the internal dynamics between the Muisca technological tradition, religious behaviour and craft specialists. We conclude by outlining the potentials and challenges of science-based archaeological connoisseurship in other contexts. Keywords: Technical style, cultural transmission, craft organisation, archaeological individual, gold, lost-wax, Colombia, South America, connoisseurship, LA-ICP-MS, pXRF, HLLA glass 1. Introduction: identifying individual artisans in prehistoric arts and crafts Studies of archaeological material culture often search for patterns in the shape, style or decoration of artefacts, or in other traits that require instrumental characterisation such as their microstructure or their chemical or isotopic composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia Curriculum Guide 090916.Pmd
    National Geographic describes Colombia as South America’s sleeping giant, awakening to its vast potential. “The Door of the Americas” offers guests a cornucopia of natural wonders alongside sleepy, authentic villages and vibrant, progressive cities. The diverse, tropical country of Colombia is a place where tourism is now booming, and the turmoil and unrest of guerrilla conflict are yesterday’s news. Today tourists find themselves in what seems to be the best of all destinations... panoramic beaches, jungle hiking trails, breathtaking volcanoes and waterfalls, deserts, adventure sports, unmatched flora and fauna, centuries old indigenous cultures, and an almost daily celebration of food, fashion and festivals. The warm temperatures of the lowlands contrast with the cool of the highlands and the freezing nights of the upper Andes. Colombia is as rich in both nature and natural resources as any place in the world. It passionately protects its unmatched wildlife, while warmly sharing its coffee, its emeralds, and its happiness with the world. It boasts as many animal species as any country on Earth, hosting more than 1,889 species of birds, 763 species of amphibians, 479 species of mammals, 571 species of reptiles, 3,533 species of fish, and a mind-blowing 30,436 species of plants. Yet Colombia is so much more than jaguars, sombreros and the legend of El Dorado. A TIME magazine cover story properly noted “The Colombian Comeback” by explaining its rise “from nearly failed state to emerging global player in less than a decade.” It is respected as “The Fashion Capital of Latin America,” “The Salsa Capital of the World,” the host of the world’s largest theater festival and the home of the world’s second largest carnival.
    [Show full text]
  • Narrative and Geology As Advocates for Science Education of Local Residents and Tourists – the El Dorado Case Study
    Narrative and Geology as Advocates for Science Education of Local Residents and Tourists – the El Dorado Case Study Master’s thesis by Markus Lindewald Åbo Akademi University 2019 Geology and mineralogy, Faculty of Science and Engineering Abstrakt Denna avhandling är en fallstudie om El Dorado, ”Den gyllene mannen”. Avhandlingen redogör för de historiska händelser som ledde till erövringen av dagens Colombia och till upptäckten av Guatavitasjön, vars geologiska ursprung, trots åtskilliga vetenskapliga utredningar, fortfarande kvarstår som en gåta i den akademiska världen. I avhandlingen ingår två huvudsakliga studier som redogör för 1) författarens hypotes om ett möjligt vulkaniskt ursprung i form av en Maar-Diatreme, vilket förklarar Guatavitasjöns kraterlika form och 2) en opinionsundersökning om publikens intresse för olika geologiska hypoteser som redogör för Guatavitasjöns geologiska ursprung. Guatavitasjöns kraterlika form, dess inre och yttre vinklar, och förekomsten av det möjligtvis tuffitiska materialet som påträffats vid foten av kraterns nordöstra sida och som även analyserats kan överensstämma med definitionen av en Maar-Diatreme. Tecken på relativt färsk vulkanism i regionen och en dokumenterad beskrivning av sjöns perfekta platta botten i samband med dräneringen av Lake Guatavita år 1910, antyder ytterligare på teorin om en eventuell Maar-Diatreme. I studiens opinionsundersökning konstaterades att ungefär 90 procent av lokalbefolkningen och cirka 86 procent av besökande turister var intresserade av en vetenskaplig förklaring till Guatavitasjöns ursprung och poängterade vikten av en sådan utredning. Denna fallstudie om El Dorado framhäver allmänhetens intresse för geologisk kunskap och behandlar potentialen att förmedla vetenskaplig inblick i berättandeform i syftet att nå en publik bestående av turister och lokala lekmän.
    [Show full text]
  • ISA 2014 • Non-Destructive
    Renishaw Inc T +1 847 286 9953 5277 Trillium Blvd F +1 847 286 9974 Hoffman Estates E [email protected] Illinois IL 60192 www.renishaw.com The art of Raman 40 th International Symposium on Archaeometry Symposium International th Advantages 40 International Symposium • in situ analysis using optical fiber probe • 1 µm spatial resolution using microscope up to 100 m from instrument • No sample preparation on Archaeometry | ISA 2014 • Non-destructive Identify pigments th Red pigment in fresco In situ analysis of a 12 Repair of a damaged Red ochre Gypsum (sulfate) century fresco in the wall-painting of S. Pietro di Avigliana St. Merkourios in Protato church in Turin, Italy. church, Greece. Pigments are identified Analysis of small particles from their Raman spectra of paint (< 1 mm2) with enabling sympathetic a Renishaw Raman 1000 800 600 400 restoration. microscope identifies the Raman shift / cm-1 original pigments. Investigate authenticity Other applications Renishaw’s Raman Gemstones system provides Corrosion processes evidence for the Vinland Map being a very clever Ceramics forgery. Marble In situ analysis of materials used on the map allows Surface treatments dating of the artwork. | ISA 2014 P0071©2014 Renishaw plc PO071_the_art_of_Raman_US_letter.indd 1 4/11/2014 9:06:07 AM Tracer III-SD, the defacto standard for art and archeology investigations Bruker’s Tracer III-SD, pXRF Spectrometer The capabilities of a flexible full size laboratory XRF system, with the convenience of a handheld User-definable analysis parameters allow you to
    [Show full text]