About the Editor

James T. Richardson, J.D., Ph.D. is Professor of Sociology and Judicial Stud• ies at the University of Nevada, Reno. where he directs the Judicial Studies graduate degree program for trial judges, serves as director of the Grant Sawyer Center for Justice Studies. a research arm of the University. and teaches in the Sociology Department and the Interdisciplinary Doctoral Program in So• cial Psychology. He specializes in Sociology of Law, , Social Psychology and Law, and Social Science Evidence. He has done re• search and made presentations in two dozen countries, and has been a Fulbright Fellow in The Netherlands , a Rockefeller Fellow at Bellagio, Italy, and has held visiting appointments at the School of Economics, Melbourne Univer• sity, the University of Sydney, and Queensland University. He has published some 200 articles and chapters in books, as well as seven other books. The major focus of his research in recent years has been on the way that governmental entities seek to exert control over minority faiths, and the con• sequences of such actions, an interest reflected in this volume. Other books by Dr. Richardson include Conversion Careers: In and Out of the New Religions (1978), The Brainwashing/Deprogramming Controversy (with David Bromley, 1983), Money and Power in the New Religions (1988), The Satan ism Scare (with David Bromley and Joel Best, 1991), Organized Miracles: A Study ofa Youth, Communal, Fundamentalist Organization (with Mary Stewart and Robert Simmonds, 1979), and Challenging Religion: Essays in Honor ofEileen Barker (with James Beckford, 2003).

555 Index

Aagaard, Johannes, 229-231 , 232 Americans for Separation of and State, 13 Abgrall , Jean-Marie, 37, 47,127-149,155 Amistad Cristiana, 444 cultic brainwashing theory of, 127-128, 13&--137 Ananada Marga, 389 Daubert guidelines-based evaluation of, 138-143 Anatomy ofthe (Andrzej and Zwolinski), as expert witness in anti-cull trials, 128-129, 130 268-269 lack of publication in peer-reviewed journals, 143 Anglican Church. See also Church of England Mecanique des , La, 129-130 in Australia, 334, 337 opposition to Aumist religion , 75, 76. 80 opposition tosexual anti-discrimination report on , 130 legislation , 339 Abortion, legalization of, in Italy, 208 Anglicans, in Australia , 335 About , Nicolas, 62, 63, 160 Animal s Accion Cat6lica , 461-462 Aumist concept of, 78-79 Accordo di Villa Madama, 307 ritual sacrifice of, 387 Addiction theory, of , 141-143 Annacondia, Carlos , 468 ADFI. See Association pour la Defense de la Famille Arnall, Jozsef, 289 et de l'lndividu (ADFI) Anthony, Dick , 128, 133-135, 144 Administration of Muslirnic Refugees , 103 Anthroposophical Christian Fellowship, 224, 226 Adolat organization, 321 Anthroposophic Society, 118-121, 160 "Affectivity bombing," 169 Anti-abortion movement, in France, 44-45 Afro-Brazilian religions, in Argentina, 455, 460, 461, Anti-Americanism, 14 471 Anti- Movement , 521-522 Agarwal , Ashok, 400 brainwashing ideology of, 131 Ahmadi, A. M.. 392, 393 as social movement industry, 180 Aide al'Eglise qui souffre, 29-30 Anti- Vaticanist cult, 47 Alamo , Tony, 538 AI'A Monitor, 519 Alamo Foundation, 538 Apocalyptic groups , membe rs' suicides in, 216 Albright, Madeleine, 365 Apostolic Church , in Italy, 210 Allianc e of Baptist Churches, 315 Arab-Australi ans, harassment of, 337, 338 Alliance of Free Democrats, 280 Arabs, as Australian immigrants, 340 Alliance of Jewish Congr egations, 289 Archbishop of Canterbury, 238 AI Qaeda, 218 Argentina, 453-475 American Civil Liberties Union, 13, 537 anti-cult activities andpolicies in American Family Foundation, 130-131 Accfon Cat6lica, 461-462 American FumilyPhysician, 511 anti-Americanism of, 456 American Jewish Congress, 537 's role in, 456, 469-470 American Psychiatric Association, 133, 517 FAPES foundation and, 460 American Psychological Association , 138,517,519 government reaction s to, 461-467 Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for media coverage for, 462, 470 Psychology, Task Force on Deceptive and National Register of Cult s, 454, 455, 459-460, IndirectMethods for Persuasionand Control, 466-467,468-469,471 519 new religiou s movements' response to, 457-458

557 558 Index

Argentina(cont.) Aumistreligion,73-83 parliamentaryreactionsto, 459-461 Associationde Defensede la Famille et des Penal Code and, 453, 454, 465-466 Individus(ADFI)opposition to, 75, 77, 79 SPES, 459, 460, 462 Associationof the Knightsof the Golden Lotus, 75, ArgentineEpiscopalConference,463 77 ArgentineYogaSchool,457-458,470 Cultural Associationof the Temple-Pyramid,7&-77 Catholic Churchin, 453-454, 465 ecologydoctrineof, 74, 78-79 anti-cultpositionof, 456, 469-470 Mandarin(holy city) of, 74, 75, 77, 81 legal status of, 454-455 environmentalists'oppositionto, 74, 75, 79-81 Center for IslamicStudies, 469 Frenchgovernmentraid on, 75, 76 FAPES,46O mediacampaignagainst, 43 militarydictatorshipin, 458 Order of the TriumphantVajra,76 newand minorityreligionsin originof, 75 Afro-Brazilian religions,455, 460, 461, 471 putativedevianceanalysis of, 80 Childrenof God,455, 456, 457, 459, 460 Aum Shinrikyo, 74, 86, 213, 215 Churchof God,462, 463 allegedbrainwashingby, 36&-367 EightQueens,456, 457, 458, 459, 463 Japanesegovernment'sfailure to control,359-360, EscuelaCientificaBasilio,461, 469 365-366,374 Evangelicals,455, 464, 471 in Russia,248, 249-250 The Family,457, 460, 461, 470-471 Tokyosubwaysarin gas attacks by, 14,74, 114, Hare Krishna,455, 461 365-366,369-370,374,375 Jehovah's Witnesses, 455, 461 AUMsound, 78 media's coverageof, 453, 454, 455-456, 457, Australia,333-342 458-459 AnglicanChurch in, 334, 337 Mormons,461 opposition tosexualanti-discrimination NewAge groups,461 legislation,339 opposition toanti-cult activitiesandpolicies. Catholic-Anglican hegemonyin, 334, 335 457-458 CatholicChurch in, oppositionto sexual Pentecostalchurches,461 anti-discrimination legislation, 339 Spiritistgroups, 454,469,471 deprogrammingin, 7 Umbanda,457, 461, 471 EurekaStockaderebellion in, 334 UnificationChurch,457, 461, 469 religiousdiversity in proposedlaw on religiousfreedom, 454, 462-465, critical policydevelopmentfor, 338-340 471 Freedomof Religionsand Belief legislationand, CatholicChurch'soppositionto, 467-468 333 Evangelicals'oppositionto, 467-469 historicalbackgroundof, 333-336 "public areas" modelof, 453-454 immigrationand, 335, 33&-338,340 registra.ionof religiousgroups in, 454-455, institutionalcontextof, 33&-337 459-460, 464 religiousdiscriminationand, 338 religiouspluralismin, 15 ReligiousFreedomAct and, 338 Secretariatof Cults,455 religiousfreedomand, 333-335 Armenia,Jehovah's Witnessesin, 66 "White Australia" policy and, 335 Army of God, 355 " scare" in, 9 Aslam, Mohammed, 401 third-partysupport for new religious movements in, Assemblyof God Pentecostals,in Italy,208, 209 14-15 Associationde Defensedes Sites du Verdon,75 Austria,hierarchyof religiousgroups in, 244 Associationof the Knightsof the GoldenLotus,75, 77 Austrian-Hungarian Empire,collapse of, 300 Associationof Victimsof IllegalPracticeof Medicine, Autopsies,537-538 117 "Awakenings," 492 Associationpour la Defensede la Familleet de I'lndividu (ADFI), 214 Baamonde,Jose Maria, 456, 462, 467 actionagainst theTwelveTribesMessianic Baha'i religion, in Denmark,224 Communities,188-189, 193-194, 199 Balbo,Cesare, 205 oppositionto Aumistreligion,75, 77, 79 Baptists Polish affiliateof, 261, 264, 268, 275-276 in Croatia, 315 Atheism,in communistcountries, 243, 296 in Czech Republic, 2% Atlantis, 78 in Hungary,280, 291, 292 AtmanFoundation,157 in Italy, 208 Index 559

Barber, T. X.• 140-141 phases of, 135-136 Barker, Eileen, 243 scientific evaluation of, 127-149 Barthelemy, Denis, 173 as basisfor regulation of newreligiousmovements, Bauberot, Jean , 68--69 6, 131-132 Beattie, Larry, 499 for conservatorship hearings, 3, 11-12 Beattie, Lorna, 499 cultural diffusion of, 9-10 Behnk, Wolfgang, 197-198 for deprogramming, 3-4, 7 Belgium, anti-cult activities and policies in, 6, 60, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) model of, 113-125 129-130, 135, 136, 137, 138 toward Anthropo sophic Society, 115, j 16-125 scientific evaluation of, 130-135 anti-cult Web pages, 216 as coercive conditioning Belgian Anthroposophic Society v. The French scientific evaluation of, 139-140 Community ofBelgium case, 115, 116-118 use of hypnosis in, 140-141 Catholic Church's opposition to, 114 criminali zation of, 81 Catholic Church 's support for, 114, 116 dissociation mechanism of, 132-1 33 development of, 113-115 European parliamentary and governmental reports Freemasonry Lodges and, 115 on, 151-178 Information and Advisory Center on Harmful Belgian reports, 157-158 Sectarian Organizations and an Admini stration Canton of Geneva report s, 158-159, 163-164 Coordinator Cell, 114-115, 116, 118-121 Council of Europe report s, 17l-ln Anthropo sophic Society's opposition to. 116, Dutch reports, 156 118-1 21 French report s, 155-156 , 159-163, 173 motivation for, 115-11 6 German reports, 165-168 Observatory of Cults, 113, 115, 158 Italian reports , 168-169 parliamentary reports onnew religious movements. Spanish report s, 156-157 113-114,152,215 Swedish report s, 164 U. S. Departm ent of State 's criticism 01',115 Swiss reports, 164-165 , 169-171 Berger Report , 154, 168 type I reports, 152-153 Berliner, Dr., 117 goal of, 130 Bertelsen, Jes, 230 during Korean War, 128, 129, 131, 136-1 37,517, Bertel sen, Pemille, 230 518 Berzano, Luigi, 80 as legal defense, 525-526 Bhaaratiya Jan Sangh , 388 for Aum Shinrik yo members, 367 Bible Believers: Fundamentalists in the Modem for members , 367, World (Ammerman), 492 478-47 9,507,510 Bin Laden, Osama , 323-324 in Patty Hearst case, 517-518, 525 Birlik organization, 320-321 origin of term, 129 Black , Donald , 11-15,360,374-375 paradigm of, 128 Black, Galen , 536- 537 scholarly critique s of, 13 Blancarte, Roberto , 444 transference/regression theory 01', 141 Blood transfusions, Jehovah's Witne sses' prohibiti on , 86, 215, 360, 522 against, 66. 69, 264 media coverage of, 457, 460 " Bloody Sunda y," 494 Brard, Jean -Pierre, 160 Bommai, S. R., 391 Brethren , in Australia , 334 Borghs, Jan, 116 Brock , Owen, 499 Borguignon, Sophie, 163 Buddhism Born -again Christians, in Australia , 337 in China , 368 Bosnia, 302, 304 in Hunga ry, 291, 292 Bourdin, Gilbert , 75-76 , 77, 78, 80 in Singapore, 345, 347-348 alleged relationship with Order of the Solar Temple, Buddhists 80 in Australia , 335 Kumaris, 157,224,226 in Czech Republic , 297 Brain washing. See also Mental manipul ation in Denmark, 224 addiction theory 01',141- 143 in Hungary, 292 as basis for anti-cult legal testimony, 4, 133-1 35 in Italy, 210 critique of, 128-129 non-violenc e principl e of, 387 Daubert guidelines for, 139-143 as prison chaplains, 239-241 inadmissibilit y in court, 12, 13, 135-136 Burchard, John, 188- t89 560 Index

Bureau of Information and Documentation on New disestablishment of, 47-48, 50 Religious Movements and Sects of the Civitas "free-thinker criticisms of,48 Christian Association, 264 laicite policy and, 67--{j8 Bush , George P" 46 religious symbolic products marketing and, 69 Bush, George W., 46, 81 in Hungary, 281-282, 289 Bush admirtistration, 81 income tax-based funding for, 290, 292 Byron, Helen , 483-484 military chaplains of, 285 Byron v, Rujneesb Foundation lnternational, 483-484 in Italy, 203 1984 treaty with Italian government , 208 Caberta y Diaz, Ursula, 89, 90, 228 as official state relig ion, 204, 207 Calvary Chapel, 492, 493 opposition to new religious movements, 209 Camacho, Lazaro, 442 tax subsidies for, 208-209 Campbell University , Church-State Resource Center Libera l, 224 of the Nonnan Adrian Wiggins School of Law, in Mexico, 441, 442-445, 446-447,448-449 540 in Poland, 259-260, 261-262, 264-265, 267, 268, CAN. See Cult Awareness Network 269 Canada in Singapore, 345 Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 420, 421-422, Catholic religious orders, Internal Revenue Service 427-434 990 report exemption for, 500 Supreme Court decisions and, 421, 423-425 Catholics church-state association in, 420-421,425 in Austral ia, 334, 335, 337 Constitution Act of 1867,421 in Hungary, 280, 281 Freedom of Worship Act of 1851, 421 Catholic University of Argentina, 460 Jehovah 's Witnesses in, 425-426, 427, 432-433 Cavo ur, Camillo Benso di, 205-206 toleration for minority religions in, 419-420, 420, Centeno, , 461-462 421 , 422, 423-430 Center Against Mind Contro l, 73 historical background of, 420-421 Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR), 160, historica l factors in, 435 168 legal facto rs in, 435-436 Central Christian Church, 355-356 political factors in, 437 Central Institute Islam Archive s, 105 sociological factors in, 436-437 Centrallntclligence Agency (CIA), brainwashing Supreme Court 's role in, 423-427 theory of, 129, 130-135, 135, 136, 137, 138 technocractic pluralism and, 434-435 Centre Contre les Martipulations Mentales (CCMM) , Twelve Tribes Mess iartic Commurtities in, 42-43 186-187, 188 CESNUR (Center for Studies on New Religions), 160, Canto n of Geneva , 152, 158-159, 171 168 Canton of Ticino, 169-170 Chambliss, William, 8-9 Capitalism, Urtification Church's suppo rt for. 56, 57 Champlion, Claire, 43 Cardenas, Manuel Avila, 442 Chaplains Carey, George, 238 for Australian convict s, 334 Carle, Michel, 77 military Carlo Alberto , King of Sardinia, 203, 204, 205 in Croatia, 306, 308, 3 14 Casaroli. Agostino, 301 in Hungary, 283, 287-288 Catholic Church Muslim, 107 in Australia, 339 ministering in prisons, 237, 238 in Canada, 421 in England and Wales, 238-242 in China, 368 in United States, 238 in Croatia, 300, 304. 305, 306, 311 Charismatic Renewal, 113 privileged position of, 244 Cheng, Vincent, 349-350 public trust in, 302 Child abuse allegation s. See also Sexual abuse cultic brainwashing by, 143 allegations "cult" movement within, 114 against new religio us movement members , 4-5, in Czech Repub lic, 296, 297 538 in France, 28, 29-30, 33 in Argentina , 457-458, 459 anti-cult position of, 48-49 in Poland, 263-264 charismatic communities of, 48 of ritual abuse, 94, 95 cull-like activities of, 48-49 of ritual murders, 457 , 460 , 463 Index 561

against Twelve Tribes Messianic Communities, Abgrall's report on, 130 180-199 alleged brainwashing and mind control by, against nuns, 50 127-129,130-131,135,525-526 Child abuse statutes , 5 auditing by, 140, 227 Childrearing, 4 in Australia, 337 Children at Risk: Why Protective Action in Island in Canada, 433-434 Pond Was Necessary (Burchard), 188-189 capitalist ideology of, 58, 59 Children of God, 4, 86, 156,214,522. See also The Catholic Church 's criticism of. 29 Family civil lawsuits against, 478-479 Child welfare, in new religious movements . See also comparison with , 59 Child abuse allegations; Sexual abuse in Czech Republic, 297 allegations in Denmark , 225, 226-228 in the Netherlands, 216-217 alleged tax evasion by, 227, 228 China auditing by, 227 anti-cult activity in, 368-369 Dialog Center and, 229, 230 Chinese Communist Party, 369, 370, 373-374 missionaries of, 226-227 Cultural Revolution, 369 schools of, 227-228 democratic centralism concept in, 369 school textbooks about, 228 democratic consultation concept in, 370 "E-meters" of, 485 regulation of new religious movements in, 10 European opposition to, 59 of , 7, 14,217,359,367-368, finances of, 160 370-372,373-374,375 in France, 42. 45-46, 47, 68, 81-82,127-128,144 religious freedom in, 368 in Germany, 58, 86-87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 227-228 socialist legality concept in, 369 in Hungary, 291 state-approved religions in, 368 Internet use by, 38 as Universal Declaration of Rights signee, in Italy, 58-59, 210 373 in Mexico, 445 Chirac , Jacques , 81 as multinational corporation, 59 Chomsky, Noam, 140 in the Netherlands , 214 Christian Daily , 223 in Russia, 253-254 Christian Democratic Party (Italy), 207, 208 in Sweden , 66,165-166 Christian Democrats (Germany), 88, 90, 95, 96 Swiss parliamentary report on, 152 Christian-National Union, 263 in the United Kingdom. 58, 59 Christians Church of the Unified Christians, 263 in Australia, 335 Citizens Freedom Foundation , 180, 181, 183, 184 in Singapore , 345, 351 City ofBoerne v, Flores, 538 , Catholic Church 's criticism of, 29 Civiletti , Benjamin, 518 Christ is Love Church , 292 Civil lawsuits , against new religious movements Christofferson, Julie, 478-479 brainwashing as basis for, 3, 4 Church , Darlynn, 185-186 in Europe, 7 Church , Roland , 185-186, 188, 191 by former NRM members, 525 Church and Sects, The (Pawlowicz), 260 qualit y of evidence in, 8 Church of Christ , in Australia, 334 Civilta Cattolica , La, 204 Church of England Civitas Christiana and, 264, 268 in Czech Republic, 297 Clarin , 459 prison chaplainc y service of, 238, 239-242 Clark, John , 128, 130-131 ,511-515 relationship with British government, 238 Destructive Cult Conversion: Theory, Research. relationship with non-Christian religions , 237 and Treatment. 130 Church of God, in Argentina, 462 Clarke, Andrew Inglis, 334 Church of Jesus Christ and Latter-Day Saints Cloning , 68 in Argentina , 461 Clothing , "religious," See also Headscarfs Catholic Church 's criticism of, 29 ban on, 322 in Czech Republic , 296 Coates, Priscill a, 181, 183-184, 196 in Denmark , 224, 230 Coercive Persuasion (Schein). 517 in Germany, 90 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe , in Italy. 210 323 Committee for the Defense Against Sects, 268, 269 562 Index

Communism, Unification Church's opposition to, 56 Cult Awareness Network, 194, 196, 197, 214, 366, 522 Communist Party,Chinese, 369, 370, 373-374 Cultic Studies Journal, 517, 520 Communists, alleged brainwashing by, 128, 129, 131, Cultism , destructive , 10, 156,367,511,512 136-137,517,518 differentiated from religions , 157 Conditioning as syndrome, 512-51 5 coercive , 139-140 Cults, "commercial," 93, 97 psychic , 129 Cultural Association of the Temple-Pyramid, 76-77 Condon, Richard, 129, 138 Cultural diffusion, of social control of new religious Conference of French Catholic Bishops, 73 movements , 9-10 Confucianism, 346-347, 351 Cultural Revolution, 369 Congregationalists, in Australia , 334, 335 Czech Republic , 295-298 Conrad, P., 508-509 atheism in, 295 Conservatorship orders, 2, 3 Baptists in, 296 Shapiro case, 511-512 Catholic Church in, 296, 297 Consumer protection model, of anti-eult activity, 2, 5, The Family in, 297 167-168 Jehovah's Witnesses in, 295, 296, 297 Contre-Reforme-Catho1ique,47 Methodists in, 296 Convents, abuse of girls in, 50 new religious movements in, 244 Corporal punishment, 5,185-186 Orthodox Church in, 296 Council of Europe, 5 Pentecostal churches in, 296 anti-cult position of, 64 Protestant churches in, 296 "cult debate " by, 217 registration of religious groups in, 9, 296, 297-298 Illegal Activities of Sects report, 171-172 religious freedom in, 295-296, 298 Parliamentary Assembly, 5, 113 secularism in, 298 reports on new religious movements, 113, 153-154, Seventh-Day Adventists in, 296 171-172 Craxi, Bettine. 208, 209 D'Alema, Massimo, 210 Crim inal activities Daubert guidelines , for evaluation of scientific brainwashing as legal defense against, 525-526 testimony, 138-143 by Unification Church , 54 Daubert v. Dow Chemical, 138-139 Critero, 462 Dawson, Edward, 186-187 Croatia Dawson, Isaac, 196 Agreements with the Holy See, 304, 305, 307, Dawson, Michael, 186-187, 196 308-309,310,314 Dayal, Yogeshwar, 392, 393 Catholic Church in, 300, 304, 305, 306, 311 de Charrette , Herve, 63 privileged position of, 244 Defay, Jean-Yves, 260 public trust in, 302 Deformation hypothesis, 483, 484 church attendance in, 303 De la Rua, Fernando, 462 Commission for Religious Affairs, 304-305 Delgado, Richard, 520-521 , 521-522 Constitution of, 304-305 Del Re, Michele, 169 "ethnic cleansing " in, 304 Democratic centralism, 369 Law on Marriage and Family Relationships, 306 Democratic consultation, 370 religio sity in, 303 Deng Xiaoping, 369 religious communities in, 9, 299-318 Denmark during communist period, 300-301 anti-cult activities in, 229-231 historical background of, 300-30I in, 223 Law on Legal Status of Religious Communities Church of Scientology in, 225, 226-228 in Croatia and, 299, 300 alleged tax evasion by, 227, 228 legal status of, 304-315 Dialog Center and, 229, 230 during post-communist transition period, missionaries of, 226-227 301-302 schools of, 227-228 religious education in, 305, 306, 308, 309, 311, 314 school textbooks about, 228 religious freedom in, 304, 310-312 Danish National Church, 224, 225-226, 229, 232 religious structure of, 303-304 The Family in, 230 social pressures affecting, 303-304 freedom of religion in, 225 trustin social institutions in. 302 Islam in, 222, 223, 231, 232 war and ethnic conflict in, 302, 303, 304 Muslims in, 222, 224, 231 Index 563

religious minoritiesin, 221-235 Ecology,Aumistdoctrine of, 78-79 evaluationof nature of, 225-226 environmentalists' opposition to, 74, 75, 79-81 membership,222 Economies recognitionof, 224-225 communal,devolutionof, 501-502 Sai Baba in, 222 religious, 539 secularism in, 223 Egalitarianism,communal, 502 Dependency,psychological,94-95 Eight Queens, 456, 457, 458, 459 Deprogrammers,516 Eisenhower,Dwight D., 56 incarcerationof, 363 "Elementals," 79 kidnapping by, 4,215,519,525 Elves, 79 legal defense for, 164 "Esmeters,' 485 Deprogramming, 132 Employment Division ofOregon v. Smith, 3, 477, American Civil Liberties Union criticismof, 13 535 in Australia, 7 effect on court decisions favorableto minority brainwashingas basis for, 3-4 , 7 religions,536--538,543-549 as criminal activity, 12, 164 Employmentlaws, affecting new religious in Japan, 3-4 movements, 2 by Christian miniSIers, 360, 365 Enquete Commissionon Sects and "So-called lack of governmentresponse to, 363-364 Psychogroups,' 6, 65, 98-100,166--168 kidnapping for, 4, 215, 519, 525 addendum to, 98-100 legal liability for, 365 establishmentof, 88 National Councilof Churches criticismof, 13 historicaland political backgroundof, 86--87 in the Netherlands,214, 215-216 politicalcompromise within, 94-96 proposed legalizationof, 54 politicalconflictswithin, 87-90 as therapy, 164 proceduresof, 90-92 of UnificationChurch members, 7 recommendationsof, 96--97 Destructive Cult Conversion: Theory,Research, and redefinitionsin, 92-94 Treatment(Clark), 130 Erk organization,320, 323 "Destructive Cultism" (Shapiro), 511, 512 Error rate, 143 Detention camps, for religious believers, 322 EscuelaCientificaBasilio, 461, 469 Deviance,definitionof, 508-509 "Ethnic cleansing," 304 Deviance and Medicalization (Conradand Schneider), Europe. See also specific countries 508. See also Medicalization, of deviant anti-cult altitudesand policies in religions American influenceon, 53-54 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental anti-Americanismand, 14 Disorders-Ill (DSM-Ill), 132, 133,517, religious freedom and, 55 523-524 ,526 during 1970s,54 Diagnostic and Statistical Model ofMental during 1980s,54-55 Disorders-tv (DSM-IV), 141, 142 EuropeanConventionon Human Rights and Dialog Center, Denmark,229-231 FundamentalFreedoms, 66, 430, 435 Dianetics, 228. See also Church of Scientology Article 9-1, 53 Diaz, Porfirio,442 Article 9-2, 53 Discretionand discriminationhypothesis, 483 European Court of Human Rights, 5, 42, 250, 302 Dissociation Jehovah's Witnesses's appeal to, 45 atypical, 132, 133,524 Kokkinakiscase, 172 brainwashing-induced, 132-133 European Court of Justice, 5 definitionof, 132 European Parliament,5, 539 "DlTIB," I05, 106 anti-cult legislation debate in, 215 , 86, 214 Berger Report, 154, 168 Divorce, legalizationof, in Italy, 208 1984report on new religious movements, 54-55 Dole, Robert, 525 European Union, 5, 262 Dominican Order, 268, 269, 276 constitutionally-sanctioned religiousdiscrimination Dress codes, for police and military, 38I within,539 Duplessis, Maurice,425 European ValueSurvey, 302, 303 Dutch Christian Democrats, 215 EvangelicalBrotherhood, 291 Duval, Maurice, 77 EvangelicalPentecostal Community,of Hungary,291, Dvorkin, AlexanderL., 229 292 564 Index

Excommunication, 386 Individu, 75, 77, 79,188-189,193-194, Exorcism, 459 199 Aumist movement and, 73-83 Fairies, 79 Associationde Defense de la Familleet des Faith Church, 290, 292 Individus' opposition to, 75, 77, 79 Faithful of Krishna Consciousness,230, 289 Associationof tbe Knights of the Golden Lotus, in Denmark, 224, 226 75,77 in Germany, 86, 90 Cultural Association of the Temple-Pyramid, in Poland, 264 76-77 Falun Dafa, 370 environmentalists' attitudes toward, 74, 75, Falun Gong 79-111 Chinese government's oppositionto, 7,14,217, Mandarin(holy city) of, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79-80 367-368,370-372,373-374,375 mediacampaign against, 43 Internet use by, 38 Order of the Triumphant Vajra,77 in Singapore, 350, 355 origin of, 75 Family,The, 4, 337, 367 punitive deviance analysis of, 80 in Argentina, 457, 460, 461, 466, 470-471 Bader case, 144 in Czech Republic, 297 CatholicChurch and in Denmark, 230 anti-cultposition of, 48-49 in France, 81-82 charismaticcommunities of, 48 in Italy, 209-210 cult-likeactivities of, 48-49 in Mexico, 444, 448 disestablishmentof, 47-48, 50 in the Netherlands, 214 "free-thinker criticisms of, 48 in Poland, 262 laicite policy and, 67-68 in Spain, 156 religioussymbolic prnducts marketingand, 69 Family of Love,538 Center Against Mind Control, 31, 42-43, 73 FAPES foundation,458 CentreContre les Manipulations Mentales Federal Bureauof Prisons, 237-238 (CCMM), 31, 42-43, 73 Federation of Jewish Communities, 285 Chief Rabbinate and, 55 Ferdinand II, King, 203, 204 against Church of Scientology, 42, 45-46, 47,68, Fergo, Tove, 231-232 81-112, 127-128, 144 Ferrato, Robert,75, 79-110 comparisonwith Financial recordkeeping requirements, for new American activities and policies, 34-35 religious movements, 491-492 other European countries'activitiesand First Amendment, freedom of religion clause, policies, 5 judiciary's interpretation of, 535, 536 of Conference of French Catholic Bishops, 37 First VaticanCouncil, 206 Disestablishment Act (1905 ), 48 Fishmancase, 134, 135, 136, 139, 163-164 dissolution of religious groups, 9, 63,161 ,162 Fiukau-Garthe, Heide, 157 dystopiaand, 35-38, 39 "Flirty-fishing," 209-210 effect of September II , 200 l on, 81, 82 Flores, SamuelJoaquim, 446 freedomofreligion and, 31-32, 35 FormerSoviet Union countries. Seealso namesof freedomof religion violations, 29-30 specific countries GovernmentMission to Watchand Fight Cultic religious freedom restrictionsin, 217 Deviances, 81, 82 Fort, Joel, 518 historicaland cultural factors in, 29-35, 42-44, Fortuyn, Simon, 218 67-70 Foster, John D., 59 fear of others, 37-38 Fox, Vincente,448 financialconcerns, 69-70 France, anti-eult activities and policies in, 29-30, freedom of thought concept, 68, 70 42-44,53-72,60-70 infiltrationby new religious movements,68 acceptance of mainstream religions and, 28 la derivesectaire, 33-35 American criticism of, 46, 63-64, 81 laicite ideology, 27-28, 31-33, 36-37, 39, anti-Americanismof, 37-39, 81 67-68,70,73 anti-cult legislation, 6, 81,156,161 ,162-163 mental manipulation concept, 68-69 effect of changes in legal practices on, 44-45 internationalreactions to, 63-65, 73-74 June 12,2001 Act, 41-42, 46, 50 by European countries, 64-65 mental manipulation theoryand, 41, 46-48, 49 by InternationalHelsinki Federationfor Human Association pour la Defense des Families et de Rights, 63 Index 565

by United States, 81 Fundamentalism, Shiloh Youth Revival Centers and, by United States Department of State, 46, 63-64, 494 73-74 Funding, for religious groups Internet and, 37, 38 in Croatia , 313, 314 against Islam, 28 in Hungary, 290-292 judicial activism and, 44-45 Fundraising , by new religious movements , Supreme legislative and judicial activities and policies, Court decisions regarding, 2-3 62-63 mainstream religions and, 31, 32-33 Gajendragadkar, Justice, 384-385 media 's role in, 43 Gandow, Thomas, 229 mental manipulation crime, 9, 63, 163 Ganesha , 356 of Ministry of Employment , Social Affairs, and Garewski , Mariusz, 276 Health,61 George v. lSKCON. , 525 of Ministry of National Education, 61-62 Georgia (former Soviet Union), Jehovah 's Witnesses of Ministry of Youth and Sports, 61 in, 217 Mission to Fight Sects , 30, 35, 37-38, 60-62, 64, Germany 73,74,75,81 ,160,173 Bundestag 's Enquete Commission on Sects and reaction to U. S. criticism, 64 "So-called Psychogroups ," 6, 65, 98-100, national religiou s identity and, 66-67 166-168 Observatory of Cults , 30, 34, 43, 60, 73, 113, addendum to, 98-100 152 establishment of, 88 against Order of the Solar Temple, 29, 30, 73 historical and political background of, 86-87 parliamentary and governmental reports on new political compromise within, 94-96 religious movements , 6, 60, 61, 73, 74, political conflicts within, 87-90 159-163 procedures of, 90-92 discussion of brainwashing in, 160, 161, 163 recommendations of, 96-97 Guyard and Brard report, 30-31 redefinitions in, 92-94 Les Sectes en France, 539 Church of Scientology in, 58, 86-87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 1983 report , 60 227-228 1996 report , 60, 61 Islamic minority population in, 103-112 Service Central de Prevention de la Corruption Administration of Muslimic Refugees, 103 report, 31 Central Institute Islam Archives, 105 parliamentary anti-cult activities, 41-52 "D1TIB," 105, 106 rationality and, 36-37 historical background of, 103-104 registration of religiou s groups, 61 intellectuals among, 104 religion-state tensions and, 28 Islamic Council of Muslims in Germany, 105, religious freedom and, 31-32, 35 110 secular humanism and, 46 Islamic Federation , 107 separation of church and state and, 27-28, 31-33, military chaplains for, 107 47-48,50 mosque clubs, 104, 109 surveillance of Islamic fundamentalist s, 81-82 reaction to German secularism, 110 toward Church of Scientology, 144 religious education for, 104-105, 107, 109, 110 toward Twelve TribesMessianicCommunities, religious freedom of, 106-108 192-194 ritual slaughter of animals by, 107-108 against Unification Church , 59 "Staatskirchcnrecht" and, 105-106, 109, III Union Nationale des Association s de Defense de la Turkish-Kemalistic laicisme and, 106 Famille et de I'lndiv idu' (UNADFI). 31, women 's wearing of headscarfs, 104-105 , 42-43,45 108-109 Fraser Report, 53-54, 55-56, 57, 363 Jehovah's Witnesses in, 90, 99 FREECOG , 522 Jews in, 103 Freedom of religion . different iated from religious new religious movementsin liberty, 173 negative public attitudes toward, 86-87 French Community of Belgium, Anthroposophic parliamentary reports on, 153-154,217 Society 's Icgal actions against, 115, 116-118, as "youth religions," 86, 87 121 regulation of new religiousmovementsin French Human Rights League, 41 American influence on, 65 Freud, Sigmund , 141 comparison withotherEuropean countries. ::; Frisbee, Lonnie, 493 Twelve Tribes Messianic Communities in, 190-192 566 Index

Gest, Alain, 50, 6\, 64 Hinduism Gigou , Elizabeth , 45-46 Indian court decisions affecting , 386-404 Glaser, Gert, 192 in Italy, 210 Globali zation, 37-38 in Singapore, 345 Godde ss religions , in Australia, 335 , in Australia, 335 Goh Chok Tong, 350, 352 Hinokida, Jin, 364 Goh Keng Swee, 346 Historia, 28 Gorbachov, Mikael, 57 Hitler, Adolf, 207 Goway, Kevin, 499 Hizb-ut-Tahrir organization, 324 Greece, Jehovah' s Witnesses in, 66 Hmong, 537-538 Greek Catholics, in Hungary, 280, 281 Holiday closing laws. See also Sunday closing laws , in Italy, 210 in Canada, 426-427 Green Party, 80, 85, 88, 89, 96, 98 Holidays, as nonwork ing days, in Croatia, 306 Green v. Ryan, 134 Holidays, religio us, in Hungary, 288 Guigou, Elizabeth, 162 Holy See, See also Pope(s); Papal States; Vatican Gulf War, 337 agreement with Croatian government, 305, 307, Guyard , Jacques, 60, 61, 64, 160 308-309, 310,314 relationship with Yugoslavian people, 30 I Haack , Friedrich-Wi lhelm, 86 Holy Smoke (movie), 7 Habits, as addiction , 141-142 Homophobia, 303 Haj, 321 Homosexuality, 218, 303 Hamsah Manarah, 78-79 Howard, John, 338 Hanson, Pauline, 337-338, 340 Howard, Michael, 57 Hare Krishna . See also Faith of Krishna Hubbard, L. Ron, 141,228. See also Church of Consciousne ss; International Society for Scient ology KrishnaConsciousness Hubbard Dianetic Institute, 58. See also Church of alleged brainwashing by, 526 Scientology in Croatia, 310 Human Rights Watch, 322 in Czech Republic , 297 Hungarian Orthodox Church, 291 in Hungary, 291-292 Hungary, 279-293 in the Netherland s, 214 Catholic Church in, 281-282, 289 in Russia, 251-252 income tax-based subsidies for, 290, 292 Shapiro case and, 511-513 military chaplains, 285 Hare Krishna membe rs, psychiatric diagnose s in, 130 church admin istration in, 287 Hassan, Steve, t67 Church of Scientology in, 291 Headscarfs, of Muslim women, 104-105 , 108-109, international humanrightsorganization 381 membership in, 283 "Healing fraud," 97 Jehovah's Witnesses in, 280, 291-292 Hearst, Patty, 517-518, 525 labor laws in, 288 Heaven 's Gate, 213, 215, 360 legal basis for religious freedom in, 279, 281, Helnwein , Gottfried, 89 282-286 Helsinki Federation, 66 military chaplains in, 285, 287-288 Hertogh , Maria, 344, 352, 356 new religiou s movements in, 283, 289-292 Herzegovina, 302, 304 registration of religious communities in, 283-285 Higgins, Jacquelyn, 493, 494 regulation of minority religions in, 9 Higgins, John Jr., 493, 494 religiosit y in, 279-282 Highway Missionary Reforestation Company, 493, historical and cultural preconditions for, 281-282 499-500 trends and data, 279-2 81 Highway Missionary Society/Servant Community, religious education in, 286-287, 287 492 separation of church and state in, 287 development phases of, 493-494, 495 state-church relationship, 279 financial crisis of, 499-500 Hunter, Edward , 129, 130-131, 132, 133, 136, 137 501(c)3 income tax classification of, 494-495 Hutterites, 427, 433 Internal Revenue Service audits of, 500 Huxley, Aldous , 132, 133 recommunalization of, 502 Hyperborea, 78 Hill, Casey, 434 Hypnosis Hindu Chastania Mission, 264 as brainwashing technique, 130, 131,135 Index 567

as menial manipulation technique , 137-138 Suryakant Venkatmo Mohadhik vs. Saroj Sandesh social influence of, 14Cf--141 Nalk ,401 use by new religious movements, 169 Tilkayat Shri Govindlalji Maharaj vs. State of use in criminal investigation evidencecollection, , 385 47 Indian Muslims-The Needfor a Positive Outlook (Khan),398 IKON ,230 INFORM, 216 lkor, Roger, 42-43 Informed consent , for participation in new religious Immigration and Naturalization Services , 2 movements, 521 Incarceration Infosecte Montreal , 187, 188, 19Cf--192 of deprogrammers, 363 Institute of Oriental Studies , 322 of Falun Gong members, 368 Internal Revenue Service , 2, 13,500 for religious beliefs, in Uzbekistan , 322 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Income lax law violations Article 18, Australia's Federal Freedom of by Jesus Movement groups, 477-478 Religion and Belief legislation and, 333, by Rev. Sun-Myong Moon , 13,57,538 338-340, 341 Income tax subsidies , for religious groups International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, in Hungary, 29Cf--292 63 in Italy, 208-209, 210, 211 International Society for Krishna Consciousness, , judiciary's regulation of religion in, 381-413 29 Acharya Jagadishwaranda Awadhoot vs. Internet Commissioner ofPolice. Calcutta, 389 anti-cult web pages , 216 ban on cow slaughter, 38&-388 new religious movements' use of, 37, 38 BombayPrevention of Excommunication Act of Intimacy, Black 's theory of, II , 12-15,360,361 1949 and, 386 lntrovigne, Massimo, 209-210 Commissioner, Hindu ReligiousEndowments vs. ISKCON . See Faithful of Krishna Consciousness Lakshmindra Tinha Swamiar, 384 Islam. See also Muslims Commissioner (~rWealthTax, Madras and Others in China, 368 vs. Late R. Sridharan by LRs, 388 condemnation of homosexuality by, 218 Dawoodi Bohra community and, 386 in Croatia, 300 Dura gh Committee, Ajmer vs. Syed Hussain Ali , in Denmark, 222, 223, 231, 232 384-385 in France, 28 Hindus ' control of judicial system and, 15 in Hungary, 291 historical background of, 382-386 in Italy, 21Cf--211 judges' social background and, 40&-408 Nakshbandi Sufi sect, 325 Mohd. Hanif Quareshi vs. State ofBihar, 386, 387, post-September II antagonism toward , 217 388 PusItkin's attitude toward, 325 Muslims and, 38&-387, 39Cf--391, 402-404 in Singapore, 344, 351 religious practices essentiality test, 384 Sufi, in Central Asia, 321 religious practices rationality test, 384-385 Tolstoy's attitude toward, 325 Repre senlation of People Act of 1951, 394 in Uzbekistan, 319-320 Saifuddin Saheb vs. Slate ofBombay, 386 Adolat organization, 321 Sllmma (J. B. D'Souza vs. State ofMaharashtra) under Communism, 32Cf--322 case , 402-405 in contemporary Uzbekistan, 322-324 secularism and, 385, 38&-388 Erk organization, 323 Bommoi case. 39Cf--395, 399, 400 governmental campaign against, 322-324, Dr. Ramesh Yeshwant Prabhoo VS. Prabhkar 325-326 Kushinatli Kunte, 395, 397 Hizh-ut-Tahrir organization, 324 case, 395-398 Islamic education, 325 legal loophole s in promotion of, 405-406 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, 323, 324, Manohar Joshi case , 398-399 327 Professor Ramachandra G. Kapse vs. Haribansh Islamic Renaissance Party, 321, 323 R. Singh , 399-402 Karimov regime and, 321, 322, 323, 324--325 Supreme Court 's interpretation of, 390-405 ma'naviyat concept, 324 Supreme Court 's interpretations of, 390-405 Muslim Spiritual Board for Central Asia, 321 Shastri Yagnapurushdasji \/5. Muldas Bhundardas role in national identity, 324-328 Vaishya, 388 Russian non-Islamic minority and , 325 568 Index

Islam (cont.) deprogramming of minority religion members in, Taliban-sponsored attacks and, 323-324 3-4,7,366 Uzbekistan musulmonlari, 325 by Christian ministers, 360, 365 Wahhabi,321 lack of government response to, 363-364 Islamic communities, in Germany, legal restrictions official policy toward, 366 on, 98-99 post-World War II, 361-362 Islamic Council of Muslims in Germany, 105, 110 pre-World War II, 361 Islamic Federation, 107 Religious Organizations Law (1939) and, 361 Islamic fundamentalists, French government Omoto religion, 361 surveillance of, 81-82 religious freedom and, 7, 362 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, 323, 324 Shintoism as State religion and, 362 Islamic organizations, han on, in Germany, 98-99 , 362 Islamic Renaissance Party, 321, 323 Unification Church, 10 Italian Buddhist Union, 210 anti-Korean attitudes and, 362, 363, 364 Italian Hindu Union, 210 deprogramming of members , 7, 362, 363, Italian police report, on brainwashing by new 364-365,374 religious movements , 168-169 fundraising by, 363 Italy Japanese Bar Association 's opposition to, 363 anti-cult activities andpoliciesin Japanese Communist Party's opposition to, 363 Center for Studies on New Religions (CENSUR), Jehovah's Witnesses 209 in Argentina, 46I court decisions regarding, 209-210 in Australia, 334, 337 Gruppo di Ricerca e di Inlormazione sulle Sette blood transfusion prohibit ion of, 66, 69, 264 and, 209 in Canada, 425-426, 427, 432-433 Assemb lies of God Pentecostals in, 208, 209 Catholic Church's criticism of, 29 Baptists in, 208 child custody case, 250--251 Catholic Church in, 203 in Czech Republic, 244, 296, 297 1984 treaty with Italian government, 208 in Denmark, 224, 230 as official state religion, 204, 207 finances of, 160 opposition to new religious movements, 209 in France, 45, 62, 65~7,69, 73 tax subsidies for, 208-209 government opposition to, 73 Church of Scientology in, 58-59, 210 in Georgia (former Soviet Union), 217 The Family in, 209-210 in Germany, 90, 99 income taxsubsidies forreligious groups in, in Hungary, 280, 291, 292 208-209,210,211 in Italy, 65~,207, 210 Italian Buddhist Union in, 210 in Mexico, 445-446, 448 Jehovah 's Witnesses in, 210 in the Netherlands , 214 Jews in, 205, 206, 207 in Poland, 264 Lutherans in, 208 refusal of military service by, 66, 69, 353 new religious movements in, 203-212 in Russia, 249, 250-251 , 254 parliamentary reports on new religious movements , in Singapore , 353-355 153-154 in Sweden , 66 religiou s freedom in, 204-205, 207 as teachers, 62, 446 Unification Church in, 210 voluntary conversion of, 47 unification of, 203-206 Jenkinson, Lydia, 499 Union of Jewish Communities in, 208 Jenkinson , Paul, 499 Waldensians in, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210 Jesuits. See Society of Jesus Jesus Movement communes /groups, 491-505 Jainism, 387 comparison with utopian groups, 492 Japan, minority religions in, 359-367 Highway Missionary Society/Servant Community, Aum Shinrikyo , 7 492, 493-494 alleged brainwashing/mind control by, 366--367 development phases of, 493-494, 495 government 's failure to control , 359-360, financial crisis of, 499-500 365-366,374 501(c)3 income tax classification of, 494-495 Tokyo subway sarin gas attacks by, 14,74, 114, Internal Revenue Service audits of, 500 359-360,361,365-366,374,375 recommunalization of, 502 Index 569

income tax law infringem ent by, 477-478 Kamaras, Istuan, 289 Shiloh Youth Revival Centers, 492 Kapse, Rarnachandra G., 399-402 501(c)3 income tax classification, 494-495 Karimov regime , 32 1, 322, 323, 324-325 decommunalization of, 502 Karma, Aumist interpretation of, 78, 79 development phases of, 493 , 495 Karma Buddhists, in Hungary, 292 financial recordkeeping by, 495-497, 500-501 Kelly, Gaylen , 181,183-184,185-186,196 Firsr Missionary Journ ey Manua l of, 495 Keyser, F. Ray, 185 Internal Revenue Service audits of, 495, 498-499 Khan , A. A., 403 Interna l Revenue Service lawsuit against, 50 I Kibb utzim, de-communalization of, 50 I Labor Contract Negotiat ion Manual of, 496 Kidnapping, by deprograrnmers, 2, 4, 215, 519, 525 Labor Mana gement Journal of, 501 Kindergarten, religious education in, 309, 311 labor policies of, 495-497 Koinoni a, 498 membership, 492-493 Kokkinakis case, 172 member s' vows of poverty, 498-499 Kondo , Norishige, 366 Minister's Tax Guide of, 498 Korean War, indoctri nation (" brainwashing") during, in Oregon, 477-478, 484-485 128,129,131 , 136-137,517,518 payroll sys tem of, 497-499, 501-502 Kosovo, 302 payroll taxes on, 498 refugees from , 340 petty cash system of, 500--501 Koster-Lolsack,Ange lika , 85 self-employment taxes on , 498 Kranenborg, Reender, 213 , 214, 216 tax exemptions for, 494-495,498 Krishn a Consciousnes s, in Hun gary , 291 theology of work of, 494-497, 502 , 503 Krove ld, Mic hael, 187, 188, 190--192 "Jesus Northwest " conc ert, 493 Krylova, Galina, 243, 249 Jewish communities in Croatia, 315 Labor laws, affecting new religious movement s, 2, in Germ any, 109 288 in Hungary, 290, 292 La Civilta Cattoli ca, 204 Jewi sh organi zations, opposition 10new religious La Libene, 81 movements by, 515 La Libre Ecole Rudolph Stei ner, 117- 118 Jews Langone, Michael, 128, 130--131 in Australia, 334, 337 Larma Kagya, 264 in Germany, 103 Lateran Concordat, 307 in Hungary, 280--281 Lauri er, Wilfred, 421 during World War II , 282 Law in Italy, 205 , 206 , 207 behavior of, 11- 15,360 Jone s, Jim, 53. See als o People's Temple dialectic proce sses in , 8-9 Jonestown tragedy. See Peopl e's Temp le Le Clair, Michael, 184 Jo shi, Manohar, 398-399 Leclerq, Michel, 118 Jospin, Lion el, 81 Lee Hsien Loong, 349, 351, 353 Journal ofthe America n Medical Association , Lee Kua n Yew, 343, 344-345, 346 , 348, 350, 357 512 -513 Leleux, Jean-Pierre, 77 Juare z, Benito , 441-442 LeMonde,74 Judai sm Lemu ria,78 in Czech Republic, 296 Leopold II, Grand Duke, 203 , 204 in Hun gary, 285 Les sectes ell Helix/qu e (Lallemand), 117 Judiciary, role in regul ation of religion , 10-11 , Leuth eusscr-S chnarrenberger, Sabin e, 88 535-552 . See also specific court cases Liberal Ca tholi c Chu rch, 224 decisions favorable to religiou s groups, 542-544, Libe ral Party (Germany), 88, 90, 96 545-546,548,549,550 Libert e, La , 81 effect of Employment Division ofOregon v. Smith Libre Ecole Rudolph Steiner, La, 117- 118 decision on , 536-538 Lifton, Robert, 128, 133, 134, 157-158 in India. See India, judiciary 's role in regulation of Lindh , John Walker, 47 religion Lineamiento Universal Superior (LUS) , 457, 459,467 religious change and , 539-549 Lobac zewska , Anna , 274 Religiou s Freedom Repo rter data on, 540-550 Loubert, Frederique, 193 Justice system , pub lic trust in, 302 "Love bomhing," 169, 170 570 Index

Lutheran Church Mental manipulation, 41, 46-48, 129, 130, 136 in Hungary, 289, 290, 292 as activity, 41, 46, 49 in Sweden, 66 as criminal activity, 163 Twelve Tribes Messianic Communities and, error rate analysis of, 143 197-199 hypnosis-based ,137-138 Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, 537 as rationale for French anti-cult policies, 68--{j9 Lutheran Evangelical churches, military chaplains of, "Menticide," 512 285 Messiah , Cosmo-Planetary, 75, 76, 78-79, 80 Lutherans , in Italy, 208 statue of, 77-78, 81 Luzdel Mundo organization, 446 Methodists in Australia , 334, 335 MacArthur, Douglas, 362 in Czech Republic, 296 Madonna 's Church of Orgasm, 224 Mexico, religious minorities in, 441-451 Mahadhik, Suryakant Venkatrao, 401 Amistad Cristiana , 444 Mahady, Frank, 182, 183, 185, 190, 195-196 anti-clerical legislation and, 441-442 Mahathir, Mohammed, 348-349 Catholic Church and, 441, 442-445, 446-447, Manchuria n Candidate, The (Condon), 129, 138 448-449 Mandarom , 74, 75, 77, 79-80, 81 Church of Scientology, 445 Mandarom association, 62 CONEMEX and, 443 Manning, Morris, 434 CONFRATENICE and, 443 Mao Tse-Tung, 369 The Family, 444, 448 Marcos, Ferdinand, 349 geographical and historical context of, 441-442 Margoui , Giacomo, 205 Jehovah's Witnesses, 445-446, 448 Marriage laws, 306 Luzdel Mundo organization , 446 Maselli, Domenico, 210-211 Native American religions, 444-445 Ma Sheela, 483 new law of religious association and public worship Maslow, Abraham, 345 and, 442-447 Mass media non-Catholic minority religions, 15 coverage of new religious movements, 486 Pentecostal evangelical churche s, 444, 448 rolein medicalization of new religiousmovements, Protestant churches, 443, 444, 447 516-517,522-523, 527-528 Protestantism and, 442 Mattatall, Juan, 181, 183, 184 registration of, 443-447 Mayer, Jean-Francois, 81 Soka Gakkai, 444 McConnell, Michael, 536 Unification Church, 445 McGill University, 130 "Milieu control ," 167 McGowan v. Maryland, 288 Milingo, Emmanuel , 211 Mecanique des Sects, La (Abgrall), 129-130 Millenarian movement , in the Netherlands , 216 Medicalization , of deviant religions, 416-417, Milosevie , Siobodan , 302 507-534 Mind control , allegedly by new religious movements, Conrad and Schneider 's theory of, 508-528 3-4,507. See also Brainwashing; Mental "claims-making" process, 515-523 manipulation definition of deviant behavior process, 509-510, by Church of Scientolog y, 525-526 527 cultural diffusion of, 9-10 "institutionalization" process, 526-527 by Hare Krishna movement, 511 "legitimacy" process, 523-526 Minority religions, regulation of, 1-22 "prospecting" process, 510-515, 527 historically-based analysis of, I Shapiro case, 511-514 sociological analysis of, I Meerloo, Joost, 132, 133 in the United States , 2-5 Meese, Edwin, 483 Mistresses, mental manipulation by, 49 Melton, John Gordon , 355-356 Mitterand , Francois, 43 , 45 Memorial (human rights organization) , 322 Maiko v, The Unification Church, 163-164, 526 Mendicuch ia, Pablo Salazar, 447 Monde, Le, 74 Menem, Carlos, 461-462, 468 Monks, Aumist, 78 Mennon ites, 29 Moon, Sun-Myong, 13,56,57. See also Unification Mental illness, as ration ale for participation in new Church religious movements , 3, 47, 48. See also activities in the Soviet Union, 57-58 Medicalization, of deviant religions Emmanuel Milingo and, 211 Index 571

tax evasion case, 13,57,538 National Association of Evangelicals, Statement of United Kingdom's ban on, 57 Faith,494 "Moonies," See Unification Church National Council of Churches, 13 Morachini , Marie-Paule, 45-46 Native American Church, peyote use by, 3 "Moral panic," 151-152,457 Employment Division ofOregon v. Smith case , 3, Morelli, Anne, 115 477,535,536-538,543-549 Mormons. See Church of Jesus Christ and Latter-Day Native American religions, in Mexico, 444-445 Saints Naturopathic et Yoga (Hamsananda),75 Mosques Nazarov, Iman Abidkhom , 323 loudspeaker use by, 323 Nazism, 58 in the Netherlands, 217-218 Needs, hierarchy of, 345 in Uzbekistan, 319-320 Nco-Nazis, in Denmark , 222, 223 closure of, 322 Netherlands, anti-cult movement in, 213-219 Motorcycle gangs, 223 belief in Satanic ritual abuse, 213 Mukhcrjea , B. K., 384 against Church of Scientology, 214 Multiple personality disorder, 142 "cult debate," 215-216 Murodov, Qobil , 323 failure of, 213-219 Muslims against the Family, 214 in Australia , 335, 337, 340 history nf, 213-215 in Croatia, 307, 315 government involvement in, 216-217 in Denmark , 222, 224, 231 during 1990s, 215-216 in Germany since 2000, 216 Administration of Muslimic Refugees, 103 LPF Party's anti-Muslim position, 217-218 Central Institute Islam Archives, 105 Sarnenwerkende Oudens Sekteledin cult-awareness "Dl TIB ," 105, 106 group , 213-215, 216 historical background of, 103-104 religions , 335,457, 461 intellectuals, 104 New religious movements Islamic Council of Muslims in Germany, 105, ideological development factors affecting , 110 491-492 Islamic Federation, 107 societal response to, 360 military chaplains for, 107 third-party defense of, 11-15 mosque clubs, 104, 109 turnover rate in, 132 reaction to German secularism, 110 voluntary participation in, 131 religious education for, 104-105,107,109, New Vigilantes, The (Shupe and Bromley), 521 110 New Zealand, "Satanism scare" in, 9 religiou s freedom of, 106-108 Nicolas , Bernard, 43, 75 ritual slaughter of animals by, 107-108 Nieora, Attilio , 209 "Staatskirchenrecht" and, 105-106, 109, III Nielsen , Kirsten, 180, 193 Turkish -Kemalistic laicisme and, 106 Niren, Prem, 482-483 women's wearing of headscarfs, 104-105 , Nixon, Richard , 56 108-109 Nonbelievers,in Australia, 335 in the Netherlands, 217-218 Northeast Kingdom Community Center, 180-181 , in prison, 238, 240 183 as prison chaplaincy advisors, 239 Nowak, Ryszard , 268, 276 as prison chaplains, 239, 242 in Singapore, 344, 345 O'Connor, Sandra Day, 537, 538 Muslim Spiritual Board for Central Asia, 321 Ofshe, Richard , 128, 133, 134, 135,526 Muslim women , headscarfs of, 104-105, 108-109, Omoto religion, 361 381 One Australia Party, 337-338 Mussolini , Benito, 207 Onkelinckx, Laurette , 116-117 Mutt, Sirur, 384 Opsteal Community, 114 Opus Dei, 114 Nadra,344 Order of the Solar Temple, 29, 30, 45 Naik, Sudhakar, 391 alleged relationship with Gilbert Bourdin, 80 Nakshbandi Sufi sect, 325 Foundation and, 157 Namangani , Juma , 321, 323, 324 murder /suicide s, 64, 73, 86, 113,213,215,360 Narconon, 210 Order of the Triumphant Vajra, 76 572 Index

Oregon, regulation of new religious movements in, Pentecostal churches 477-489 in Argentina , 461 Bhagwan Shree case, 477, 478, 479-485, in Czech Republic, 296 486 in Mexico, 444, 448 Christofferson versus the Church of Scientology in Singapore, 345 case, 478-479, 485 Pentecostals Shiloh case, 477-478, 484-485 in Australia , 335 Oregon Youth Revival Center, 493, 500 in Italy, 207 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe People's Temple, collective murders/suicides, 53, 86, (OSCE), 6, 217 213-214,522 criticism of French anti-cult activities, 73-74 Peronista Party, 460 Supplemental Meeting on the Freedom of Religion, Peyote use, by Native American Church members , 3 35,173 Employment Division ofOregon v. Smith case, 3, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 477, 535, 536-537, 543-549 (OSCE) countries, prosecution of Jehovah 's Picard, Catherine, 59, 62-63, 162 Witnesses in, 66 Pirigione, Jeronimo, 443 Orthodox Church Poland,267-277 in Croatia , 300 alleged criminal activity by sects in, 263 in Czech Republic , 296 anti-cult activities and policies in, 9, 269-265 in Hungary, 280, 289, 290-291 anti-German nature of, 268 Orthodox Russian Church , 10, 58, 243, 247, 249-250, Association pour de Defense de la Famille et de 255 I'Individu (ADFl) affiliate, 261,264,268, 275-276 Padilla, Norberto , 462 Catholic Church's role in, 268-269 Pagan earth -based religions, in Australia, 335 Civitas Christiana and, 268 Palosaari , Jim, 493, 494, 499 Committee for Ihe Defense Against Sects , 268, Palosaari , Susan, 499 269 Papal States, annexation by Italy, 204, 205, 206, 207 criminal prosecution of newreligiousmovement Parents members , 263-264 of new religious movement members, II Forum of theCatholic Women and, 262 conservatorship orders for, 2 French influence on, 260-261 legal liability for deprogramming, 365 governmental reports, 269-274, 275 as Satanic cult members, 142 influence of anti-cult movements on, 273-275 Paris-Match, 80 proposed anti-cult legislation , 274-275 Parliamentary and governmental reports, on new role of Catholic Church in, 269-260 religious movements , 151-178 Catholic Church in, 244, 261-262, 264-265 Belgian reports , 157-158 The Family in, 262 Canton of Geneva reports, 158-159, 163-164 Forum of the Catholic Women, 262 Council of Europe reports, 17l-172 ISKCON in, 264 Dutch reports, 156 Jehovah's Witnesses in, 264 French reports , 155-156, 159-163, 173 Law on Freedom of Conscience and Belief, 261, German reports, 165-168 262 Italian reports , 168-169 newreligiousmovements in, 244 Polish, 269-274, 275 emergence of, 267-268 Spanish reports, 156-157 government reports on, 263-264 Swedish reports, 164 registration of, 261-262 Swiss reports, 164-165, 169-171 Police officers, headscarves worn by, 108 type I reports, 152-153,267,269,271-272,273 Pope type II reports, 153-154, 164-172,267,269,271 , infallibility of, 206 273 Italian unification movemcnl and, 203-204, 205 Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany), 88 rights of, after unification of Italy, 206 Patil, Nitin Bhaurao , 398 Pope Paul IV, Vatican Eastern Policy of, 301 Patra, Jordan, 216 Pope Pius IX, 203, 204, 205, 206 Patrick, Ted, 180, 199 Popper, Karl, 139, 141 Pawlowicz, Zygmunt, 260 Posner, Richard A., 536 Pedophilia, of priests , 50 Posttraumatic stress disorder, 524 Index 573

Poular, Emile, 47-48 Reformed (Calvinist) Church, in Hungary,280, 281, Prabhoo, Ramesh Yeshwant, 395 289, 290, 292 Presbyterians, in Australia, 334, 335 military chaplains of, 285 Priests Refslund-Christensen, Donhe, 228 Aumist.78 Regulation, of religion legal recognitionof, in Denmark, 224 cultural diffusion of social control ideologies and, pedophilia of, 50 9-10 sexual abuse allegations against, 50, 446 discretion and discrimination theory of, 8 Prisoners Donald Black's "behavior of law" concept of, 11-15 freedom of religious practice for, 237-238 judiciary's role in, 10-11,535 -552 minority religions of, 237-242 decisions favorable to religious groups, 542-544, non-Christian religions of, 238 545-546,548,549,550 Prisoners of war, alleged Communist "brainwashing" effect of Employment Division ofOregon v. of, 129, 130, 131,517 ,518 Smith decision on, 536-538 Prodi, Romano. 210 in India. See India, judiciary's role in regulation Pro-life movement, in France, 44-45 of religion Property rights, of the Catholic Church, in Croatia, religious change and, 539-549 306 Religious Freedom Report er data on, 540-550 Proselytizing in the United States. 540-550 by Jehovah's Witnesses, in Singapore, 353 supply-side theory of, 539-540 prohibition of, in Italy, 207-208 William Chambliss on, 8-9 regulationof, 2 Religious and Moral Pluralism Project, 260 in Russia, 247-248, 251 Religious belief, Freud's theory of, 141 Protestant churches Religious change, supply-side arguments of, 535, in Czech Republic, 296 539-540 in Mexico, 443,444,447 Religious education Protestantism, in China, 368 in Hungary, 286, 287 Protestant Reformation, in Hungary, 281 in kindergarten, 309, 311 Protestants in Singapore, 346-348 in Australia, 335 Religious freedom, judiciary's role in regulation of, in Singapore, 345 535-552 Pseudoscience Religious Freedom Reporter, 536, 540-550 Daubert guidelines for evaluationof, 138-143 Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 3, 238 definition of, 139 effect on court decisions favorableto minority Psychoanalysis, Popper's analysis of. 141 religions, 537, 538, 541, 543-544 , 546, Psychological dependence, 166-167 548-549 Psychological destabilization, 91-92 , 94-95 enactment of, 535, 537 Psychology Today, 514. 517 unconstitutionality of, 535, 538 Psychotherapy, anti-cult, 132 Religious liberty. differentiated from freedom of Public policy,dialectic processes in, 8-9 religion, 173 Pushkin, Alexander, 325 Religious orders Putin, Vladimir,250 abolition of, in Italy, 205 Pyramid schemes, 93. 97 Internal Revenue Service 990 report exemption for, 500 Quakers, in Australia, 334 Religious organizations. government-enforced Quanta Cum (papal encyclical), 206 dissolution of. 6, 7-8 Quebec, Order of the Solar Temple in, 73 Religious symbolic products, merchandising of, 69-70 Rennebach, Renne, 88-89 Rael Movement, 68 Revel, Jean-Francois, 81 Raut, Sanjay, 402-403 Revivalism, 539 Reagan, Ronald, 518 Rice, Humberto, 448 Recuvery movement, 142-143 Rise ofChristianity, The (Stark), 12 Recruitment, of new religious movementmembers. Rivera, Gcraldo, 523 155-156,521 Rodriquez, Pepe, 460 irrationality in, 37 Rodriquez-Vades. Elroy, 157 processes in, 168, 170 , 291 574 Index

Roncaglia, Florence , 75, 76 Scientific testimony, Daubert guidelines for Rosicrucians, 90, 160 evaluation of, 138-143 Rudolph Steiner Free School, 117-118 Second Vatican Council, 207, 208, 30 I Rush Hour ofthe Gods (McFarland), 361-362 Sects, definition of, 263 Russia Sects-The Expans ion ofthe Evil, 264 Church of Scientology in, 253-254 Secular humanism, in France , 46 cultural diffusion of anti-cult ideology in, 10 Secularization Hare Krishna in, 251-252 in India , role of judiciary in, 385, 386-388 legal regulation of religions in, 6-7, 9, 58, 247-257 in Western societies , 67 anti-Americani sm and, 14 Seervai , H. M., 404 Aum Shinryiko dissolution case , 248, 249-250 Seiple , Robert, 365 Jehovah 's Witnesses case, 249, 250-251 254 Self-help remedies, toward new religious movements, Jesuits and, 252-253 3,7,11-12 Orthodox Russian Church and, 247, 249-250, Separation of church and state 251-252,255 in France, 27-28, 31-33, 47-48, 50 sociolog y of law-based assessmentof, 247, in Hungary , 280, 285-286, 287 248-250 in the Netherlands, 214-215 Unification Church case, 249, 252 Pope Pius IX's condemnation of, 206 Yakunin v. Dworkin case, 247, 248, 249-250 September II, 2001, 81, 82, 217 proselytizing in, 247-248, 251 , 304, 315 religious freedom in, 243 Serbian Orthodox Diocese, 291 Unification Church in, 249, 252 Serbs , in Croatia, 302, 303, 304 Collegiat e Association for Research of the "Servant" (band ), 493, 494 Principle, 252 Servant Community, 494 , 10,58,243,247,249-250, Seventh-Day Adventists 255 in Australi a, 334, 337 in Czech Republic, 296 Sai Baba, 222, 224, 226, 230 General Conference of, 537 SI. Steven, 281 in Hungary, 291, 292 Salinas de Gortari , Carlos, 442 in Italy, 207, 209 Salvation Army, Catholic Church's criticism of, 29 Sexual abuse, "recovered," 76, 79 Salvationists, in Australia , 334 Sexual abuse allegations Samenwerkende Oudens Sekteledin cult-awareness against Catholic priests , 446 group , 213- 215, 216 againstnew religious movementsmembers Sarne-se x couple s, legal partnerships of, 44 against Aumist members , 75-76, 79, 80 Satanism, 94 in Australia, 337 Geraldo Rivera 's television program on, 523 against Gilbert Bourdin, 75-76, 80 parents ' alleged partic ipation in, 142 Sexualantidiscrimination legislation, in Australia, ritual killings attributed to, 263, 264 339 "Satanism scare," 9 Shaker Movement, 493 , 222 Shapiro, Edward , 511-514 Scalia, Antonin , 537 Shapiro, Eli , 511-513 Scandinavian Zen Center, 224 Sherb ert v. Verner, 536, 537 Schatzle, Ortun , 65 "Shilohs," 493 Schein, Edgar, 128, 132, 133, 134, 5 17 Shiloh Youth Revival Centers , 492 Schnabel, P., 214 decommunalization of, 502 Schneider, J., 508-509 development phases of, 493, 495 Schools financial recordkeeping by, 495-497, 500-50I Jehovah 's Witnesses expelled from, 445-446, 448 First Missionary Journey Manual of, 495 religious. See also Religiou s education 501(c)3 income tax classification, 494-495 in Australia , 339 Interna l Revenue Service audits of, 495, 498-499 Catholic , in Australia , 334 Internal Revenue Service lawsuit against, 50 I in Croa tia, 313 Labor Contract Negotiation Manual of, 496 in Hungary, 281-282, 286-287 Labor Management Journal of, 50 I Muslim , in the Netherlands , 218 labor policies of, 495-497 public funding for, 429 membership, 492-493 Index 575

members' vows of poverty,498-499 Smith, Earl, 434 Minister's Tax Guide of, 498 Snapping (Conway and Siegleman), 515, 516 in Oregon, 477-478 , 484-485 Socha, Jolanta, 274-275 payroll system of, 497-499 Social control, of new religious movements payroll taxes on, 498 in China, 7 petty cash system of, 50<>-501 cultural diffusion of, 9-10 self-employment taxes on, 498 in Europe, 5-8 tax exemptions for, 494-495 , 498 in Japan, 7 work theology of, 494-497 , 502, 503 in the United States, 3-5 Shintoism, 362 Social Democratic Party (Croatia), 310 Shterin, Marat, 10, 243 Social Democratic Party (Germany), 88-90, 95-96, Siddha Yoga, 224 98 Sidoti, Chris, 338 Socialist legality, 369 Siedleska, Ewa, 275 Socialist Party(France), 81, 162 Sikhs, 337, 381 Socialist Party (Hungary), 280 Silesian Evangelical Church, 296, 298 Socialist Pony (Italy), 208 Silleta, Alfredo, 456-457, 458, 459, 460 Social repulsion, toward newreligiousmovements, Singapore 12,14 Army of God in, 355 Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, 133 Central Christian Church in, 355-356 Society for the Scientific Study of Social Influence, Christians in, 351 520 ethnic population composition of, 345 Society of Jesus, 204, 252-253 Falun Gong in, 350, 355 Soka Gakkai, 362 Islam in, 344, 351 in Germany, 90 Jehovah's Witnesses in, 350,353-355 in Italy, 210 rationalization of religion in, 346-347, 348 in Mexico, 444 regulation of proselytizing in, 15 Soka Gakkai Internet, 29 rehabilitation and regulation of religion in, 343-358 Solar Temple, See Order of the Solar Temple Catholic social activism and, 349-350 Solih, Muhammed, 323 Communist Partyand, 343 South Korea, relationship with Unification Church, ethnic and religious riots and, 344 56,57 historical background of, 343-345 Soviet Union. See also Russia implication for relations with Israel, 348-349 religious persecution in, 243 Maintenance of Religious Harmony Bill, Unification Church in, 57-58 351-353,356 Spain, anti-cult legislation in, 156-157 Malay Muslims and, 348-349, 357 Spanos, Nicolas, 138 "Marxist conspiracy" and, 349-350 Spini, Valdo, 210 Peoples Action Partyand, 343 "Staatskirchenrecht,' 105-106, 109, III religious education in, 346-348 , 351 State ofOregon v. City ofRajneeshpuram, 481-482 Asian Values/Confucian ethics focus of, Status, Black's theory of, 11-15,36<>-361 346-347,351 Steiner, Rudolph, 117-118 secular government of, 345 Stepinac, Cardinal, 30I Unification Church in, 350 Sud Ouest, 193 Singer, Margaret, 127, 128, 13<>-131 , 132-133 , Suffering, of animals, 79 134-135,137,157,479,514,517-520, Sufism 521-522,523-524 ,525,526 in Central Asia, 321 Singer et al v, APA, 135 Nakshbandi sect, 325 Singh, Haribansh, 399-400 Suicide Singh, Kalyan, 391 by apocalyptic groups, 216 Singh, N, P., 401 by millenarian groups, 216 Sister Michaela, 276 by Order of the Solar Temple members, 64, 73, 113, Sivananda in Rishikesh, 75 213,215 "60 Minutes," 523 by People's Temple members, 53, 86, 213-214, Skinner, B. E, 140 522 Slavery, 515, 521 Sukyo Mahikari, 38 Smith, Alfred, 536-537 Summer, William Graham, 340 576 Index

Summit Lighthouse, 224-225 Transcendental Sunday closing laws in Denmark, 224-225 in Canada, 427, 428, 430 Green v, Ryan decision regarding , 134 in Hungary, 288 Transference/regression theory, of religious influence, Muslims' objection to, 381 141 Sweden Translyvanian Congregation, 292 Church of Scientology in, 66, 165-166 Transylvania, religious freedom in, 279 criticism of French anti-cult activities by, 74 Trousland , Jacques , 50 Lutheran Church in, 66 Tulkens, Francois. 116 parliamentary and administrative reports on new Twelve Tribes Messianic Communities, 5, 179-200 religious movements in, 153-154, 165 child abuse charges against, 180-199 Switzerland Citizens' Freedom Foundation and, 180,181, anti-cult policies in, 64-65 183,184 Order of the Solar Temple in, 73 in France , 192-194, 197, 199 parliamentary and governmental reports on new in Germany, 197-199 religious movements, 153-154, 165-166 State v. Wiseman case, 185-186 Canton of Geneva report, 171 Vermont Attorney General's Office and, Canton of Ticino report, 169-170 183-185 Commission of the Management of the Swiss Vermont cases, 181-186, 195-196 National Council , 170-171 Vermont Social Services Commissioner and, Symbiones e Liberation Army, 518 188-190 SYZYGY.' Journal ofAltemative Religion and deprogrammingofmembers, 180, 183, 184 Culture, 7 Szulc, Adam, 260 UFO cults, 457, 460, 463. See also Heaven's Gate Umbanda, 457, 461 Tabachnik, Michael, 45 UNADFI. See Union Nationale des Associations de Tabitha's Place, 192-194 Defense de la Famille et de I'Individu' Takazawa, Hiroko, 365 UNESCO, International Education Conference, 117 Taliban, 47, 80, 323-324 Unification Church Taoism alleged criminal activities of, 54 in China, 368 anti-Communist position of, 56 in Singapore, 345 in Argentina , 461 Tavernier, Janine, 42 business culture of, 57 Tax, Islamic religious ("zakat"), 211 Catholic Church 's criticism of. 29 Taxation, of Aumist religion, 77 comparison with Church of Scientology, 59 Taxevasion, bynewreligiousmovements congressional hearing about, 525 by Jesus Movement groups, 477-478 in Czech Republic, 297 by Rev. Sun-Myong Moon, 13,57,538 doctrine of, 56, 59 Tax issues, of new religious movements, 491-492 in Europe, 53-54 Tax status, of religious groups, in Denmark, 224 European opposition to, 59 Taylor, Michael, 183, 184, 188, 191 in France, 43, 68 Teachers in Germany , 86 Jehovah 's Witnesses as, 446 in Italy, 210 Muslim headscarfs worm by, 108-109 in Japan proselytizing by, 62 anti-Korean attitudes and, 362, 363, 364 Technocrats, 501-502 deprogramming of members, 7. 362, 363, Terrorism 364-365,374 anti-cult, 154 fundraising by, 363 by Aum Shinrikyo, 361, 365-366 Japanese Bar Association's opposition to, 363 Islamic, in Uzbekistan , 323-324, 325 Japane se Communist Party's opposition to, Thackeray, Bal, 395, 402-403, 404 363 Thompson, Jeff, 494 in Mexico, 445 Thought reform, 131 as multinational organization , 54-55 Thought Reform and the Psychology ofTotalism in the Netherlands , 214 (Lifton),157-158 political influence of, 55-56 Tolstoy, Lev, 325 pro-American position of, 56, 57 Totem and Taboo (Freud), 141 relationship with South Korea, 56, 57 Index 577

in Russia, 249, 252 expansion of, 319-320 CollegiateAssociation for Research of the governmentalcampaign against, 322-324, Principle,252 325-326 in Soviet Union, 57-58 Hizb-ut-Tahrirorganization, 324 as threat to democracy, 54, 56 Islamic education, 325 in the United Kingdom, 57 Islamic Movementof Uzbekistan, 323, 324, Union Nationaledes Associationsde Defensede la 327 Familleet de l'lnd ividu' (UNADFI),31. Islamic Renaissance Party,321, 323 42-43,45 Karimovregime and, 319, 321, 322, 323, Union of Jewish Communities, in Italy, 208 324-325 UnitarianChurch ma'naviylll concept. 324 in Czech Republic, 296 Muslim Spiritual Board for Central Asia, 321 in Denmark, 224 role in national identity,324-328 in Hungary,289, 292 Russian non-Islamic minorityand, 325 United Kingdom Taliban-sponsoredattacks and, 323-324 Church of Scientology in, 58, 59 Uzbekistan musulmonlari, 325 prison chaplaincyservices in, 237-242 Wahhahi,321 Unification Church in, governmentopposition to, khokimiyat, 319 57 Law on Freedom of Conscienceand Religious United Nations Rights Office,criticism of French Organizations. 322, 323 anti-cult activities, 73-74 mahalla, 319 UnitedStates. providential role of, 56, 57 religion and law relationship in, 319-330 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Surplus religious freedom in, 319, 321-322 Commodities Program,500 state-churchseparation in, 322 U. S. Department of Justice Uzbek Communist Party, 320 failure to prosecute deprogrammers,519 Uzbek Writers' Union, 320 social control of new religious movementsby, 2 Uzbek language, 320 U. S. Departmentof State Advisory Committee on Religious Freedom Vandecasteele, Luc, 116 Abroad,365 van Leen, Adrian, 355 criticism of French anti-cult activities by, 46, VaticanCity, sovereignty of, 206, 207 63-M,73-74 VaticanCouncils InternationalReligious FreedomReport, 46, 63-M, First, 206 73,74 ,81 ,310--311 Second, 207, 208 U. S. v. Frye, 139 Vedas, 387, 388, 390 U. S. House of Representatives,Commillee on Venkataswami, K., 40I InternationalRelations, Fraser Report Verma,J. S., 392-393, 401, 402 U. S. Supreme Court, decisions on regulationof new Vernette,Jean, 50 religious movements, 2-3 VictorEmmanuel, King of Italy, 206 U. S .v, Fishman, 134, 135, 136, 139, 163-164 Vineyard.492 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 373 Violence, by cults, 55, 360 UniversalFellowshipof MetropolitanCommunity Virginof Guadalupe, 442 Churches, 492 VittorioEmanuele II, King of Sardinia, 204 University of Southern California Law Review, 520 Vivien, Alain, 30, 43, 54, 55, 60, 73, 81, us, 260 Utaev,Abdullah. 323 Vollmer,Antje, 89 Utopiangroups, comparison withJesus Movement groups, 492 Wacotragedy. See Branch Davidians Uzbekistan. 319-330 Waldensians, 205, 206, 208, 209 Academy of Sciences, 320 Wales, prison chaplaincy services in, 237-242 Freedomof Conscience Law,326 WatchTower Bible and Tract Society,353-354 Islamic terrorism in. 244-245 Watergatecase, 56 Islam in West, Louis, 517, 518, 520 Adolat organization. 321 Westbrook, Rebecca, 180 Birlik organizationand, 320--321 Wismnsin v, Yoder, 536, 537 under Communism. 320--321.320--322 Wiseman,Charles, 185-186 in contemporary Uzbekistan. 322-324 WolfPack.The Bloody Footprintsof Terror (Yakubov), Erk organization. 320, 323 323 578 Index

Women "Youthreligions," 86, 87 in Britishprisons,238 Yugoslavia Muslim,headscarfsof, 104-105, 108-109,381 historicalbackgroundof, 300-301 Wootten, Stephen, 197 repressionof religionin, 301 Work,The, 114 Yuldashev, Tohir,321, 323 Wowserism, 334 Zagreb University, 309 Yegoyan, Karen, 66 Zoningstatutes, affectingnewreligiousmovements, Yeo,George, 345 2-3