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Tesis Variabilidad Oceanográfica Espacialprog Universidad de Concepción Dirección de Postgrado Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Programa de Doctorado en Oceanografía Variabilidad oceanográfica espacial y su impacto sobre la estructura comunitaria, filogeografía y biogeoquímica del zooplancton pelágico en el Pacífico Suroriental CAROLINA ANDREA GONZÁLEZ ESPINOZA CONCEPCIÓN-CHILE 2019 Profesor Guía: Rubén Escribano Veloso Profesor Co-guía: Pedro Victoriano Departamento de Oceanografía Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Universidad de Concepción Universidad de Concepción Dirección de Postgrado La Tesis de “Doctorado en Oceanografía” titulada “Variabilidad oceanográfica espacial y su impacto sobre la estructura comunitaria, filogeografía y biogeoquímica del zooplancton pelágico en el Pacífico Sur Oriental”, del Srta. CAROLINA GONZÁLEZ y realizada bajo la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, ha sido aprobada por la siguiente Comisión de Evaluación: Dr. Rubén Escribano V. Profesor Guía Universidad de Concepción, Chile ____________________________ Dr. Pedro Victoriano S. Profesor Co-guía Universidad de Concepción, Chile ____________________________ Dr. Osvaldo Ulloa Miembro Comité de Tesis Universidad de Concepción, Chile ____________________________ Dra. Peter von Dassow Miembro Comité de Tesis Pontificia Universidad Católica, Chile ____________________________ Dr. Sylvain Faugeron Evaluador Externo ____________________________ Pontificia Universidad Católica, Chile Dra. Pamela Hidalgo Directora Programas de Postgrados en Oceanografía Universidad de Concepción, Chile ____________________________ A mis padres y familia ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS AGRADECIMIENTOS……….……………………………………………………….. I CURRÍCULUMVITAE……………………….……………………………..………... II RESUMEN......................................................................................................................V ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ VIII 1.- INTRODUCCIÓN.......................................................................................................1 1.1. Características de los ecosistemas pelágicos………………………………………..1 1.2. Variabilidad oceanográfica del Pacífico Suroriental………………………………..2 1.3. Efecto de la variabilidad oceanográfica en la estructuración comunitaria en el Pacífico Suroriental……………………………………………………………………...4 1.4. Efecto de la variabilidad oceanográfica en la estructuración genética en el Pacífico Suroriental……………………………………………………………………………….5 1.5. Hipótesis…………………………………………………………………………….8 1.6. Objetivo general…………………………………………………………………….8 1.7. Objetivos Específicos……………………………………………………………….8 2.- MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS………………………………………..…………….9 2.1. Características del área de estudio………………………………………………….9 2.2. Diseño de muestreo y obtención de muestras……………………………………...10 2.3. Zonación ecológica y biogeoquímica del zooplancton…………………………….12 2.4. Patrones biogeográficos de copépodos del orden Calanoida………………………12 2.5. Análisis genéticos………………………………………………………………….13 2.5.1. Extracción y amplificación del ADN…………………………………………….13 2.5.2. Alineamiento y análisis filogenéticos…………………………………………....14 2.5.3. Delimitación de especies………………………………………………………...14 2.6. Data oceanográfica……………………………………………………………...…15 2.7. Análisis estadísticos……………………………………………………………….15 3.- RESULTADOS..........................................................................................................17 3.1. Capítulo 1. Estructura taxonómica y trófica del zooplancton asociado a regiones biogeoquímicas en el Pacífico Suroriental……………………………………………..17 3.2. Capítulo 2. Gradientes ambientales y patrones espaciales de los copépodos calanoides en el Pacífico sudoriental…………………………………………………...57 3.3. Capítulo 3. Diversidad genética y nuevos linajes en el copépodo cosmopolita Pleuromamma abdominalis en el Pacífico sudoriental……………………………….100 4.- DISCUSIÓN............................................................................................................154 5.- CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………...163 6.- REFERENCIAS.......................................................................................................164 7.- ANEXO……………………………………………………………………………184 AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, quisiera agradecer a mi profesor guía, Dr. Rubén Escribano, principalmente por su dedicación, apoyo y cariño, por darme innumerables comentarios y sugerencias que me permitieron tanto el desarrollo de mi tesis como mi formación científica. En segundo lugar, a mis miembros de comisión los Dres. Osvaldo Ulloa, Peter Von Dasson y Pedro Victoriano por sus invaluables explicaciones y sugerencias que ayudaron a dar termino a este proceso. Agradezco enormemente a mis padres porque gracias a ellos tuve la oportunidad tener una carrera universitaria y por sus innumerables consejos que me incentivaron seguir estudiando. Por otro lado, quiero darle un reconocimiento especial a mi pareja por toda la paciencia, consejos y cariño que me otorgo en todo este proceso. Expresó mi gratitud a mi hermana, prima, primos, sobrinos y tías por estar siempre pendientes. Quisiera también dar las gracias a Claudio Iturra, Eduardo Navarro, Heidy Villalobos, Katy Pino, Luis Cubillos, Oscar Inostroza, Daniel Toledo y Salvador Ramírez por su apoyo en los procesamientos de los datos y por sus palabras de aliento. También doy las gracias a las personas que componen los grupos ECOP y GEB por su compañía, materiales y consejos. Un profundo reconocimiento a Fabiola Gaete, Gisela Letelier y Don José por su buena voluntad y disposición al momento de hacer trámites y gestiones durante mi doctorado. Destacó el apoyo de los proyectos de investigación CIMAR-21, CIMAR-22 y MOPEX de CONA-Chile y el Instituto del Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO, Grant IC120019) sin estos no hubiera sido posible desarrollar mi investigación. Finalmente, doy las gracias a la beca CONICYT No 21160714 por darme la oportunidad de estudiar y seguir perfeccionándome para aportar al conocimiento de este hermoso océano. I Curriculum Vitae Carolina Andrea González Espinoza Nacida el 20 de Junio, 1990, en Santiago, Chile ESTUDIOS • 2015: Licenciada en Biología Marina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. • 2015: Bióloga Marina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. • 2019: Doctor (C) en Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Chile. ÁREAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN • Principal: Oceanografía Biológica. • Secundaria: Biogeoquímica, Ecología y Evolución del zooplancton. • Otras: Acople biofísico del zooplancton. BECAS Y PREMIOS • Junio 2019: Beca del Departamento de Oceanografía "María Teresa López" para asistir a un Congreso Científico Nacional. • Septiembre 2017: Beca del Departamento de Oceanografía "María Teresa López" para asistir a un Congreso Científico Internacional. • Mayo 2017: Beca del Departamento de Oceanografía "María Teresa López" para asistir a un Congreso Científico Nacional. • Febrero 2016: Beca Nacional Chilena CONICYT para cursar un programa de postgrado. PUBLICACIONES • Federico Baltar, Barbara Bayer, Nina Bednarsek, Stacey Deppeler, Ruben Escribano, González C.E, Roberta L. Hansman, Rajani Kanta Mishra, Colin Kremer, Mary Ann Moran, Daniel J. Repeta, Carol Robinson, Eva Sintes, Christian Tamburini, Luis E. Valentin, Gerhard J. Herndl. 2019. Integrating evolution, metabolism and climate II change studies of marine ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.003 • González C.E, Erica Goetze, Rubén Escribano, Osvaldo Ulloa, Pedro Victoriano. 2019. Unexpectedly high genetic diversity and endemism in the cosmopolitan copepod Pleuromamma abdominalis in the Eastern South Pacific. Nature Scientifc reports (sometido). • Gonzalez C.E, Escribano, R., Bode, A., Schneider, W. 2019. Zooplankton taxonomic and trophic community structure across biogeochemical regions in the eastern South Pacific. Frontiers in Marine Science. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00498 • Escribano, R., González, C.E. 2016. Contenidos y razones de isótopos estables de C y N del zooplancton a través del gradiente costa-océano Caldera-Isla de Pascua, Crucero CIMAR-21 Islas Oceánicas. Revista CONA, Chile. • González, C.E., Escribano, R., Hidalgo, P. 2015. Intra-seasonal variation and its effects on copepod community structure off Central/southern Chile (2002-2009). Hydrobiologia, 758:61–74. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-015-2265-6. EXPERIENCIA DOCENTE • Mayo 2019: Asesoramiento de tesis a MSc. Katherine Añiñir, titulada: " Ecological and genetic connectivity of an epipelagic copepod in the seamunt region of the eastern south Pacific: the role of mesoscale activity". Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. • Marzo 2015-2017: Asistente docente del curso "Sistemas pelágicos" impartido por Dr. Rubén Escribano. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. • Marzo 2016: Asistente docente del curso "Introducción a la biología marina" impartido por Dr. Silvio Pantoja. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile. • Octubre 2013-2014: Asistente docente del curso "Oceanografía general" impartido por Dr. Peter Von Dassow. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. EXPERIENCIA EN INVESTIGACIÓN • Mayo-actual 2019: participación en el análisis de muestras del crucero Atacamex a la trinchera de Atacama en el Pacífico Suroriental. III • Octubre 2016: participación en el análisis de muestras del crucero CIMAR 22 a los montes submarinos e islas oceánicas del Pacífico suroriental. • Septiembre 2016: Participación en el análisis de muestras del crucero "MOPEX" procesos de
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