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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributions to International Polar Year Science Igor Krupnik, Michael A. Lang, and Scott E. Miller Editors A Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge WASHINGTON, D.C. 2009 000_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd0_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd i 111/17/081/17/08 88:41:31:41:31 AAMM This proceedings volume of the Smithsonian at the Poles symposium, sponsored by and convened at the Smithsonian Institution on 3–4 May 2007, is published as part of the International Polar Year 2007–2008, which is sponsored by the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Published by Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press P.O. Box 37012 MRC 957 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 www.scholarlypress.si.edu Text and images in this publication may be protected by copyright and other restrictions or owned by individuals and entities other than, and in addition to, the Smithsonian Institution. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for personal, educational, or noncommercial purposes. Users must cite author and source of content, must not alter or modify content, and must comply with all other terms or restrictions that may be applicable. Cover design: Piper F. Wallis Cover images: (top left) Wave-sculpted iceberg in Svalbard, Norway (Photo by Laurie M. Penland); (top right) Smithsonian Scientifi c Diving Offi cer Michael A. Lang prepares to exit from ice dive (Photo by Adam G. Marsh); (main) Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway (Photo by Laurie M. Penland). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smithsonian at the poles : contributions to International Polar Year science / Igor Krupnik, Michael A. Lang, and Scott E. Miller, editors. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-9788460-1-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. International Polar Year, 2007–2008. 2. Polar regions—Research—Congresses. 3. Research—Polar regions—Congresses. 4. Arctic regions—Research—Congresses. 5. Antarctica—Research—Congresses. 6. Polar regions—Environmental conditions—Congresses. 7. Climatic changes—Detection—Polar regions—Congresses. I. Krupnik, Igor. II. Lang, Michael A. III. Miller, Scott E. G587.S65 2009 559.8—dc22 2008042055 ISBN-13: 978-0-9788460-1-5 ISBN-10: 0-9788460-1-X The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1992. 000_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd0_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd iiii 111/17/081/17/08 88:41:32:41:32 AAMM Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY by Michael A. Lang xii INTRODUCTION by Igor Krupnik, Michael A. Lang, and Scott E. Miller xiv IPY HISTORIES AND LEGACIES Advancing Polar Research and Communicating Its Wonders: Quests, Questions, and Capabilities of Weather and Climate Studies in International Polar Years 1 James R. Fleming, Colby College Cara Seitchek, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Cooperation at the Poles? Placing the First International Polar Year in the Context of Nineteenth-Century Scientifi c Exploration and Collaboration 13 Marc Rothenberg, National Science Foundation The Policy Process and the International Geophysical Year, 1957–1958 23 Fae L. Korsmo, National Science Foundation Preserving the Origins of the Space Age: The Material Legacy of the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958) at the National Air and Space Museum 35 David H. DeVorkin, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10,000-Foot Runways in Antarctica: Lessons from Historic Archaeology 49 Noel D. Broadbent, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 000_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd0_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd iiiiii 111/17/081/17/08 88:41:33:41:33 AAMM iv • SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES CULTURAL STUDIES “Of No Ordinary Importance”: Reversing Polarities in Smithsonian Arctic Studies 61 William W. Fitzhugh, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Yup’ik Eskimo Contributions to Arctic Research at the Smithsonian 79 Ann Fienup-Riordan, National Museum of Natural History Arctic Studies Center, Anchorage Smithsonian Contributions to Alaskan Ethnography: The First IPY Expedition to Barrow, 1881–1883 89 Ernest S. Burch Jr., National Museum of Natural History Arctic Studies Center, Camp Hill The Art of Iñupiaq Whaling: Elders’ Interpretations of International Polar Year Ethnological Collections 99 Aron L. Crowell, National Museum of Natural History Arctic Studies Center, Anchorage From Tent to Trading Post and Back Again: Smithsonian Anthropology in Nunavut, Nunavik, Nitassinan, and Nunatsiavut—The Changing IPY Agenda, 1882–2007 115 Stephen Loring, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution “The Way We See It Coming”: Building the Legacy of Indigenous Observations in IPY 2007–2008 129 Igor Krupnik, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF POLAR ORGANISMS Species Diversity and Distributions of Pelagic Calanoid Copepods from the Southern Ocean 143 E. Taisoo Park, Texas A&M University Frank D. Ferrari, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Brooding and Species Diversity in the Southern Ocean: Selection for Brooders or Speciation within Brooding Clades? 181 John S. Pearse, University of California, Santa Cruz Richard Mooi, California Academy of Sciences Susanne J. Lockhart, California Academy of Sciences Angelika Brandt, Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg Persistent Elevated Abundance of Octopods in an Overfi shed Antarctic Area 197 Michael Vecchione, National Marine Fisheries Service Louise Allcock, Queen’s University Belfast Uwe Piatkowski, Universitat Kiel, Germany 000_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd0_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd iivv 22/4/09/4/09 11:00:43:00:43 PPMM CONTENTS • v Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries Science Center Iain Barratt, Queen’s University Belfast Cold Comfort: Systematics and Biology of Antarctic Bryozoans 205 Judith E. Winston, Virginia Museum of Natural History Considerations of Anatomy, Morphology, Evolution, and Function for Narwhal Dentition 223 Martin T. Nweeia, Harvard School of Dental Medicine Cornelius Nutarak, Elder, Community of Mittimatilik, Nunavut Frederick C. Eichmiller, Delta Dental of Wisconsin Naomi Eidelman, ADAF Paffenbarger Research Center Anthony A. Giuseppetti, ADAF Paffenbarger Research Center Janet Quinn, ADAF Paffenbarger Research Center James G. Mead, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Kaviqanguak K’issuk, Hunter, Community of Qaanaaq, Greenland Peter V. Hauschka, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Ethan M. Tyler, National Institutes of Health Charles Potter, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Jack R. Orr, Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, Arctic Research Division Rasmus Avike, Hunter, Community of Qaanaaq, Greenland Pavia Nielsen, Elder, Community of Uummannaq, Greenland David Angnatsiak, Elder, Community of Mittimatilik, Nunavut METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF UNDER-ICE RESEARCH Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-Year Bipolar Research Tool 241 Michael A. Lang, Offi ce of the Under Secretary for Science, Smithsonian Institution Rob Robbins, Raytheon Polar Services Company Environmental and Molecular Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Invertebrates 253 Adam G. Marsh, University of Delaware, Lewes Milestones in the Study of Diving Physiology: Antarctic Emperor Penguins and Weddell Seals 265 Gerald Kooyman, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Interannual and Spatial Variability in Light Attenuation: Evidence from Three Decades of Growth in the Arctic Kelp, Laminaria solidungula 271 Kenneth H. Dunton, University of Texas Marine Science Institute Susan V. Schonberg, University of Texas Marine Science Institute Dale W. Funk, LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc. Life under Antarctic Pack Ice: A Krill Perspective 285 Langdon B. Quetin, University of California, Santa Barbara Robin M. Ross, University of California, Santa Barbara 000_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd0_FM_pg00i-xvi_Poles.indd v 111/17/081/17/08 88:41:34:41:34 AAMM vi • SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND POLAR MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Inhibition of Phytoplankton and Bacterial Productivity by Solar Radiation in the Ross Sea Polynya 299 Patrick J. Neale, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Wade H. Jeffrey, University of West Florida Cristina Sobrino, University of Vigo, Spain J. Dean Pakulski, University of West Florida Jesse Phillips-Kress, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Amy J. Baldwin, Florida Department of Environmental Protection Linda A. Franklin, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Hae-Cheol Kim, Harte Research Institute Southern Ocean Primary Productivity: Variability and a View to the Future 309 Walker O. Smith Jr., Virginia Institute Marine Sciences Josefi no C. Comiso, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Cycling during a Ross Sea Phaeocystis antarctica Bloom 319 David J. Kieber, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Dierdre A. Toole, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ronald P. Kiene, University of South Alabama Capital Expenditure and Income (Foraging) during Pinniped Lactation: The Example of the Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) 335 Regina Eisert, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution Olav T. Oftedal, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Latitudinal Patterns of Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: A Polar Perspective 347 Gregory M. Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Chad L. Hewitt, Australian Maritime College POLAR ASTRONOMY:
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