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Variación Horizontal Y Vertical De La Comunidad Oceánica De Copépodos En El Caribe Colombiano

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Variación Horizontal Y Vertical De La Comunidad Oceánica De Copépodos En El Caribe Colombiano Variación horizontal y vertical de la comunidad oceánica de copépodos en el Caribe colombiano Edgar Fernando Dorado Roncancio Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituto de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar - CECIMAR Convenio Universidad Nacional de Colombia - INVEMAR Santa Marta, D.T.C.H., Colombia 2020 Variación horizontal y vertical de la comunidad oceánica de copépodos en el Caribe colombiano Edgar Fernando Dorado Roncancio Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias – Biología Director: Ph.D., José Ernesto Mancera Pineda Codirectora: Ph.D., Johanna Medellín-Mora Línea de Investigación: Biología Marina Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituto de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar - CECIMAR Convenio Universidad Nacional de Colombia - INVEMAR Santa Marta, D.T.C.H., Colombia 2020 A mi Familia, motor incansable para seguir adelante en mis luchas, éxitos y metas. Mis padres, Rosita, Camen y Raul. Mi esposa Cristina Cedeño-Posso Mis Hermanos Miller, Fabian y John. A Juanita Banana “If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giant.” - Sir Isaac Newton. Agradecimientos A mis directores y amigos Johanna y Ernesto, por guiarme de manera clara y paciente, y por enseñarme herramientas humanas, éticas y profesionales que seguro me seguirán acompañando en esta labor científica que nos apasiona a todos. A mis compañeros y amigos del Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia- MAKURIWA, que hicieron parte desde el inicio de esta expedición a nuevos mares. Al instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras “José Benito Vives de Andreis” INVEMAR y a la Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos ANH que por medio de los convenios interadministrativos Nº 171 del 2013, 188 del 2014, 290 del 2015, 167 del 2016, 379 del 2017 y 340 del 2018, permitieron llevar a cabo las siete expediciones científicas y resguardar la información biológica y oceanográfica del país para la elaboración de este manuscrito. También una mención especial para el Capitán Francisco Arias Isaza director del INVEMAR y a David Alonso Carvajal, Coordinador del programa de Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Marinos-BEM por apoyar mi candidatura y acompañarme durante este proceso académico. A la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, por haberme aceptado y permitirme hacer parte de su selecto grupo de egresados, abriéndome las puertas a nuevos conocimientos y abonando la semilla de la curiosidad infinita para seguir haciéndome preguntas día a día. De igual forma a la Vicerrectora de Investigación y al Comité Académico Administrativo de la Sede Caribe, que por medio de las resoluciones 030 del 2019 y 035 del 2020, me brindaron apoyo económico en la movilidad nacional e internacional llevada a cabo durante mis estancias académicas en Medellín y Concepción, Chile. A todos ustedes gracias por creer en mí, y depositar su confianza en mi trabajo permitiéndome crecer personal y profesionalmente. Resumen y Abstract IX Resumen Con el fin de determinar los esquemas de distribución horizontal y vertical en la estructura de la comunidad de copépodos epipelágicos y mesopelágicos de la Ecorregión Caribe Oceánico (CAO) y las variables oceanográficas que la regulan; se realizaron siete expediciones oceanográficas, entre los años 2013 y 2018, enmarcadas en los proyectos de exploración de línea base ambiental marina entre la Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) y el INVEMAR. Se colectaron datos oceanográficos y 140 muestras de zooplancton en cuatro rangos de profundidad, entre los 0 y 1000 m. Se identificaron un total de 133 especies, de los cuales, 33 son nuevos registros para el Caribe colombiano y a 50 se les amplia la distribución geográfica. Se sugieren cuatro especies indicadoras para la Corriente Norecuatorial y la masa de Agua Superficial del Caribe (ASC) y dos indicadoras de masas de agua profunda como el Agua Central del Atlántico Norte (ACAN) y el Agua Intermedia Subantártica (AIS). El ensamblaje de copépodos responde a patrones oceanográficos locales que están regulados (24%) por la variabilidad del oxígeno disuelto y la temperatura en la columna de agua. La estructura horizontal del ensamblaje presenta una sectorización espacial: zona suroeste-centro, zona de influencia de la pluma del río Magdalena y zona noreste. Los procesos de mezcla de masas de agua, y los mecanismos de migración, favorecen la homogeneidad del ensamblaje vertical de los copépodos en la ecorregión CAO. Este estudio aportó información relevante sobre la riqueza, diversidad y densidad de individuos, brindando información clave para describir los procesos ecológicos y las diferentes respuestas a los factores oceanográficos que los modulan. Palabras clave: Taxonomía, Diversidad, Especies Indicadoras, Epipelágico, Mesopelágico, Masas de agua. X Variación horizontal y vertical de copépodos oceánicos en el Caribe colombiano Abstract In order to determine the horizontal and vertical distribution patterns in the structure of the epipelagic and mesopelagic copepod community in the Oceanic Caribbean Ecoregion (CAO) and the oceanographic variables that regulate them, seven oceanographic expeditions were carried out between 2013 and 2018, within the framework of the marine environmental baseline exploration projects between the National Hydrocarbons Agency (ANH) and INVEMAR. Oceanographic data and 140 zooplankton samples were collected in four depth ranges, between 0 and 1000 m. A total number of 133 species were identified, 33 of wich are new records for the Colombian Caribbean and 50 have amplified their geographical distribution. Four indicator species are suggested for the North Equatorial Current and the Caribbean Surface Water (CSW) and two species as indicators of deep water masses, such as western North Atlanctic Central Water (wNACW) and Subantartic Intermediate Water (SAIW). The copepod assemblage responds to local oceanographic patterns that are regulated (24%) by the variability of dissolved oxygen and temperature in the water column. The horizontal structure of the assemblage presents a spatial sectorization: southwest-central zone, zone of influence of the Magdalena River plume and northeast zone. The processes of mixing water masses and the mechanisms of migration favor the homogeneity of the vertical assemblage of copepods in the CAO ecoregion. This study obtained relevant information on the richness, diversity, and density of individuals, providing key information to describe the ecological processes and the different responses to the oceanographic factors that modulate them. Keywords: Taxonomy, Diversity, Indicator Species, Epipelagic, Mesopelagic, Water masses. Contenido XI Contenido Pág. Resumen ........................................................................................................................ IX Abstract........................................................................................................................... X Lista de figuras ............................................................................................................ XIII Lista de tablas ............................................................................................................. XVI Lista de anexos .......................................................................................................... XVII 1. Introducción ............................................................................................................. 1 2. Metodología .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Área de estudio................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Fase de campo ................................................................................................ 7 2.2.1 Diseño de muestreo .............................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Variables oceanográficas ...................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Variables biológicas ............................................................................ 10 2.3 Análisis de Información .................................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Variables oceanográficas .................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Diversidad de especies ....................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Estructura del ensamblaje de copépodos ............................................ 16 3. Resultados .............................................................................................................. 19 3.1 Variables oceanográficas de la ecorregión CAO ............................................ 19 3.1.1 Variación de temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto en la columna de agua ............................................................................................................ 19 3.1.2 Masas de agua.................................................................................... 24 3.1.3 Patrones de asociación oceanográfica de la ecorregión CAO. ............ 27 3.2 Diversidad de especies .................................................................................. 30 3.2.1 Composición y diversidad taxonómica de especies ............................. 30 3.2.2 Atributos ecológicos y caracteres morfológicos ................................... 37 3.3 Estructura del ensamblaje de copépodos ...................................................... 39 3.3.1 Densidad horizontal del ensamblaje de copépodos
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