UNDERWATER SPELEOLOGY

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'.':~--~ ( ~.>- .. ~~ UNDERWATER SPElEOlOGY EX E CUT I V E COMMITTEE Published Bimonthly Beginning in February CHAIRPERSON TRAINING DIRECTOR William Fehring ",;SS 19(1-9, Forrest M. Wilson INSS 1(,(>311 3508 Hollow Oak Place 2832 Concord Dr. by Brandon. FL 33511 Dec'Hur. Ga. 30033 The Section of VICE~CHAIRPERSON TREASURER The National Speleological Society Stephen E. Hudson Stephen D. Maegerlen ,"5$ 8340) 893 Cedar Creek North p.o. Box 60 Deadline ior publication is the second Friday 0; the S.E. Mariena. Ga. 30067 Williams. In. 47470 preceding month. Send exchange publications. ar­ and editorial correspondence to the editor: SECRETARY EDITOR Steven R. Straatsma John L. Zumrick. Jr .. (N5S 157861 John Zumrick 3501 Santa Anita Ct. Apt. 290 120 Rusty Gans Dr. 120 Rusty Gans Dr. Tampa. FI. 33614 Panama City Beach. FI. 32407 Panama City Beach. Florida 32407

Section membership. which includes a subscription PROGRAM COORDINATORS: 10 Underwater Speleology is open to all members in PUBLICATIONS ...... good standing or the National Speleological Society MEMBERSHiP ••...... • Sandy Fehring at $5.00 per year. Subscriptions to non-members is SLIDE PRESENTATIONS •.•...... •. Wayne Marshall $7.00 per year. When making application for SAFETY ...... , ...... Tom Cook. Wes Skiles membership or requesting subscription information ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS ...... •..... Mary Ellen Eckhoff <;ontact: CAVE RESCUE ...... Henry Nicholson Stephen D ..'-'13egerlen .'::':- t"\un CAVE FILES ...... Bill Sinclair P,O. Box 60 VISITING DIVERS .... , ...... Roy Bailey \\'illiams. In. ·F·FO CARTOGRAPHY ...... Sheck Exley RESEARCH ...... Karen Wark Make <;hecks payable to the NSS Cave Diving Sec­ CONSERVATION .• , ••...... Dennis Williams tion in <;are of the Treasurer. Opinions expressed in A!lE DAVIS AWARD ...... India Young Underwater Speleology are not necessarily those of WORKSHOP ...... Shannon Heinerth the 'se<;tion or the NSS. ('

COVER: Diver nears the bottom of the entrance Branford, Florida, November 25-28. For in- shaft in DiePolder. Sink Number 3. See the formation contact Forrest Wilson, 2832 Con- story of Sandy Hills Ranch;' Cave Diver's cord Dr•• Decatur, Georgia 30033. Nirvana, in this issue. Photograph by S'eve Straatsma. NOMINATIONS SOUGHT

REMEMBER: 5th Annual TAG FaUCa';e-In, Oct­ Shortly. each member of the NSS ober 15-17 at Sequoyah Caverns, Valley Head, Ca ve Di ving Section will be sent a copy of Alabama. There promises to be a lot of ca ve the proposed new Section constitution and a di vers there too as present. plans call for ballot to vote on its acceptance and also for ha ving the fall Executi ve Committee' meeting the new executi ve committee for 1983. during this event.' The current· executi ve committee is now .'.:.," seeking your nominations for chairman, vice­ COMING: The next edition of Underwater, Spele­ chairman. secretary, treasurer, training di­ ologY. will include articles on the use . of rector. and newlettereditor. If you would diver' propulsion vehicles in cave diving and like to nominate someone for these important on the reopening of DiePolders Sinks to div­ positions. contact Bill Fehring, 122 Hollow ing. Oak Place, Brandon, Florida 33511. Be sure and contact your nominee first to see if 91ij!l!!i; or she will be willing to serve. If y&lilhH~ INSTRUCTOR INSTITUTE: An NSS-CDS Institute to would like to serve in any of these capaci­ qualify participants as Cavern, Basic Cave, ties. please feel free to nominate yourself. and Cave Diving Instructors will be held in 38 Underwater Speleology Vo1.9, No.4

EVERY DANGLE IS A POTENTIAL TANGLE AND CAVE DESTROYER Roger Werner

Have you ever heard a diver boast about in Devil's Eye, where there is a crust on the how much redundant equipment he carries? mud the damage will probably be permanent. "When we dive we carry pony bottles, two The same applies for knocking rocks and snow reels each and fifteen lights between us!" off the ceiling onto the untouched silt Sound safe? Maybe, maybe not. With addi­ floor. tional equipment frequently come additional entanglement . The purpose of this This article is aimed not only at new cave article is not to suggest that redundant e­ divers. but at many experienced cavers who quipment is dangerous, certainly only one of apparently have not paid much attention to everything is worse, but rather to point out their danglies. Cave diving has grown so ra­ that additional equipment can add hazards as pidly in the last ten years, that if we don't well as increase safety. In particular, the become more aware of the permenent damage problems of danglies (hanging equipment) and done by danglies, perhaps in ten more years their are addressed. Besides dis­ all tunnels will look like the first few hun­ seminating my own thoughts on the subject, I dred feet of Orange Grove • . hope to spur an exchange of ideas. ( Lights: Many lights can be well secured to a Every time a new piece of equipment is ad­ tank with a cut from an old tire ded or an equipment configuration is changed, inner tube of appropriate size as shown in one should be concerned with danglies. Not figure 1. For the light of appropriate size only will they drag in the silt, but they and shape perhaps· three or four could be se­ will reach out and grab the line and catch in cured in one place on the tanks in this man­ cracks. ner without inducing a significant entangle­ ment or significant extra drag. One Perhaps you only dive in large tunnels should beware that these rubber bands can where there is no entanglement hazard. It is still amazing how much damage dangling equip­ ment will do to the cave. When a dangly drags in the silt, the reduction in visibili­ ty is localized and only temporary. Hopeful­ ly, all cave diVers can live with that. However, the damage to the floor of the cave·· may be permanent. To myself. one of the most· enjoyable experiences in cave diving has been the penetration of a virgin or near-virgin J-----+-+-----\n~ '" passage with an undisturbed silt floor, like newly fallen snow, before anybody has walked through it. It is incredible how much damage a diver with danglies and otherwise good technique can do to such a passage by swim- Figure 1. Light secured to tanks ~mil!W.ing through it only once. In a light fluffy· wi th rubber band. a.Light is also \\iill>ilt floor, the damage may be 80 to 90 per­ clipped to a ring mounted on the cent repaired in one to two years. In a mud ta.nks. floor like that in the Orange Grove tunnel or 39 :, ;,<~ : ..' \ .. 1•... ,."

,_. n (\erw a ter S peleology Vol. 9, No.4

COil'le,;'f 'In,'! 'll':l~' break occasionally. llnder I nu drcumstnaces should one's life depend on he ruhber band, or llny other single piece of t. .~qai.;Jment for that matter. A break, though ~ .. inconvenient, should be tolerable.

When cutting rubber bands, one should be cllreful to cut the bands with smooth edges and of uniform width (figure 2). It is very easy to get a ragged edge, shown in figure 2b. if one is not very careful with the tin snips. If these "hanging nails" are not Figure 3. Cut wedges between trimmed. they will grow and the band will e~ bands. aavoid areas where the -ventually break at one of them.' Wedges tube is already rotting. should be cut from the tube between each band. as shown in figure 3. Figure 2c shows a rubber band of uneven width. Most of the Surgical rubber tubing can also used to stretching will be at the narrowest area, and secure lights. Figure 4 shows a light the band will probably break there. I have secured to a shoulder strap using rubber found it necessary to cut a wedge for each tubing. band cut from the tubes to get good bands. One can follow tube molding marks to make Some lights can be made to dangle with certain one is truly cutting radially. Rub~ less radius by securing a clip to them using ber band strength can be changed by varying a hose clamp rather than using the lamp's band width. Band lifetime will be a function provided lanyard -hole, as shown in figure 5. of the quality of the tube from which it W8,S cut, it's uniformity, and the smoothness of the edges.

ring mounted on strap ~ --- Shoulder-strap c~ip~ (side view) r1.ng ~

~rubber tubing passed through hole in strap and secured on other side. Figure 4. Light secured to strap using Figure 2. Right (a) and wrong (b, c) rubber tubing. ways to cut rubber bands. bahang nail due to sloppy cutting. narrow area -- a wedge should be cut out of this band to reduce it to uniform Lanyard width all around.

possible line tangle Rubber bands have disadvantages. The area ,It' underneath the band will remain wet for long periorts. Though fresh water does not result in significant corrosion, salt water may pose a problem. Bands occasionally slip off or break. Finally, they dont look professional. This. however, is counterbalanced somewhat by Figure 5. Light made to dangle with less ha ving equipment secured properly, certainly radius by attaching clip with hose clamp. more professional than letting them dangle. 40 ------.

Underwater Speleology Vo1.9, No.4

Cross section of ring ( of attached clip C-lite handle (end view)

t Figure 6. Where to push on an unshaped hose clamp to make it loose. Figure 8. Protection of ring and S­ link line trap areas with heat shrink. EVen though a clamp may be very tight, I .. unless it is actually bent into the proper shape, the band may become loose and slip when pressed at certain points (figure 6). Items such as key rings. S-links or other The hose clamp , though not a good rings with existing or possible openings big anti-tangle solution, will hold the light enough for a line to pass through should get closer. helping to keep it out of the silt. some attention. Although I have not tested Unfortunately, there seem to be very few. if it, I suspect heat shrink may be suitable for any, lights available which are suitable for covering and protecting the hazardous areas replacing a primary light, and which can be (figure 8). I have never known a simple ring carried without a dangle or entanglement to catch a line. but I have seen it occur hazard. with S-links. Note that the very shape of an S-link actually funnels a rubbing line into When using hose clamps, any excess band the line trap. should be -cut off. for it can grab and hold a '- -'ne very tenaciously (figure 7) • A little ( Finally, when choosing a light, besides _.lit, about 1/4 inch. may be necessary to get considering it's shape and how you are going the screw started in the clamp. but any ex- to secure it. don't forget the quality of the cess should be cut off and all corners and light. Some lights may be very small and edges filed smooth. The remaining line traps easy to stow without additional drag or dan­ under the ends of the screws and any neces­ gle. but how well do they perform their pri­ sary excess material can all be covered by a mary function, as underwater lights? rubber band. One word of warning may be in order for hose clamps: A tight hose clamp. Pony Bottles: Pony bottles can be carried as over time. may slightly warp or permanently stage bottles, strapped to the tanks using change the shape of clamped plastic mater­ rubber bands - be sure to use enough rubber ials. Also, when buying a hose clamp. it may band to allow at least one to break -, or be wise to check how the screw mechanism is hose clamps. Figures nine and ten show vari­ attached to the band. This is done in a va­ ous configurations. My experience with a riety of ways. I once had a spot weld break pony bottle has been that it was generally when tightening a new hose clamp for the more trouble than it was worth. I carried it first time. as shown in figure 9a. Not only was this I , symmetrical for balance, but it kept my valves and regulators from ever hitting the _line ceiling. The pony bottle itself, though. or line will also the rubber bands that secured it were always ~catch under ends catching on ceiling projections especially ,~:::=~ of the screw if when I was trying to go gracefully under low given a chance. areas and stay off the floor. It also provi­ ded a very significant drag. With the confi­ guration shown, I never got a line caught be­ tween the tanks. I suspect the rubber band FigUre 7. Hose clamp line traps. played a major role in keeping the line away from the tangent areas. 41 \ nrief'watef' Speleology Vol.9. No.4

-- not recommended >-

( .'., "'.:.

(a) (a) Figure 9. Two methods of attaching a pony bottle with rubber bands. Figure 10. Pony bottle secured with hose clamps.

A. possible problem with nonsymmetrical mountings (figures 9b and lOb), besides im­ (. halance, is that they may limit you to one­ way passage through certain restrictions. Consider the problem of using the rig shown in figure lOb. who has gone through the restriction pictured in figure 11, turned around. and now wants to come out. He will either have to back out, or his buddy will have to take off whatever it is he has strap­ Figure 11. One-way restriction ped to his side. This would be difficult at for nonsymmetrical rig. best if hose Clamps had been used. Of cou rse, you say, "who would ever be crazy e­ nough to go through such a restriction in the first place?" Well, people do. The point C here is that if the rig is nonsymmetrical, it Stage Bottles: It takes a lot of practice may be more difficult to pass a restriction to get to be able to handle a stage bottle one way than the other.! Rigs don't have to comfortably and gracefully. It increases en­ be unsymmetrical for a restriction to be more tanglement hazards greatly over diving with­ difficult in one direction either. out one. Not only does it hang down •. where the line is likely to be, and get in ones Instead of pony bottles, many cave divers way, but with its own rugulator and carry their primary canister in a guage there is more equipment to drag in the nonsymetrical configuration mounted on one silt, or reach out and grab the line. or side. Could you take yours off if you had catch in cracks. If one has already allowed too? Would your buddy know how too if you for the total loss of anyone air supply at couldn't. any point in the dive. the addition of more J- independent air supplies in the form of stage or pony bottles proba~ly does not add signi- { ficantly to overall safety. Have there ever I 1. See also Sheck Exley's Basic Cave Diving been any catasrophic losses of more than one - a Blueprint for Survival. NSS. 1979, pp. air supply on the same dive? For dives where 34-35. Sheck recommends studying the re­ stage bottles are required there are good striction carefully before going through and ways to secure all danglies. Short, six to "since .. .a_divers profile is very much like a eight inch long high pressure hoses are avai- wedge (the point of which is his head), it lable for use on stage bottles. 2 Figure 12 may be a good idea to go through the restric­ tion feet first so that if you do get stuck. getting out is easier." Attac,hed equipment tIilffiih can provide a barb· or ratchet effect when it 2. I spoke with Wes Skiles by phone or'iliUlh> slips into pockets just inside part of the February 26. 1982. He said the short high restriction, preventing progress in either pressure hoses are for sale at the Branford rlif'ection. , Branford. Florida.

42 Underwater Speleology Vo1.9, No.4

--- allen screw ~~tl bearing

,~ __ valve _yoke

Fig. 12. Pressure gauge secured under Figure 13. Ball bearing used rubber band on stage to center allen screw on valve. bottle.

shows a high pressure hose secured under a to remove the regulator underwater to breathe rubber band, with the' pressure guage pointing directly from the tank. Second, don't torque up right beside the valve where it can be the regulator too tight. This is very easy easily read. Any other hoses can be secured to do with the long end of the allen wrench. to the tank using rubber bands. Covering the Remember, you're turning steel against brass ( ose clamps with rubber bands also allows you and it will be the yoke threads which get , La mount the hose clamp screw towards you. worn not those of the screw. protecting the screw from the line and the rocks on the floor, and also protecting your Reels: There are many possible uses for a dive suit from damage by the screw. spare reel. The safety of carrying one may be diminished by its design or how it is car­ Presuming one would carry the stage bottle ried. It is inappropriate to carry along with the orifice and first stage up, the yoke during a dive many' primary reels used mainly screw of the regulator is likely to take a for getting in and out 'of the cave due to beating on a rocky floor. On one dive in their drag and dangle. When being used, the Peacock I came across a 20th century arti­ problem caused by these reels is much lower fact, the end part of a yoke screw. I have because they are receiving the diver's full wondered ever since how that person got his attention. However, for a spare reel one regulator off. Yoke screws can be replaced should consider how it is to be carried and with allen screws. Allen screws will not the hazards of any sharp edges, corners, stick out and break off, and they have no hooks and line trap areas. A reel free of wing or knob to tangle in the line. Since such problems is to be the subject of a fu­ the allen screw has a concave cone in the t ure article. end. instead of ending in a point like the typical yoke screw. a ball bearing is handy Pressure Guages and Instrument Consoles: for centering the cone of the allen screw Pressure guages and those accursed instrument with the cone of the tank valve (figure 13). consoles are among the worst offenders for dragging in silt. If you just ignore them These ball bearings are easy to loose when and let them hang freely. you can count on 1fWattaching or removing the regulator. There them to mess up the floor. One way to secure the pressure guage and instrument console if '\lilllHI!if111llj!re also safety. trade offs when using allen screws. First, you need a special tool to you must use one is to tie it to your wrist. take the regulator off. Although remote, Some pressure guage hoses come with a rubber there is the possibility that you might wish strap which is apparently there just for this

43 ~---.~ ... "----"----.. ~---- .. -.,----.~,.~---~,~, "----- .. lnderwater Speleology Vol.9, No.4

"'lr[)Ose. This is somewhat of a hassel, but per diver? This all depends on how they are ,: ioes hold the thing up and keeps the diver secured, the guality of the equipment, the Gonstantly aware of where it is. If the hose dive involved, the teChniques of the divers( is able to slide through the tie, though, the and their familiarity with the equipment the;,., guage can really get in the way while one is are using. The numbers alone certainly do trying to work with line or operate a reel. not make it always safer. I pass mine between the left front bladder of my stabilizer jacket and my chest. I am able If one only dives large tunnels where to hold the pressure guage there for short there is no entanglement hazard, one may not periods of time, but it usually slips down be concerned with danglies, but they will and must be pushed back for every low area still mess up streamlining. thereby causing and duck-under. Ideas anyone? one to exert more energy and use more air.

Dry Suit Hoses: How do you keep them from hanging down and dragging in the silt? I Authors note: Rubber bands got the most de­ have recently tried velcroing it to my suit, tailed treatment in this article simply be­ much the same way filler hoses are secured to cause it is with them that I am most famili­ BC's. This has proven to be only a temporary ar; not to suggest that they are any better solution. but it is far better than nothing. than any other securing techniques, though Another simple solution to the hose problem they have worked guite well for me. They do might be a rubber band or loop of rubber tub­ have some disadvantages. though. The area ing around the chest, under which one could underneath the band will remain wet for long tuck the hose when not in use. periods of time. Though there has been no noticeable corrosion with fresh water, salt Spare Knives: The purpose of having a knife water may pose a problem. Second, they don't 3 in a cave is to be able to cut line. lf you look very professional. Finally, they oc­ are ever so unfortunate as to get into an un­ casionally come off or break. solvable line entanglement, possession of a ( knife could save your life. I once though that carrying a second knife was overdoing it a bit, until 1 lost my single knife while The 20th Ca ve Di ving Workshop sponsor­ diving Wekiva springs. The Wenoka forearm ed by the NSS Cave Diving Section will be knife apparently just slipped out of its held on saturday, January 1, 1983 in holder. I have lost at least two ot11.er Branford, Florida. The workshop is being knives since then. Home made knives and some organized by Paul and Shannon Heinerth. commercial knives are small enough so that For the benefit of those who may be vaca­ they can be carried in a pocket or on an arm tioning in Florida at that time and who without inducing any additional hazard or need to tra ve 1 home sunday, the entire drag. I don't advocate a giant knife strap­ workshop will be held on saturday. Pre­ ped to the leg for a backup, but small ha­ sentations will be held all day bng, zard-free knives are easy and cheap to make thereby allowing approximately the same and stow. content as a full weekend workshop. The annual section meeting and a social gath­ Getting back to the original question: Are ering will be held in the e venirig • At pony bottles, two reels each and fifteen the meeting the election results will be lights safer then the standard dual valve announced. If you have a presentation manifold, one reel per team, and three lights you would like to make or some sugges­ tions for the workshop contact either Shannon or Paul at 6494 U. S. 19, North Hudson, Florida 32817. Your input will 3. This should be a last resort solution to be appreciated. If you ha ve some sugges­ the entanglement problem and should only be tions or a proposal for consideration a~~m" done by the aSSisting diver". Remember to the annual meeting contact Bill• Fehrmlllll,'lF:+ A~\ hI splice the line together. Somebody else's at 3508 Hollow Oak Place, Brandon, Flor-'·'" life might depend on it, especially if you ida 33511. have silted out the passage in the process. 44 Underwater Speleology Vo1.9, No.4

(I SANDY CREEK RANCH - A CAVE DIVERS NIRVANA By Steve Straatsma

Situated approximately two miles east of A circular. pea soup basin lying in a Weeki Watchi Springs in Hernando County, shallow depression about fifty feet across, Florida are twelve hundred acres of beautiful Number Three didn't appear very promising. wooded sand hills, owned and operated by two It was •. however, to be the stuff of cave west Florida councils of the Boy Scouts of diver's fantasies. Entering the murky. five America. Besides being some of the prettiest foot visibility water. Will and Bill slowly property you'd ever want to behold, an added drifted down, bouncing off tree branches as pair of attractions nestle, hidden on the they descended in the limited visibility •. south-east quadrant of the property. Two in­ Suddenly. at about eighty feet. they fell conspicuous pools of green, usually murky through the soup into cobalt blue. crystal water lying in shallow, sandy depressions be­ clear water. Visibility easily exceeded one lay their winter clarity, characteristic of hundred feet. After a quick exploratory many Florida sinks. DiePolder's Sinks number search. they began to realize the astounding Two and Three, named after the former owners dimensions of their discovery. From the sur­ of the property, Mr. and Mrs. Larry DiePol­ face pool the basin dropped vertically to der, and numbered in order of their discovery sixty feet where a hole measuring ten by fif­ '.· 'lack in 1975, offer truly astounding cave teen feet across opened vertically like a C jiving. huge window to the aquifer as Bill later de­ scribed it. The chimney grew in size. get­ In May of 1975, Will Walters and Bill Cass ting wider as it dropped past a log jammed in both of Tampa. Florida. were actively seeking it at one hundred feet. The white limestone out potential caVe diving sites in the areas walls of the chimney continued to fall away north of Tampa along the west coast of Flor­ as they.descended, spreading to fifty feet by ida. Curious as to the possibilities of thirty feet at a depth on one hundred sixty diveable sinks on the DiePolder property, feet. Suddenly. at a depth of one hundred they approached the owners for permission to eighty feet, the right wall disappeared into dive and explore the area. After agreeing a black. featureless void. It was the open­ upon a release form waiving owner liability ing of a room of incredible size. The floor to visitors on the property, exploration below was two hundred twenty feet deep. and began. the opening was easily eighty feet across by forty feet high. The divers Iowan air. as­ The first sink, DiePolder Number One, cended for . their minds boggled proved to be a disappointment, pocketing out at their incredible discovery. at fifty feet in a small, silty chimney cham­ ber with no further leads apparent. The se­ During the next few weeks, Will, Bill. and cond sink. Number Two. was explored, but its Ed Brodessor. with assistance from north twenty to thirty foot visibility hindered ex­ Florida cave divers. Sheck Exley and Ken ploration, as did the vertical fracture con­ Hillier, explored the huge room. It proved figuration of the basin past thirty feet. to be almost six hundred feet long, with a which narrowed to a scant two feet across at ceiling depth of one hundred seventy feet. a depth of one hundred feet. Feeling justi- and a huge boulder strewn floor depth of two t,;&l1iEiably claustrophobic under these conditions. hundred forty feet plus. At the midpoint of '\ili~f!) "they put Number Two on the back burner. tem- the room was a huge breakdown rock twenty by porarily at least. and decided to explore the thirty feet across. dubbed Mt. Everest by the possibilities of sink Number Three. exploring teams. At the apex of the lines. layed along the south wall and across the 45 SAl'lDY HILLS RANCH - DIEPOLDER SINK 113

Plan sketch by St eve St raatsma (

400 500 a 100 200 , I I , , SCALE ( FEE T)

170

Sketch shows guideline running across from chlorox bottle at 180 feet to Mt. 290 Everest to the rear of room where it meets another line running along south wall.

center of the room to the back, one hundred Continuing their activities in Number Two, feet across in places, the floor sloped deep­ the divers began to explore the larger. deep­ er still to a maiximum depth of two hundred er downstream tunnel. where visibility wr ninety five feet where it pocketed out with often poor due to surface silt being syphonl no apparent continuing leads. SubsequentY. into it. This section of the cave is actual- .• I exploration has yet to locate any other tun­ ly another tall, wide room with ceiling dept- nels despite the fact that the room appears hs of up to one hundred sixty feet. the floor to be a huge downstream tunnel, syphoning dropping gradually over a four hundred foot surface debris after periods of rain. penetration to two hundred sixty feet. At this point, a low. horizontal re!?triction During the winter this may be one of the continues another two hundred feet. A major most spectacular dives in the state, as the point of interest before the restriction is a experienced deep cave diver can trim out at craggy diagonal pit, dropping to three hun­ two hundred feet below the chimney and see a dred feet before continuing. slopping hori­ blue glowing window far above as sunlight zontally to a reported depth of three hundred penetrates the clear surface water. sixty feet. where Dale Sweet set a then cave diving depth record "using mixed gas in early But that's not all. Upon further explora­ 19Sr! • tion of previously dove sink Number Two. Will and Ed discovered. after negotiating an the extremely tight, siltly vertical fracture crack to a depth of one hundred seventy feet. DIEPOLDERS, THE REOPENING. a room with two tunnels going both up and dow..n..siream. Upon subsequent exploration they Part two of this article on DiePolders found the upstream tunnel to average two hun­ written by Bill Fehring will appear in the dred twenty feet deep. its fifty by thirty next issue. In::.t Bill describes the closing foot dimensions revealed by the crackling and subsequent reopening of the DiePolder blue clarity of the water. Th"e tunnel tet;',ni­ sinks to diving. It highlights the fact ttnflH~lk nates in a large, wide dome room at approxi­ a well structured management plan is nece~HH) mately five hundred feet of linear penetra­ sary to persuade some landowners to permit tion. diving on their pl'operty. 46 INDEX TO VOLUME 8 OF UNDERWATER SPELEOLOGY

Underlined page numbers refer to authors of an article.

Acci dents 33, 53 Equipment continued lewis, Ian 66 Alabama Fern Cave 8 Packagl ng of 20 Line Handling. in Great Brit-aln 5 Stephens Gap Pit 8 Rewarming Tent 19 lyold. Oliver 4 Austra lia Tanks 32 Maegerlaln, Steve 3, 9, 38, 66 Mount Gambier 66 Warm Air Breather. 19 Mammoth Cave Crayfish 9, 39 Bahamas Eighteenth Internatlona I Congress Mapp'lng, Under-atarCaves 67 lucayan Cavern 3; 22, 34, 63 of Speleology 63,.66 Marsha II, Wayna 63. 66 Batteries Evans~ . John 5 Melton Gene 22, 33, 63 Chargl ng 41. Ex ley. Sheck 1,.!...!.Q,. 20. 22, 26, Membership list 69. Maintenance 41 '1!, ~ 1!.... 63, 67. 68 Mexico Nickel Cadmium 40 Fanroll,J.63 Xetha National Park 22 Bermuda Farr. Martyn 4' TUlum Maya Ruins 22 Green Bay System 64 Fehrln!;j. Bill 65, 68, Xcaret 22 Books, Cave Diving Fiori da Sistema Huatla·66 Basic Cave Diving 52 Flsh'Ho Ie' Cave 32 Mount, Tom 10 Darkness Beckons, The 5 ~Innie Springs 5) Nangle,- Jim 18 Bradshaw, Danny 4 Indian Springs 32 New Yor.k Brkich, George 12. _ I, Itt Ie River SprlJlg 32. 51 C larksvl lie Cave 5 . '. Brooks, Mary 63, 67 - Madl son B.lue .Spr I ngs 11. 68 Cook Didn't Cava' 50 Bryant, Guy..!..!. Pot Springs Cave 11 Palaemonlas ganterl Hey 9, 39 Canada Shepard Spring 17 Panter, Ben 16 (_ Tobermory-Georglan Bay 67 Withlaccoche River 11 Power, Rob 64 4 France Saint Marks Wildlife Refuge 19 Cave Diving Section Source du Castor 20 Sams, Lee II Chairman's Message 63 Emergence de la Bourne 20 Sanders. Mike 8 18th Workshop 53, 68 Gerrard, Steve 18 S-{)rl II 53 .,'" Photographic Art Contest 53 Gomez, Bob 1!. .:' Search and Rescue 9, 27, 51, 68 Spring Thing 9 Goodman, Bob 12 Smith. Court II Cave Research Foundation 9 Gran d Cayman I sian d Speleablology Co Iii ns, larry 63 Car I's Bad Cavern 31 Antrolana Lyris 59 Collins, lynn 59 Great Britain Pa laemonlas ganterl Hey 9, Cook, Tom 2, 1.2... ..!2... 63, 67 Wookey Hole 4 39 Czechoslovakia, Cave Diving in 27 Harper. John 10 Speleonectes 66 Darkness Beckons 5 Helnrlth. Paul 66 STone. BI II 66 Davis, Hal II Helnrlth, Shannon 66 Ven I, George!f!.. Deloach, Pau I 10, J.2., 50 Hobbs, Paul 64 Virginia Descent Into Darkness 63, 64, 67 Holsinger. John 39. 59 BUTler Cave 3 Dickerson, John W. 9 Holtzenderf, lewis 39 Madlsons SaltpeTre Cave 59 Diving Commission of the French Hudson. Steve 32, 67 Stegers Fissure Cave 59 Federation ofSpeleology 20 I IIffe. Tom 64 Wa lis, Dicke 31 Diving Suits Info-Ploungee 29. Review of 20 Wark, Karen 3, 53, 59, 64. ~ 68 Dry Suits 3, 19. 54 Jaeger. Ji II ~ 33. 66 Werner. Roger 66 Underwear 3, 19 Jeffreys, Bob 5 Wha II. Davl d .22.. Wet Suits 54 Kentucky 'II I I II ams, Denn I s 3, 22, 33. 63, Doug laS, Doug II Mammoth Cave 9. 39 66 t-mpmCkhOf f, Mary Ellen 3, 8, 32. 66 Kerley, Barry 18 Wi Ison, Forrest 3. 8,ll, 64 'U.li:!dqu i pment Krlza. Vaclav l1.. Young. India 10 62 leitheuser, A.T. 12. Zumrlck. John:b 1., §.... ~, ~ 39. Fa I lures 33 lew Bicking Award, The 26 53.2!. 66, 67. 68 Li ghts 15

47 " ______~, ___~_~rr __~. ______.. ··r~_ .. --:-:-:-:-.~-_:_____:_::.-:-._::- .... ------:_-.-.-.~-_:_---.-.'.:.--.:_---.- _." .. ------. _.. "' ......

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PIGEon mOUnTdln InDIISTRIES.lnC. (404) 764-1437

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'SS Cave Diving Section ·to Stepnen D. Maegerlen P.O. Box 60 \\'illiams. In. 47470