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A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/145026 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications ‘LOVE YOUR JOB!’ A PSYCHOSOCIAL RESEARCH ON AFFECTIVE LABOUR IN THE TURKISH FINE-DINING SECTOR By Didem Derya Özdemir Kaya A thesis submitted to the Organisation and Human Resource Management Group, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2019 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2: A Psychoanalytically-Inflected Approach to the Post-Fordist Ethos and Affective Labour ........................................................................................................ 16 2.1 Post-Fordist theory .......................................................................................... 18 2.2 The affective labour debate ............................................................................. 29 2.3 Psychosocial studies and psychoanalytically-inflected research .................... 35 2.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 3: Historical, Political, Social and Economic Background .......................... 46 3.1 Ottoman culinary history: imarets, meyhanes and the palace cuisine ............. 46 3.2 Formation of a modern restaurant sector in Istanbul: selatin meyhane, esnaf lokantası, alafranga restaurant ............................................................................. 55 3.3 Neoliberal restructuring and the renaissance of Turkish haute cuisine .......... 58 3.4 Emergence of a culinary education sector ...................................................... 66 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 4: Methodology – Multi-Sited, Psychosocial, Organisational Ethnography 76 4.1 Multi-sited organisational ethnography .......................................................... 81 4.2 Fieldwork ........................................................................................................ 83 4.3 Psychosocial research and psychoanalytical interpretation ............................ 86 4.4 Analysis ........................................................................................................... 94 4.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 5: Aşka Gelmek – Identifying with the Culturified Image of Culinary Work ................................................................................................................................. 105 5.1 The chef and anthropologist: culturification of culinary production ............ 106 5.2 Culturification of culinary labour ................................................................. 109 5.3 Fulfilled eyes: hooked by culturified images of culinary work .................... 114 5.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 127 Chapter 6: Sevgisini Katmak – Performing Love to Produce Affect, and Feeling Ambivalent toward Work ........................................................................................ 131 6.1 The show kitchen: image, embodiment and performance ............................ 133 6.2 Add a little ‘taste of your hand’ and ‘blend with love’: the affective labour mix ............................................................................................................................. 141 6.3 ‘You have been contaminated with the trade’: self-sacrificial labour and ambivalence toward work ................................................................................... 148 6.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 156 Chapter 7: A Discussion on the Post-Fordist Condition – The Ethos of Love and Affective Labour ...................................................................................................... 159 7.1 The dark side of culinary work ..................................................................... 160 7.2 On the ethos of love ...................................................................................... 165 7.3 On affective labour ........................................................................................ 173 7.4 Post-Fordism, love and affective labour ....................................................... 177 Chapter 8: Final Words on the Labour of Love ....................................................... 181 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 189 List of Figures Figure 1: Home page of I Love My Job Ltd., a London-based recruitment company 6 Figure 2: Job advertisement by one of the largest catering companies in Turkey ....... 8 Figure 3: 19th century map of Istanbul ...................................................................... 48 Figure 4: An 18th-century tavern ............................................................................... 49 Figure 5: The gate of Mihrişah Sultan İmareti in Eyüp, Istanbul .............................. 51 Figure 6: Maslak, Istanbul in 2007 ............................................................................ 63 Figure 7: Cezayir Street, a.k.a. Fransız Street ........................................................... 66 Figure 8: Caricature by Zehra Ömerlioğlu published in Leman ................................ 77 Figure 9: The four parties involved in analysis ......................................................... 90 Figure 10: A Möbius strip .......................................................................................... 93 Figure 11: First entry in Julie Powell’s blog ........................................................... 117 Figure 12: Julie and Julia (2009) ............................................................................. 118 Figure 13: Facing Windows (2003) ......................................................................... 121 Figure 14: Chocolat (2000) ...................................................................................... 122 Figure 15: Show kitchen at River Cottage, Bristol, UK .......................................... 133 Figure 16: The show kitchen in Lacan’s L diagram ................................................ 146 Figure 17: Movement of the signifying chain and identification ............................ 146 Figure 18: Sign on a bakery wall, Bristol, UK ........................................................ 154 Figure 19: Job search engine ad ............................................................................... 173 List of Tables Table 1: Organisational hierarchy in the sultan’s kitchen ......................................... 53 Table 2: Growth of the tourism sector 1996-2016 .................................................... 60 Table 3: Number of high-end restaurants in Istanbul, 2010-2017 ............................. 62 Table 4: Total seating capacity of high-end restaurants in Istanbul .......................... 62 Table 5: Fieldwork by site ......................................................................................... 85 Table 6: Fieldwork by stage ....................................................................................... 86 Acknowledgements This PhD was accomplished with the help and support of many people, all of whom I thank sincerely. First, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Marianna Fotaki, who went out of her way to support me during my PhD studies. Marianna supervised all aspects of my academic training, provided valuable opportunities outside my PhD research, helped my intellectual growth and offered pastoral care. I would also like to thank my second supervisor, Professor Nick Llewellyn for providing very useful feedback and constructive criticism where possible. I thank my viva panel, both inspirational and encouraging, who have made invaluable contributions to the thesis with their insights. Professor Kate Kenny enriched this thesis with her expertise on psychosocial studies, and Professor Gerardo Patriotta with his on qualitative research. Once again, I would like to thank Associate Professor Ceren Özselçuk for supervising my MA research, on which this study was built. She has inspired me for many years as a model intellectual, and I regret not being in the courtroom when she was unlawfully trialled for demanding a just and lasting peace in my home country, Turkey. My sincere thanks also go to Professor Gerry McGivern, always kind and supportive, who provided guidance in my annual reviews and mentored my teacher training. I also thank my other upgrade and annual review panel members over the years – Professor Davide Nicolini, Dr Dulini Fernando, Professor Gerardo Patriotta, Dr Girts Racko, Dr Jose Bento da Silva and Professor Tina Kiefer – for their insightful comments and encouragement. I have