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Hanno City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan Doctoral Thesis Sustainable Development in Tourism through the Capabilities Approach: A Comparative Study of Thailand and Japan （ケイパビリティ・アプローチを通じたツーリズムにおける持続可能な開発： タイと日本の比較研究） ロサワン ポンラクサナピモン ROSSAWAN PONLUKSANAPIMOL ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my academic advisor, Professor Yukio Ikemoto, for his valuable advice, guidance and direction for this research and dissertation, from beginning to end. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professors Akira Suehiro, Eiji Yamaji, Maiko Sakamoto and Tara Canon, for their lectures in class and valuable input, thoughts and comments. I am thankful to Mr. Tatsushi Terada, Ambassador of Kenya and former Vice Minister for Global Environmental Affairs, Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Dr. Chumpol Musiganont, Managing Director of Designated Area Office of Nan Old City, DASTA, Thailand and Chief Petty Officer Second Class Anusorn Kamwang, Nan City Office, for the valuable information and useful data for this research. Special thanks to my managers and colleagues at Nomura Securities Co., Ltd and NHK for their continued support and exceptional understanding during my studies. I am also very thankful to my family, friends and classmates for all their help and encouragement. Special thanks to Richard Mort for his professional native check and proofreading of this work. I also would like to thank the Empowering Network for International Thai Studies (ENITS) Project, Institute of Thai Studies, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand for providing partial support for my research. Lastly but very importantly, I am grateful to the officers at the Embassy of Japan in Thailand, the University of Tokyo and the Government of Japan for providing me with a priceless opportunity to live and study in Japan to complete this work. iii 4 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 18 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 1: The Transition to Sustainable Tourism in Thailand ................................ 27 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 30 1.1.1 Tourism as a Strong Income Source ........................................................................ 30 1.1.2 Adverse impacts of Conventional Tourism ............................................................. 34 1.1.3 Development Plans Targeting Sustainable Tourism ............................................... 37 1.2 Literature Review ............................................................................................ 56 1.2.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................... 56 1.2.2 Impacts of Tourism Activities ................................................................................. 69 1.2.3 People-Centered Sustainable Society ...................................................................... 72 1.3 Objectives and Framework .............................................................................. 76 1.3.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 76 1.3.2 Proposed Conceptual Framework of Sustainable Development in Tourism through the Capabilities Approach .................................................................................................. 77 1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................... 78 1.5 Structure of Dissertation .................................................................................. 82 CHAPTER 2: Case Study - Nan City, Nan Province, Thailand ..................................... 83 2.1 Overview of Nan Province .............................................................................. 83 2.2 Visitor Data Compiled by Local Authorities ................................................... 90 2.3 Visitor Data Compiled by Author .................................................................... 94 5 2.3.1 Visitor Demographic Data....................................................................................... 94 2.3.2 Visitor Characteristics and Behavior ....................................................................... 97 2.3.2 Visitor Trends ........................................................................................................ 108 2.4 Tourism Service Providers Data Compiled by Author .................................. 113 2.5 Applying the 7 Greens Concept in Nan City ................................................. 115 2.5.1 Implementing the 7 Greens Pilot Project in Nan ................................................... 115 2.5.2 Report on the 7 Greens Pilot Project in Nan (Based on TAT) .............................. 120 2.5.3 Findings from the 7 Greens Pilot Project .............................................................. 126 2.6 Voice of Stakeholders .................................................................................... 137 2.6.1 Voice of Local Tourism Service Providers ........................................................... 138 2.6.2 Voice of Local People ........................................................................................... 143 2.6.3 Voice of Local Authorities .................................................................................... 144 2.6.4 Voice of Visitors ................................................................................................... 148 2.7 Conclusion and Discussion ............................................................................ 153 CHAPTER 3: Case Study - Hanno City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan ........................... 157 3.1 Overview of Hanno City ................................................................................ 158 3.2 Hanno City’s Sustainable Tourism Policies .................................................. 161 3.3 Hanno City’s Ecotourism Promotion ............................................................. 163 3.4 Comparison between Nan City and Hanno City ............................................ 172 3.5 Conclusion and Discussion ............................................................................ 178 CHAPTER 4: The Capabilities Approach in Sustainable Tourism .............................. 181 4.1 Integrating the Capabilities Approach into Sustainable Tourism .................. 181 4.2 Creating Capabilities through Creative Tourism ........................................... 183 6 4.3 Creating Capabilities through Community Participation and Volunteering Promotion in Japan ................................................................................................... 186 4.3.1 Survey on Japanese Volunteers Compiled by MEXT Japan ................................. 188 4.3.2 Survey on Japanese Volunteer Promotion Centers Compiled by MEXT Japan ... 189 4.3.3 Japanese Community Participation in Action (Author’s Survey) ......................... 190 4.4 Conclusion and Discussion ............................................................................ 192 CHAPTER 5: Conclusion and Policy Implications ...................................................... 195 5.1 The 7 Greens Now ......................................................................................... 195 5.2 Transition to Sustainable Tourism in Nan City and Hanno City ................... 198 5.3 Integrating Capabilities Approach into Sustainable Tourism ........................ 200 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 203 APPENDIX I: Annual Tourism Growth in Nan Province ........................................... 221 APPENDIX II: Resource Usage in Nan Municipality in 2010 .................................... 222 APPENDIX III: Tourism Service Provider Questionnaire Translated into English .... 223 APPENDIX IV: Visitor and Local People Questionnaire Translated into English ..... 226 7 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Environmental Impacts of Conventional Tourism ........................................... 35 Table 2: Socio-cultural Impacts of Conventional Tourism ............................................ 36 Table 3: Stakeholders for each green element and how they can contribute to the 7 Greens (Source: Tourism Authority of Thailand, 2013) ................................................ 54 Table 4: Nan Airport Monthly Domestic Traffic by Passenger Arrivals from 2004 to 2013 (Compiled and illustrated by Author, Source: Department of Civil Aviation, 2004- 2014) ............................................................................................................................... 89 Table 5: Monthly visitor totals in Nan between December 2010 and September 2011 (Nan Provincial Statistical Office, 2012) ....................................................................... 91 Table 6: Number of visits made to Nan (Nan Provincial Statistical Office, 2012) ........ 92 Table 7: Tourist attractions visited, multiple answers allowed (Nan Provincial Statistical Office, 2012) ................................................................................................................... 92 Table 8: Quarterly tourism revenue in
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