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Yeong-Hye's Journey in Han Kang's The Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 28 (1): 221 - 234 (2020) SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Defying Norms and Redefining Identity: Yeong-hye’s Journey in Han Kang’s The Vegetarian Devika Kakkat* and Sulagna Mohanty Department of English and Humanities, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Tamil Nadu 641112, India ABSTRACT Rooted in the ostensible noninterventionist South Korean society, Han Kang’s novel The Vegetarian brings forth the atypical narrative of the protagonist Yeong-hye’s resistance and redefinition of identity through embracing vegetarianism. As food functions as an instrumental tool in the outlandish account of Yeong-hye, this paper tries to inspect its impact on shaping her perceptions towards desire, pleasure, sexuality and identity. Through the lens of Vegetarian Ecofeminism, this study attempts to analyze various aspects of violence like ecological, sexual and physical. Hence, by identifying the metaphor of vegetarianism used as a means for self- reclamation and journeying through the protagonist’s uncanny transformation, the paper arrives at a profound comprehension of the protagonist’s complex psyche and an intense exploration of her existential dilemma. Keywords: Ecological, identity, resistance, vegetarianism, violence INTRODUCTION Rooted in the ostensible Well, I try my best noninterventionist South Korean society, To be just like I am Han Kang’s novel The Vegetarian (2015) But everybody wants you brings forth the atypical narrative of the To be just like them protagonist Yeong-hye’s resistance and - BOB DYLAN, “Maggie’s Farm” redefinition of identity through embracing vegetarianism. Journeying through the protagonist’s uncanny transformation, the ARTICLE INFO text explores her existential dilemma faced Article history: and provides a profound comprehension Received: 02 November 2018 Accepted: 21 November 2019 of the character’s psyche. With a striking Published: 19 March 2020 storytelling narrative, author Han Kang E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Devika Kakkat) demonstrates how the ‘unconventional’ [email protected] (Sulagna Mohanty) * Corresponding author food practice of Yeong-hye brings out the ISSN: 0128-7702 e-ISSN 2231-8534 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Devika Kakkat and Sulagna Mohanty culture of the society that is predominantly veganism that disturbs the dominant, patriarchal in nature. The text discusses psychologically and sexually, men around various aspects of violence like physical, her. The origin of veganism and meat-eating sexual and ecological by identifying the matters since it is not merely someone’s metaphor of vegetarianism that is being used personal choice but coloured by several as a means of resistance against aggression interpersonal and trans-cultural factors and for reclamation of self-identity. As that talks about a person’s or a group food functions as an instrumental tool in of people’s ethnic as well as personal the peculiar saga of Yeong-hye, it shapes behaviour that is also postcolonial in nature. her perceptions towards desire, pleasure, This fact spreads its roots deeper into the sexuality and identity. The objective of concept, ‘personal is political.’ Hence, this paper is to explore the imaginative and in The Vegetarian, the ‘sexual politics of creative way in which vegetarianism is used meat’ can clearly be traced out. The book to bring out a sympathetic approach towards has elements of posthumanism due to the animals as well as a difference in the attitude non-conformist nature of Yeong-hye, as of the two sisters in the novel. Stobie (2017) pointed out in her essay, The Vegetarian, first published in South “The Good Wife? Sibling Species in Han Korea in 2007 and translated into English Kang’s The Vegetarian. Thus, this project in 2015 by Debora Smith, is an extension comes under the theoretical framework of of a short story written by Han Kang, “The vegetarian ecofeminism which is a branch Fruit of My Woman” which has the theme of ecofeminism. of a woman turning into a plant and her Ecofeminism is a theory that was husband waters her daily. Interestingly, developed in the 1970s with the publication inThe Vegetarian, the protagonist Yeong-hye of Rachel Carson’s The Silent Spring. The becomes a vegetarian after a nightmare and term ‘eco’ comes from ecology, the study combats violence by trying to become a tree. of living organisms and their environment. Yeong-hye’s peculiar behaviour infuriates ‘Feminism’ is associated to acquiring gender her husband Mr. Cheong and ultimately, equality and equal rights for women in the rest of her family members admit the any society. The term ‘ecofeminism’ first protagonist into a psychiatric hospital. appeared in the year 1974 in Francoise d’Eaubonne’s Le feminismeou la mort. METHODS This concept emphasizes that due to their The Vegetarian through the Lens capacity to ‘reproduce’ and ‘mother,’ of Ecofeminism and Vegetarian women and nature are often linked to each Ecofeminism other. Ecofeminists also believe that there is The Vegetarian raises human rights issues an irrefutable link between the oppression through the seemingly feminist issues, of women and nature. Hence, here gender is vocalising the trauma of violence and used as a tool to examine the conditions for 222 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 28 (1): 221 - 234 (2020) Defying Norms and Redefining Identity the subordination of both women and nature. focuses on the importance of connecting Consequently, ecofeminism is used both speciesism to sexism and she has spent over as a feminist as well as an environmental twenty years writing about ecofeminism. theory. Ecofeminists believe that society Her article titled “Ecofeminism and the is capitalistic patriarchal in nature and Eating of Animals”(1991) is an essential therefore, ecofeminism also deals with work to the field which focuses upon the the aspect of how women are treated in an importance of not consuming meat as an essentially patriarchal society. Rosemary ecofeminist. “The Sexual Politics of Meat” Radford Ruether, Vandana Shiva, Paula (Adam, 1990) is her earlier major works that Gunn Allen, Andy Smith, LuisahTeish, examines various major themes that come IvoneGebara, Alice Walker, Karen Warren, under vegetarian ecofeminism. Monica Sjoo and Susan Griffin are some of On the similar line, SheriLucas’s the very well-known ecofeminists. “A Defense of the Feminist-Vegetarian In the same way, vegetarian ecofeminism Connection” (2005) which is a response is an academic movement which states that to Kathryn Paxton George’s (2000) book, all kinds of oppression like sexism, racism, “Animal, Vegetable, or Woman? A Feminist casteism are related to one another and Critique of Ethical Vegetarianism” is the hence they must be eradicated. The theory of one to establish a connection between vegetarian ecofeminism emphasizes on the feminism and vegetarianism for the first fact that not only the humans, but also the time. According to the feminist- vegetarian non- human animals undergo domination; connection that she talks about, Lucas just like how men exploit women and the (2005) mentioned that the oppression of human race as a whole exploits nature animals by slaughtering them was just and non-human animals. Vegetarian like how women were oppressed in a ecofeminism extends beyond ecofeminism patriarchal society. Hence, a connection since it believes that the killing of nonhuman between women and animals can also be animals and their exploitation by humans traced out here and Carol. J. Adams had first should be taken note of distinctly. According published on this topic in 1975. Similarly, to Gaard (2002), vegetarian ecofeminism is Rosemary Radford Ruether (1975) in one feminism’s third generation. Greta Gaard of the ecofeminist books, “New Woman, and Carol J. Adams are the key thinkers New Earth: Sexist Ideologies and Human of Vegetarian ecofeminism. Greta Gaard’s Liberation” stated: essay “Vegetarian Ecofeminism: A Review Women must see that there can Essay” (2002) includes many of the key be no liberation for them and no concepts within the field along with the solution to the ecological crisis importance of speciesism in ecofeminism. within a society whose fundamental Correspondingly, Carol J. Adams who is a model of relationships continues key vegetarian ecofeminist writer and activist to be one of domination. They Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 28 (1): 221 - 234 (2020) 223 Devika Kakkat and Sulagna Mohanty must unite the demands of the pet which is a testimony of the strong and women’s movement with those emotional bond between animals and human of the ecological movement to beings. envision a radical reshaping of the Vegetarian ecofeminism argues that basic socioeconomic relations and the killing of any animal is part of a larger the underlying values of this society system of oppression and that instead (Ruether, 1975, p. 204). of choosing one animal over another, or a human over a nonhuman animal, Her statement made it clear that both humans should care about all oppressed women and nature were subjects of the subjects, investing themselves in ending tyranny of male domination. This violation each subject’s oppression so as to end the can be clearly traced through the violence oppression of all beings. Hence, Brian Luke depicted in the novel under discussion, The (1992) asserted that the: Vegetarian. Speciesism, another form of oppression, “Act of expiation in which humans is central to the concept of ecofeminism. It justify the act of killing nonhuman plays a fundamental role in distinguishing animals shows that humans are vegetarian ecofeminism from ecofeminism. inclined not to harm animals, This concept is significant because of otherwise there would not need to the focus of vegetarian ecofeminism on be any mechanisms created cross- the oppression of nonhuman animals as culturally to help deal with the guilt speciesism connects all the other forms of felt in killing animals” (Luke, 1992, oppression, especially the oppression of p. 82). women as mentioned by Jason Wyckoff Moreover, the creation of hierarchies in (2014) in his article “Linking Sexism and nonhuman animals can become the creation Speciesism”.
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