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Hacia Una Cultura De La Sostenibilidad Análisis Y Propuestas Desde La Perspectiva De Género

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Hacia Una Cultura De La Sostenibilidad Análisis Y Propuestas Desde La Perspectiva De Género HACIA UNA CULTURA DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD ANÁLISIS Y PROPUESTAS DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO Alicia H. Puleo, Georgina Aimé Tapia González, Laura Torres San Miguel y Angélica Velasco Sesma (coords.) Edita: Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad de Valladolid Con la colaboración de la Cátedra de Estudios de Género de la UVA HACIA UNA CULTURA DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD ANÁLISIS Y PROPUESTAS DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO HACIA UNA CULTURA DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD ANÁLISIS Y PROPUESTAS DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO Alicia H. Puleo, Georgina Aimé Tapia González, Laura Torres San Miguel y Angélica Velasco Sesma (coords.) Edita: Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad de Valladolid Con la colaboración de la Cátedra de Estudios de Género de la UVA Primera edición: 2015 © Alicia H. Puleo, Georgina Aimé Tapia González, Laura Torres San Miguel y Angélica Velasco Sesma 2015 © de los capítulos, sus autores 2015 © Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad de Valladolid (España) Esta obra se publica bajo una licencia libre Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 2.0. Se permite la copia, distribución, reproducción, préstamo y modificación total o parcial de la misma por cualquier medio, siempre y cuando sea sin ánimo de lucro, se acredite la autoría original y la obra resultante se distribuya bajo los términos de una licencia idéntica a esta. Para usos comerciales, se requiere la autorización del editor. Imagen de portada: Verónica Perales Blanco ISBN: 978-84-606-7121-3 Presentación El poderío tecnológico alcanzado en la actualidad presenta numerosas ventajas pero también nuevos problemas. Nunca como hoy en día se habían elevado tantas voces competentes y autorizadas para alertar del peligro global al que se enfrenta la humanidad al cumplir el programa moderno de construcción de la “Casa del Hombre”, esa Naturaleza totalmente domesticada y convertida en simple medio de la razón instrumental. A finales de este año 2015 tendrá lugar en París una conferencia mundial sobre el clima que es quizás la última esperanza de conseguir un acuerdo de reducción de emisiones de CO2, siempre postergado a pesar de los alarmantes informes que desde 1990 entrega el Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). El temido cambio climático no es el único riesgo pero sí anuncia un punto de no retorno. Otras formas del deterioro medioambiental son la contaminación creciente de la tierra, del aire y del agua por las actividades industriales, los pesticidas y herbicidas empleados en la agricultura, los conflictos bélicos y las diferentes formas de la civilización del petróleo La Filosofía Moral y Política no ha permanecido indiferente ante estos fenómenos. Las voces solitarias y las reflexiones puntuales han ido conformando una nueva área específica con nombre propio _la llamada Ética ambiental_ y la Filosofía Política ha comenzado a interesarse por la problemática ecológica como elemento que no puede ser ignorado a la hora de pensar en torno a categorías tales como las de justicia o ciudadanía. Un número creciente de investigaciones indagan, asimismo, en aquellos aspectos en que la crisis ecológica ha de ser comprendida con la ayuda de la categoría de género como construcción histórica de las identidades de sexo e - 5 - Hacia una cultura de la sostenibilidad interpretación androcéntrica del mundo. La puesta en relación de los útiles conceptuales de las teorías feministas y ecológicas constituye una aproximación de vanguardia que tendrá un amplio desarrollo en el futuro. La construcción de una cultura de la sostenibilidad basada en la justicia social y ecológica y en la igualdad efectiva entre hombres y mujeres, la superación de estereotipos y discriminaciones de género ocupa un lugar central entre los retos pendientes del siglo XXI. Así lo reconoce su inclusión en los Objetivos del Milenio. Las contribuciones que reunimos en esta publicación son el resultado de las exposiciones y debates que tuvieron lugar en el I Congreso Internacional Género y Cultura de la Sostenibilidad (XXII Jornadas de Filosofía) celebrado en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Valladolid, España, durante los días 6, 7 y 8 de noviembre de 2013 con la asistencia de investigadoras e investigadores de más de 10 países de Europa y América Latina. Este Congreso Internacional se centró en las relaciones entre igualdad de género y sostenibilidad a partir de la idea de que los instrumentos conceptuales desarrollados en torno a ambas metas pueden potenciarse mutuamente. Durante los tres días del encuentro, tuvieron lugar conferencias y debates con especialistas en Filosofía Moral y Política y espacios de diálogo interdisciplinario abiertos a otras áreas de la praxis y del conocimiento de las Humanidades y las Ciencias Sociales que se revelaron altamente enriquecedores en el tratamiento de la cuestión. El objetivo de la realización de este encuentro era incentivar esfuerzos y superar las limitaciones disciplinares y vivenciales para conocer y discutir análisis y propuestas prácticas orientadas a la igualdad de género, al desarrollo humano y al respeto por los demás seres vivos y los ecosistemas. El carácter coral y diverso de esta obra procede, pues, de la multiplicidad de sus participantes que, con posiciones distintas y, en ocasiones, opuestas, reflexionan desde sus respectivas disciplinas y ámbitos de acción con la intención de avanzar hacia un mundo mejor. Hemos organizado las diferentes aportaciones en 7 grandes secciones. Consideraciones preliminares trata la evolución del pensamiento ecologista en los últimos 25 años _un aspecto a tener muy en cuenta para el resto de las discusiones_ y el surgimiento de la teoría ecofeminista, sus problemas, sus potencialidades y su progresivo alejamiento del esencialismo inicial a través de una perspectiva constructivista desarrollada fundamentalmente en el ámbito de la - 6 - Presentación Filosofía. La segunda parte, Pioneras del pensamiento, reúne investigaciones sobre pensadoras del pasado que corresponde recordar a la hora de atender a la relación entre género y ecología. De las sufragistas se destacan aspectos olvidados que las hacen precursoras de la filosofía ecofeminista: sus escritos y su militancia en defensa de los animales, y su activismo ecopacifista. De Oliva Sabuco, filósofa del Renacimiento español, su participación en dos polémicas significativas de la época: la de la supuesta inferioridad natural de las mujeres y la que negaba la capacidad de sentir a los animales. Finalmente, de la filósofa que más ha marcado el feminismo del siglo XX _Simone de Beauvoir_ se examina su posición frente a la Naturaleza, una posición que no dejará de tener su influencia en las vicisitudes posteriores de la relación del feminismo con la ecología. Debates sobre dominio, autonomía y ética del cuidado _tercera parte de esta compilación_ incluye trabajos muy diversos que van desde la pregunta acerca de la compatibilidad del ecologismo con la autonomía hasta las formas en que se relaciona la construcción de subjetividades con el dominio patriarcal sobre los cuerpos de las mujeres, de los animales y del resto de la naturaleza no humana. Algunos estudios abordan la cuestión desde hipótesis histórico-antropológicas, otros desde la Ética del cuidado, el Derecho, la Bioética y la experiencia y el saber de mujeres con discapacidad. Como no podía ser de otra manera, este debate entra también en la tematización de la identidad viril desde la perspectiva de los estudios de la masculinidad. La representación simbólica como construcción interpretativa del mundo que nos rodea constituye el tema de la cuarta parte, Reflexiones sobre arte, literatura, cultura popular y media. Se rastrea la relación de las creadoras y de las imágenes femeninas del arte culto y de la moderna cultura popular de masas con aquello que se presenta como Naturaleza. Se subraya la existencia del impacto de las teorías ecofeministas en la producción artística contemporánea, así como la capacidad del arte para descubrir la subjetividad de los animales no humanos, superando así el antropocentrismo extremo hegemónico. Se enfatiza también la presencia del sexismo y del androcentrismo en la representación artística y en la información de los media.La crítica al etnocentrismo y al colonialismo se combina con la denuncia del dualismo jerarquizado y generizado Cultura/Naturaleza en la quinta parte, titulada Ecojusticia para descolonizar la tierra. Varios son los aspectos relevantes de la cuestión que son tratados aquí: las categorías filosóficas dualistas de análisis de la realidad, el interesado sesgo del paradigma de desarrollo, la destructiva contaminación de la - 7 - Hacia una cultura de la sostenibilidad tierra en el llamado “Sur” para beneficio de multinacionales extractivistas, la intersección entre identidad cultural e identidad de género y las tensiones entre las propuestas del feminismo de la igualdad y los feminismos indígenas. Se examinan también soluciones y modelos innovadores como la Agroecología y las resistencias asociativas que ya están en marcha, todos ellos fenómenos en los que las mujeres tienen un valioso protagonismo. La sexta parte concierne las Propuestas educativas para una necesaria conjunción de conciencia ecológica e igualdad de género. Tanto para la educación formal como informal, se evidencia la necesidad de adoptar nuevos modelos y de revisar los valores que se transmiten a la luz de la igualdad, la interculturalidad y la sostenibilidad. Por último, las Consideraciones finales
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