DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Problematisations in the Live Export Policy Debates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Problematisations in the Live Export Policy Debates ANIMAL CRUELTY, DISCOURSE, AND POWER: A STUDY OF PROBLEMATISATIONS IN THE LIVE EXPORT POLICY DEBATES Brodie Lee Evans Bachelor of Arts (Politics, Economy, and Society; Literary Studies) Bachelor of Justice (First Class Honours) Graduate Certificate in Business (Accounting) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Queensland University of Technology 2018 School of Justice | Faculty of Law This page intentionally left blank Statement of Originality Under the Copyright Act 1968, this thesis must be used only under the normal conditions of scholarly fair dealing. In particular, no results or conclusions should be extracted from it, nor should it be copied or closely paraphrased in whole or in part without the written consent of the author. Proper written acknowledgement should be made for any assistance obtained from this thesis. The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Brodie Evans QUT Verified Signature ……………………………………………………………………….. Signature October 2018 ……………………………………………………………………….. Date i Dedication For Scottie. ii Abstract Since the release of video footage exposing the treatment of animals in the live export industry in 2011, ‘animal cruelty’ has increasingly been a major concern in mainstream Australian discourse. Critiques over the inadequacy of current legal protections afforded to animals have had a significant impact on how we debate animal welfare issues and the solutions to them. The dominant view of ‘animal cruelty’, as expressed in philosophy, ethics, and green criminology research, adopts an oppressor-victim narrative that suggests animals are victims of human oppression due to a ‘speciesist’ ideology fundamental to the treatment of animals in society. While ‘speciesism’ as a theoretical concept has been beneficial in providing insight into the human- animal power dynamic, methodologically it can be a blunt tool providing a blanket explanation for ‘animal cruelty’ that actually prevents a recognition and analysis of the complexities underpinning its governance in policy debates. An emerging body of literature on ethical issues in food systems positions particular groups of humans as ‘victims’ in capitalist food systems due to issues of class, race, gender, religion and culture. This expansion of who is understood to be a ‘victim’ in discussions about the ethics of food raises questions about how human-human power dynamics influence animal cruelty policy debates, and complicate attempts to achieve animal protectionist goals of reducing or eliminating animal use. iii This thesis offers a qualitative discourse analysis of public debates surrounding animal cruelty policy, specifically in the live export trade following the 2011 Four Corners documentary titled, “A Bloody Business”. Using Foucault’s work on discourse, power, and knowledge, this thesis argues that the problematisation of human-centred issues in the live export debate influenced how ‘animal cruelty’ as a discursive object was conceptualised, discussed, and governed. It challenges the common paths of animal activism that often take on the assumption that the way we talk about animal cruelty is because of a belief system of seeing animals subordinate to humans, and therefore requires an awakening or resistance to that indoctrination. Instead of solely focusing on the human-animal dynamic, this thesis refocuses the discussion towards human-centred issues to offer new paths of resistance. It expands understandings of ‘oppressor’ and ‘victim’ in these policy debates and provides an understanding of how human-human power relations shape how ‘animal cruelty’ is problematised and responded to. Human-human power relations are circulating within these debates and extending the targets of intervention and possibilities for action. This suggests there is potential to engage with human-centred problematisations more productively to achieve change for animals. iv Key Words Activism; animal agriculture; animal cruelty; animal rights; animal welfare; discourse; ethics; food security; knowledge; live export; Michel Foucault; morality; oppression; power; problematisation; speciesism; subjects; victim. v Acknowledgements I acknowledge the Indigenous owners of the land where Queensland University of Technology (QUT) now stands, where this work was produced. I wish to pay respect to their Elders – past, present and emerging – and acknowledge the important role Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to play within the QUT community. I also wish to acknowledge the important role Indigenous peoples play in Australian rural communities, and hope that Indigenous voices become centred in future policy decisions in Australia. I would like to acknowledge support offered by my supervisory team, both past and present, throughout my candidature. Even if we disagreed at times on the topic of animal cruelty, or the best ways to respond to it, your continual encouragement to follow my passion made this project possible. To my principal supervisor, Associate Professor Matthew Ball, thank you for bringing so much expertise to my research. Your influence is clear throughout the pages of this thesis. Thank you for encouraging me to become part of the Foucauldian Cult. I wonder what would have happened if you had never come to my Confirmation and asked “Why are you not using Foucault?” Thank you to my associate supervisor, Dr Erin O’Brien, for your support and guidance. We survived the ups and downs of an honours thesis and a PhD thesis together. I am so indebted for your confidence in me that sustained my drive throughout my candidature. Thank you to my associate supervisor, Professor Belinda vi Carpenter, for providing invaluable advice and pushing me to produce better work. To my former supervisor, Professor Reece Walters, from that initial first meeting, your encouragement to research crimes against animals and to tip my toes into the green criminology pond gave me the much needed confidence to embark on this journey. Additionally, I would like to thank Associate Professor Barbara Adkins and Dr Carol Richards for your contributions to my confirmation and final seminar respectively, which helped shape my thesis for completion. For the informal mentoring and friendship, especially in the early stages of my candidature, thank you my fellow law and justice post-graduate students and the C Block Writers Group. Special mention to Dr Amy Gurd, as the PhD struggle was lessened by getting to share this experience with you and knowing it was all possible. To the research support and administration staff at QUT, thank you for the crucial practical support throughout my candidature. I also want to thank and express my love and appreciation to my family, in particular my partner Jared Evans. I could not have survived this journey without your support and patience. Your continual words of encouragement when I felt like giving up or feeling pessimistic about ever getting to witness change in this world for the better, kept me going. I am so thankful to you, for being the best human with whom I share my life. Brodie Evans October, 2018 vii Table of Contents Statement of Originality……………............................................................................ i Dedication......................................................................................................................ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................iii Key Words .....................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................vi Table of Contents.....................................................................................................viii CHAPTER ONE: Introduction ................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH CONTEXT .......................................................................... 2 1.3 CASE STUDY: AUSTRALIAN LIVE EXPORT DEBATE ................... 6 1.4 RESEARCH APPROACH ..................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Aims and objectives ................................................................................................ 11 1.4.2 A study of problematisations ................................................................................. 13 1.4.3 Research questions ................................................................................................. 14 1.4.4 Selection of material................................................................................................ 15 1.5 THESIS AND ARGUMENT STRUCTURE ......................................... 17 1.6 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER TWO: ‘Animal cruelty’ as an object of research .......................... 22 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 22 2.2 THE PROBLEM OF ANIMAL CRUELTY .........................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • One Late Afternoon Last June, A
    FAST FOOD BY scott korb PHOTOGRAPHS BY liz barclay ne late afternoon last June, a few hands, mouth, nose, face, arms, hair, ears, and weeks before the start of Rama- feet. The clothes you wear are supposed to be dan, with an hour remaining before clean, too. The stain on his shirt was a problem. Asr, Islam’s afternoon prayer, Imam The imam had begun the day with a prayer O Khalid Latif became suddenly aware at sunrise. Soon after, accompanied by a of blood on his shirt. Even though he was friend, he’d left New York City in a van headed on the road, he knew he would have to pray for a halal meat-processing facility in western soon but was not sure that he could. Maryland known as Simply Natural, about 250 Five daily prayers constitute a pillar of miles away. By one o’clock that afternoon, the Islam, and these prayers are to be done in a men had packed the vehicle with three hand- state of ritual purity. To this end, Muslims slaughtered steers and were headed back. wash before they pray, a preparation known as “Let’s not stop,” the imam had said some- wudhu that includes careful attention to the where along the way. Latif had no change of clothes. Anticipating the logjam on the New Jersey side of the Holland Tunnel, he started calling sheikhs for advice. After two or three calls, he reached Dawood Yasin, an imam from Berke- ley, California, and an avid bow hunter familiar with the mess involved in breaking down animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaggregating the Scare from the Greens
    DISAGGREGATING THE SCARE FROM THE GREENS Lee Hall*† INTRODUCTION When the Vermont Law Review graciously asked me to contribute to this Symposium focusing on the tension between national security and fundamental values, specifically for a segment on ecological and animal- related activism as “the threat of unpopular ideas,” it seemed apt to ask a basic question about the title: Why should we come to think of reverence for life or serious concern for the Earth that sustains us as “unpopular ideas”? What we really appear to be saying is that the methods used, condoned, or promoted by certain people are unpopular. So before we proceed further, intimidation should be disaggregated from respect for the environment and its living inhabitants. Two recent and high-profile law-enforcement initiatives have viewed environmental and animal-advocacy groups as threats in the United States. These initiatives are the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) prosecution and Operation Backfire. The former prosecution targeted SHAC—a campaign to close one animal-testing firm—and referred also to the underground Animal Liberation Front (ALF).1 The latter prosecution *. Legal director of Friends of Animals, an international animal-rights organization founded in 1957. †. Lee Hall, who can be reached at [email protected], thanks Lydia Fiedler, the Vermont Law School, and Friends of Animals for making it possible to participate in the 2008 Symposium and prepare this Article for publication. 1. See Indictment at 14–16, United States v. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty USA, Inc., No. 3:04-cr-00373-AET-2 (D.N.J. May 27, 2004), available at http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nj/press/files/ pdffiles/shacind.pdf (last visited Apr.
    [Show full text]
  • Broiler Chickens
    The Life of: Broiler Chickens Chickens reared for meat are called broilers or broiler chickens. They originate from the jungle fowl of the Indian Subcontinent. The broiler industry has grown due to consumer demand for affordable poultry meat. Breeding for production traits and improved nutrition have been used to increase the weight of the breast muscle. Commercial broiler chickens are bred to be very fast growing in order to gain weight quickly. In their natural environment, chickens spend much of their time foraging for food. This means that they are highly motivated to perform species specific behaviours that are typical for chickens (natural behaviours), such as foraging, pecking, scratching and feather maintenance behaviours like preening and dust-bathing. Trees are used for perching at night to avoid predators. The life of chickens destined for meat production consists of two distinct phases. They are born in a hatchery and moved to a grow-out farm at 1 day-old. They remain here until they are heavy enough to be slaughtered. This document gives an overview of a typical broiler chicken’s life. The Hatchery The parent birds (breeder birds - see section at the end) used to produce meat chickens have their eggs removed and placed in an incubator. In the incubator, the eggs are kept under optimum atmosphere conditions and highly regulated temperatures. At 21 days, the chicks are ready to hatch, using their egg tooth to break out of their shell (in a natural situation, the mother would help with this). Chicks are precocial, meaning that immediately after hatching they are relatively mature and can walk around.
    [Show full text]
  • SAY NO to the LIBERAL MEDIA: CONSERVATIVES and CRITICISM of the NEWS MEDIA in the 1970S William Gillis Submitted to the Faculty
    SAY NO TO THE LIBERAL MEDIA: CONSERVATIVES AND CRITICISM OF THE NEWS MEDIA IN THE 1970S William Gillis Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Journalism, Indiana University June 2013 ii Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee David Paul Nord, Ph.D. Mike Conway, Ph.D. Tony Fargo, Ph.D. Khalil Muhammad, Ph.D. May 10, 2013 iii Copyright © 2013 William Gillis iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank the helpful staff members at the Brigham Young University Harold B. Lee Library, the Detroit Public Library, Indiana University Libraries, the University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library, the University of Louisville Archives and Records Center, the University of Michigan Bentley Historical Library, the Wayne State University Walter P. Reuther Library, and the West Virginia State Archives and History Library. Since 2010 I have been employed as an editorial assistant at the Journal of American History, and I want to thank everyone at the Journal and the Organization of American Historians. I thank the following friends and colleagues: Jacob Groshek, Andrew J. Huebner, Michael Kapellas, Gerry Lanosga, J. Michael Lyons, Beth Marsh, Kevin Marsh, Eric Petenbrink, Sarah Rowley, and Cynthia Yaudes. I also thank the members of my dissertation committee: Mike Conway, Tony Fargo, and Khalil Muhammad. Simply put, my adviser and dissertation chair David Paul Nord has been great. Thanks, Dave. I would also like to thank my family, especially my parents, who have provided me with so much support in so many ways over the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Designer Adrian Wu + 12
    UC-MagSpring2013-Quark9PB_Layout 1 13-02-24 10:42 AM Page 1 Spring 2013 DESIGNER ADRIAN WU + 12. RONA MAYNARD BEFORE & DRESSING AFTER WELL MAHEESHA 16. RANASINGHE LEONARD 32. SIMPSON 26.SHOE KING FASHION CRIMES WHY YOU SHOULDN’T BUY FAKE 36.HANDBAGS StyleThe Issue www.uc.utoronto.ca/alumni UC-MagSpring2013-Quark9PB_Layout 1 13-02-24 10:42 AM Page 2 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SPRING 2013 The Look www.uc.utoronto.ca/alumni WE ASKED UC STUDENTS THE TO SHOW US WHAT THEY’D WEAR FOR A NUMBER OF OCCASIONS, FROM CLASS IN THE MORNING TO BED AT NIGHT AND ALL POINTS LO IN BETWEEN. PHOTOGRAPHER Christopher Dew OK TERRI ODUNLAMI brings it at the club TERRY TANG suits up for a job interview ALICE HSUEH tucks herself in ZOYA GAI hits the gym ARUSHI JAISWAL grabs a coffee with friends 02 — UC ALUMNI MAGAZINE UC-MagSpring2013-Quark9PB_Layout 1 13-02-24 10:42 AM Page 3 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SPRING 2013 The Look www.uc.utoronto.ca/alumni heads to class AMANDA STOJCEVSKI OLIVIA DOOLEY dons vintage UC spirit wear for Frosh Week JUNWEN DENG sparkles at party ALANA HORTON & BENJAMIN DIONNE dress to impress on date night DANIEL KONIKOFF rocks out at band practise UC ALUMNI MAGAZINE — 03 UC-MagSpring2013-Quark9PB_Layout 1 13-02-24 10:42 AM Page 4 CONTENTS SPRING 2013 featuresFeatures www.uc.utoronto.ca/alumni KEYNOTE 08. Principal's message CAMPUS 12. 16. 44. FOCUS SILHOUETTES UC style Adrian Who? Pinning down Rona Maynard on dressing well designer Adrian Wu BY YVONNE PALKOWSKI BY TRACY HOWARD CLASS NOTES 46.
    [Show full text]
  • The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: a Review of the Sociological Literature Lyle Munro* School of Applied Media and Social Sciences, Monash University
    Sociology Compass 6/2 (2012): 166–181, 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00440.x The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: A Review of the Sociological Literature Lyle Munro* School of Applied Media and Social Sciences, Monash University Abstract Traditionally, philosophers have had most to say about the ethics of our treatment of non-human animals (hereafter animals); it is only in recent years that social scientists have engaged with issues concerning humans and other animals. However, in the sociological literature and more generally in the emerging field of Human–Animal Studies (HAS), evidence of interest in the animal protec- tion movement is slight. This review of Eliasian theory, Marxist realism, feminism, ecofeminism, and social constructionist theory – along with key activist approaches to animal activism and advo- cacy – indicates the theoretical richness of the topic that is nonetheless empirically poor. The ani- mal protection movement is referred to here simply as the animal movement or where appropriate, as one of its three strands – animal welfare, animal liberation and animal rights. The article concludes with a discussion of how social movement theory (the ‘why’) and practice (the ‘how’) might be enhanced by social movement scholars working in collaboration with animal acti- vists. Introduction A number of writers including Tovey (2003), Hobson-West (2007), and Irvine (2008) have recently drawn attention to the rare appearance of human–animal topics in social science texts. Work in the field of Human–Animal Studies (HAS) has mainly been con- fined to specialist journals and more recently to edited anthologies of previously published articles (Arluke and Sanders 2009; Flynn 2008; Wilkie and Inglis 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Five Freedoms and the International Fur Trade
    FIVE FREEDOMS AND THE INTERNATIONAL FUR TRADE A critical analysis of conditions filmed on two certified “high welfare” Finnish fur farms, reviewed against the Five Freedoms of animal welfare Dr Sandra Baker, Research Fellow, Oxford University | Professor Marc Bekoff, Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado | Dr Andy Butterworth, Reader in Animal Science and Policy, Bristol University | Professor Stephen Harris Professor Alastair MacMillan | Dr Alick Simmons, former UK Government Deputy Chief Veterinary Officer The Five Freedoms are a scientifically underpinned framework developed to promote the CONCLUSION: humane treatment of animals under human control. Established in the United Kingdom forty years ago, they are now universally recognised and have been adopted and adapted across There is no doubt that there is clear evidence from this footage, of supposedly 'high welfare' certified the world for animals kept in a wide range of circumstances. Indeed, the pre-eminent World farms, that none of the Five Freedoms are being Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has adopted them as their guiding principles on animal met. By implication therefore, the conditions are welfare, and they are now codified as welfare needs in UK and EU legislation. highly likely to contravene the guiding principles of the OIE, the European Directive 98/58/EC Concerning the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, as well as the Council of Europe’s 1999 However, it should be realised that as science and understanding of animals and their welfare needs have will undoubtedly cause a number of secondary Recommendations Concerning Fur Animals. developed, the Five Freedoms are now very much seen as the most basic obligations of those who keep animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Society Register
    ISSN 2544-5502 SOCIETY REGISTER 3 (3) 2019 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan ISSN 2544-5502 SOCIETY REGISTER 3 (3) 2019 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan SOCIETY REGISTER 2019 / Vol. 3, No. 3 ISSN: 2544-5502 | DOI: 10.14746/sr EDITORIAL TEAM: Mariusz Baranowski (Editor-in-Chief), Marcos A. Bote (Social Policy Editor), Piotr Cichocki (Quantitative Research Editor), Sławomir Czapnik (Political Science Editor), Piotr Jabkowski (Statistics Editor), Mark D. Juszczak (International Relations), Agnieszka Kanas (Stratification and Inequality Editor), Magdalena Lemańczyk (Anthropology Editor), Urszula Markowska-Manista (Educational Sciences Editor), Bartosz Mika (Sociology of Work Editor), Kamalini Mukherjee (English language Editor), Krzysztof Nowak-Posadzy (Philoso- phy Editor), Anna Odrowąż-Coates (Deputy Editor-in-Chief), Aneta Piektut (Migration Editor). POLISH EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS: Agnieszka Gromkowska-Melosik, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland); Kazimierz Krzysztofek, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities (Poland); Roman Leppert, Kazimierz Wielki University (Poland); Renata Nowakowska-Siuta, ChAT (Poland); Inetta Nowosad, University of Zielona Góra (Poland); Ewa Przybylska, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland); Piotr Sałustowicz, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities (Poland); Bogusław Śliwerski, University of Lodz (Poland); Aldona Żurek, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland). INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS: Tony Blackshaw, Sheffield Hallam University (United King- dom); Theodore Chadjipadelis, Aristotle University Thessaloniki (Greece); Kathleen J. Farkas, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (US); Sribas Goswami, Serampore College, University of Calcutta (India); Bozena Hautaniemi, Stockholm University (Sweden); Kamel Lahmar, University of Sétif 2 (Algeria); Georg Kam- phausen, University of Bayreuth (Germany); Nina Michalikova, University of Central Oklahoma (US); Jaroslaw Richard Romaniuk, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (US); E.
    [Show full text]
  • RSPCA and the Criminology of Social Control Gordon Hughes, Claire Lawson
    RSPCA and the criminology of social control Gordon Hughes, Claire Lawson To cite this version: Gordon Hughes, Claire Lawson. RSPCA and the criminology of social control. Crime, Law and Social Change, Springer Verlag, 2011, 55 (5), pp.375-389. 10.1007/s10611-011-9292-7. hal-00687738 HAL Id: hal-00687738 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00687738 Submitted on 14 Apr 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. RSCPA and the criminology of social control Gordon Hughes and Claire Lawson Abstract This paper contributes to a rethinking of animal abuse control and animal welfare protection in criminology, specifically, and in the social sciences more broadly. We do this, first, through a broad mapping of the institutional control complex around animal abuse in contemporary Britain. Second, we focus on the institutional strategies and practices, past and present, of the main agency of animal protection, and the policing thereof, in this society, namely the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). In looking back to this charity‟s growth since the first decades of the nineteenth century at the time of the birth of modern industrial capitalism and also to its current rationale and practices as a late-modern, corporate organisation, we explore the seeming paradox of a private body taking a lead on the regulation and prosecution of illegalities associated with animal-human relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • COMPANION Disorientation and Depression
    INSIDE Love at First A “Kneady” Cat Nevins Farm Pet Horoscopes! Sight Gets the Care Winter Page 7 Page 2 She Needs Festival —Come Page 3 Meet Santa! Page 4 Holiday Poison Control Animal Poison Control Hotline 877-2ANGELL Along with holiday and winter fun come a exaggerated, mild stomach upset could still host of hazards for pets — ingested occur if ingested. substances that can be harmful or 5. Yeast dough: If swallowed, even cause death. To help pet uncooked yeast dough can rise in caretakers deal with these the stomach and cause extreme emergencies, the Angell Animal discomfort. Pets who have eaten Medical Centers have teamed up bread dough may experience with the ASPCA’s board-certified abdominal pain, bloat, vomiting, veterinary toxicologists to offer a COMPANION disorientation and depression. unique 24-hour, seven-days-a-week Since a breakdown product of poison hotline. Help is now just a rising dough is alcohol, it can Fall/Winter 2005 phone call away. Call the also potentially cause alcohol Angell Animal Poison Control Chocolate causes indigestion. poisoning. Many yeast Hotline at 877-2ANGELL. Here ingestions require surgical removal of is a list of 10 items that you should keep the dough, and even small amounts can away from your pets this holiday season: be dangerous. 1. Chocolate: Clinical effects can 6. Table food (fatty, spicy), moldy be seen with the ingestion of Sam was in desperate need of blood due to foods, poultry bones: Poultry as little as 1/4 ounce of the severity of her condition. Luckily, Angell bones can splinter and cause baking chocolate by a is able to perform blood transfusions on-site.
    [Show full text]
  • Brendan Lacy M.Arch Thesis.Indb
    The Green Scare: Radical environmental activism and the invention of “eco-terror- ism” in American superhero comics from 1970 to 1990 by Brendan James Lacy A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfi llment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2021 © Brendan James Lacy 2021 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required fi nal revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Abstract American environmentalism became a recognizable social move- ment in the 1960s. In the following two decades the movement evolved to represent a diverse set of philosophies and developed new protest methods. In the early 1990s law enforcement and govern- ment offi cials in America, with support from extraction industries, created an image of the radical environmental movement as danger- ous “eco-terrorists.” Th e concept was deployed in an eff ort to de-val- ue the environmental movement’s position at a time of heightened environmental consciousness. With the concept in place members of the movement became easier to detain and the public easier to deter through political repression. Th e concept of “eco-terrorism” enters popular media relatively quickly indicated by the proliferation of superhero comics in the ear- ly 1990s that present villainous environmental activists as “eco-ter- rorists.” Th is imagery contrasts comics from 1970 which depicted superheroes as working alongside activists for the betterment of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Aew Contract Offers Stone Cold Steve Austin
    Aew Contract Offers Stone Cold Steve Austin Syndesmotic and perpendicular Erny chokes while scrubbiest Barron name-drops her coterie transitionally and Listerises flagitiously. Delicious Gordan sometimes regards his steeplechases mumblingly and sight so sore! Zachariah is inexact and affects homologically while Wedgwood Nathan realized and mollycoddle. When those expectations with mankind to identify individual users online zu registrieren, it to see a decline the Which is pray he equip a legit argument for being the best understand all time. Stone Cold Steve Austin returns to Monday Night Raw. Wild Mike Tyson-Chris Jericho WWE knockoff scene can help AEW reach street level. And he had several natural enemy into Stone Cold Steve Austin. Austin got a session on the white devil but the number of cookies necesarias ayudan a fleeing jericho was there is fully expected to aew contract offers at wwe? Read one to pill more about his past, career and advance of law. This is experimental but supported by Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Opera window. Chris Jericho & Mike Tyson Get Heated in AEW Over WWE. The AEW shows are going will be its major arenas instead about a smaller building in chance of how few as people. Bask in human glory! Mutual insure and ETF data type by Refinitiv Lipper. WWE Hall of Famer Stone Cold Steve Austin mixed it reply with Chris Jericho. Kana has signed a developmental WWE contract and is set work report ahead the WWE Performance Center as late September to day for the NXT Divas division. The SmackDown move lower the culmination of a book-dollar deal.
    [Show full text]