The London School of Economics & Political Science

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The London School of Economics & Political Science The London School of Economics & Political Science The Trouble with Studying the Troubles: How and Why an Epistemic Community Emerges By: Corey R Jentry A thesis submitted to the Department of Government of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, 24 February 2017. 1 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MRes/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 91,286 words. 2 ABSTRACT This research is concerned with issues of episteme, epistemology, and community. It asks how and why an epistemic community emerges? It looks at the study of the Northern Ireland conflict and peace process as covered in the British and Irish political science academy in order to answer this question. This research is thus ultimately about knowledge, knowledge creators, and the circumstances and conditions in which they develop. It is also a case study of what happens when academics engage with political events. Do they act as innovators or simply as scholar who react to changing political environments? This research explains the emergence of the Northern Ireland epistemic community using the boundary object concept. It asserts that knowledge communities do not develop de novo but instead emerge through academics struggles and frustrations with existing knowledge paradigms. A boundary object is the means by scholars can come together and challenge such paradigms and build new knowledge infrastructures. Through the emergence of the Northern Ireland peace process and scholar’s (re)engagement with and application of consociational theory and comparative methods this epistemic community was made possible. This research looks at the barriers that prevented the emergence of this community during the Troubles, its emergence following the outbreak of the Northern Ireland peace process, and its evolution following the signing of the Good Friday Agreement. Additionally, we look at the conflicts that developed between members of this community and how these academics define themselves both professionally and in relation to a community they are a part of yet see themselves as a part from. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To begin I would like thank my supervisor Bill Kissane for his constant guidance, patience, and tolerance with me in the pursuit of this research and its development. There is no way this dissertation would have been written without him and the support offered by LSE. I am not a natural intellectual or academic, Bill you helped me every step of the way. LSE thanks for giving me the opportunity. When I began my university journey some 13 years ago it was because of the encouragement and pushiness of Dr. Richard Presnell M.D.. At that time the only option I saw for a kid raised in the mildew scented trailer-parks of Grovetown, Georgia with no high school diploma, a history of delinquency, and a broken family was maybe the military, if they would have me. Because of Richard and his unwavering support and encouragement I applied for a spot in a community college (against my will) and am today able to submit a PhD dissertation at one of the best schools in the world. Richard, I love you and I couldn’t have done any of this without you. Thank you for being like a father to me. Who would have thought it would have gone this far? My life has been so full of people that have loved and supported me in this process. They say that it takes a village to raise a child. It has taken a village to educate this one. I wish that Henry Carmack was here to see this, I think he would be proud of me. I miss him every day and I couldn’t have made it this far without him. He told me to “keep trudging” even when I wanted to quit. If there is a heaven I hope he is there and looking down of me. Philip Ward I want to thank for helping me see the difference between lack of education and stupidity. I have spent most of my academic life being convinced that I was stupid. Yet because of you I learned that I didn’t lack brains, I just lacked the people to help me learn to use mine properly. If it wasn’t for all our arguments, debates, fights, and conversations I would never have found the drive to do this. There is are so many other people that I could thank and acknowledge that I would need another dissertation to do so. It is suffice that I have been blessed with so many people these last five years. My cup runneth over! To my late mother Patricia M Jentry, this is for you. Thank you for being such a strong woman and giving me everything I needed to do this. I love you mom. I want to thank Pacy Markman. In the last year you have come into my life and began opening my eyes to the miracle of it. You have shown me the way forward and I look forward to continuing the next phase of my journey with you. Now it is time for me to go forth and reach for the stars! 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration of Authorship ................................................................................................ 2 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 4 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 The Question ............................................................................................................................ 9 Conceptualizing Epistemic Communities .................................................................................. 15 Theory and Boundary Objects ................................................................................................. 19 Consocationalism and Boundaries ........................................................................................... 20 The Question of Methodology................................................................................................. 22 Questions of Structure vs Agency ............................................................................................ 26 Arguments ............................................................................................................................. 29 Thesis Layout .......................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................... 33 Literature Review & Theory ............................................................................................ 33 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 33 Northern Ireland ..................................................................................................................... 34 The Knowledge of Knowledge ................................................................................................. 45 Agents, Structures, and Knowledge Transformation ................................................................ 49 Boundaries and Objects .......................................................................................................... 54 Translation problems .............................................................................................................. 55 Conceptualizing the Concept ................................................................................................... 57 Summarizing .......................................................................................................................... 62 Wrapping it up ....................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................... 64 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 64 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 64 Abstracting ............................................................................................................................. 65 Narrative as Praxis .................................................................................................................. 67 Identity .................................................................................................................................. 71 The How of this Method ........................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • New Decade, New Approach Deal
    2 New Decade, New Approach January 2020 3 Contents Context and Responsibilities 4 The New Decade, New Approach Deal Part 1: Priorities of the Restored Executive 6 Part 2: Northern Ireland Executive Formation Agreement 11 UK Government and Irish Government Commitments Annex A: UK Government Commitments to Northern Ireland 45 ​ Annex B: Irish Government Commitments 57 4 Context and Responsibilities 1. The Rt Hon Julian Smith CBE MP, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, and Simon Coveney TD, Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, have published this text of a deal to restore devolved government in Northern Ireland. 2. The deal will transform public services and restore public confidence in devolved government and has been tabled at talks at Stormont House for the political parties in Northern Ireland to agree. 3. These talks were convened to restore the institutions created by the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement and, particularly, to restore a functioning Northern Ireland Executive delivering for the people of Northern Ireland on a stable and sustainable basis. 4. The participants throughout these talks were the UK and Irish Governments, each participating in accordance with their respective responsibilities, and the five main Northern Ireland parties. 5. Over several months of discussions, all the issues were extensively explored with the opportunity for each participant to put forward proposals. The New Decade, New Approach deal represents a fair and balanced basis upon which to restore the institutions. The commitments of each Government are attached here as annexes for the information of the participants and the public. They are the respective responsibility of each Government, and no agreement is asked or required from the parties for those commitments.
    [Show full text]
  • LSE Connect Winter 2012
    Connect For alumni of the London School of Economics and Political Science Vol 24, number 2, winter 2012 A rising tide Judith Rees on water research Virtually real Vili Lehdonvirta on real money in a virtual world Director invites alumni to shape LSE’s future LSE residences offer good quality, centrally located, bed and breakfast accommodation to all during the winter vacation! Carr-Saunders Hall Passfield Hall Rosebery Hall W1 WC1 EC1 By choosing to book with LSE Vacations you are helping to provide safe, secure and affordable housing for our students. The additional revenue from vacation trading contributes to keeping student rents as low as possible. This environment supports and enhances the learning goals of our diverse community, in particular our efforts to widen participation. LSE is committed to recruiting the best possible students with the highest academic and intellectual potential, regardless of their economic or social background. Also available: LSE TopFloor! a range of high quality rooms, studios and apartments available year round. for alumni, staff and current students (Staff, student or alumni ID required) VOLUME 24 NUMBER 2 CONTENTS Editor’s message Earlier this month Professor Craig Calhoun, the new Director of LSE, ran a question and answer session on Twitter. It was fun. Professor Calhoun tweets regularly anyway (you can follow him on @craigjcalhoun) but the idea behind this one-hour intense session was to allow students, staff and alumni – and indeed 16 24 the general public – to ask anything they wished and to get instantaneous answers back. In all, 137 questions were asked, with nearly two-thirds from students but a fair number from Features Regulars alumni.
    [Show full text]
  • Serving Communities. INSTITUTION Staff Coll., Bristol (England)
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 378 354 CE 067 945 AUTHOR Brook, Les, Ed. TITLE Serving Communities. INSTITUTION Staff Coll., Bristol (England). REPORT NO ISBN-0-907659-83-7 PUB DATE 93 NOTE 146p. AVAILABLE FROMStaff College, Coombe Lodge, Blagdon, Bristol BS18 6RG, England, United Kingdom (11.50 British pounds) . PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143) Collected Works General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Access to Education; *Adult Education; Adult Learning; Adult Literacy; Adult Programs; Community Colleges; Cc.munity Development; *Community Education; *Delivery Systems; Economic Development; *Educational Needs; Educational Objectives; Educational. Practices; *Education Work Relationship; Financial Support; Foreign Countries; Job Training; Literacy Education; Older Adults; Open Universities; Program Administration; Relevance (Education); Retraining; Role of Education; Rural Areas; Rural Education; School Business Relationship; *School Community Relationship; Training Methods; Visual Impairments; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS *Great Britain; Latin America; United States ABSTRACT This book contains 15 articles about various aspects of community further education (FE) programs in Great Britain, including program rationales/benefits, administration, and delivery. The following articles are included: "Forew.:;rd" (Bradshaw); "Commitment to Community Is Good Business and Practical Politics" (Brook); "Can We Serve Communities in the Market-Place?" (Johnston); "The Community Profile as a Key to Growth and Equity" (Powell, Buffton);
    [Show full text]
  • LSE Connect Summer 2013
    Connect For alumni of the London School of Economics and Political Science Vol 25, number 1, summer 2013 Battling recession Christopher Pissarides on macroeconomics Scholars at risk Latefa Guemar is no ordinary fellow Research in pictures: LSE’s Research Festival goes visual LSE residences offer good quality, centrally located accommodation to all during the summer vacation! Bankside House By choosing to book with LSE Vacations you are helping to provide safe, secure and affordable Carr-Saunders Hall housing for our students. The additional revenue Grosvenor House from vacation trading contributes to keeping student rents as low as possible. High Holborn This environment supports and enhances the learning Northumberland House goals of our diverse community, in particular our efforts to widen participation. LSE is committed to Passfield Hall recruiting the best possible students with the highest Rosebery Hall academic and intellectual potential, regardless of their economic or social background. Also available: LSE TopFloor! a range of high quality rooms, studios and apartments available year round. for alumni, staff and current students (Staff, student or alumni ID required) VOLUME 25 NUMBER 1 CONTENTS Editor’s message In the last issue of LSE Connect, Director Professor Craig Calhoun asked alumni what made LSE distinct. A similar exercise was set for staff and students and the results are fascinating (see page 6). In all, nearly 200 people responded with insights that were 6 18 intelligent, creative, often witty – and even in verse. As our feature says: “They showed a remarkable degree of agreement about what makes LSE distinctive. Analysis showed that Features Regulars respondents valued critical engagement, diversity, collegiality and cosmopolitanism.” As ever, the writers for LSE Connect provide ample proof of the strength of critical Why LSE is special Headline news 4 engagement at the School.
    [Show full text]
  • Views Expressed Are Those of the Contributors, Many Alumni Who Are Already Making an Email: [email protected] Not Necessarily the University
    STAY CONNECTED /Ulster University Alumni @Ulster_Alumni Ulster University Alumni FEATURE 1 ULSTER GRADUATE The magazine for alumni and friends Uof Ulster UniversityG Edition 38 Summer 2015 INSIDE Ulster University’s world-leading research Ulster University and the Turner Prize MEET Shane Kelly, Cinematographer on Boyhood hit The Silk supporting our students PLUS Seven degrees for seven brothers Share your experience on our new e-mentoring platform Registered with The Charity Commission The Charity with Registered NIC 100166 Northern Ireland for 204886 - Alumni Magazine Version AW2.indd 1 09/07/2015 14:39 2 STAY CONNECTED /Ulster University Alumni @Ulster_Alumni Ulster University Alumni In this Welcome Issue The world of education is ever changing, News and to grow and prosper, this University is always adapting and responding to News in brief 4 the expectations and needs of students, News on campus 6 society and industry. That is why you Capital developments update 8 will notice a new look and a new name – Ulster University – throughout this issue Spinout bids for X Prize 9 of Ulster Graduate. Ulster University Business School at 40 10 As part of the alumni family, you can be Santander extends support 12 proud of an association with a strong and Major scholarships 13 vibrant University. We were delighted to receive a number of Features This year, we have been included, for the donations in response to the last edition of first time, in the prestigious Times Higher Ulster Graduate, and we are seeing more Ulster University and the Turner Prize 14 Education 100 Under 50 Rankings, which and more alumni coming on board to REF 2014 results 16 recognise dynamic young universities that support the Ulster University Student Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • A Higher Education Strategy for Northern Ireland
    Graduating to Success A HIGHER EDUCATION STRATEGY FOR NORTHERN IRELAND GRADUATING TO SUCCESS A HIGHER EDUCATION STRATEGY FOR NORTHERN IRELAND Page FOREWORD FROM THE MINISTER 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 SECTION ONE HIGHER EDUCATION IN NORTHERN IRELAND: 6 HISTORY, ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES SECTION TWO A VISION FOR HIGHER EDUCATION: 2012-2020 10 SECTION THREE MORE RESPONSIVE TO THE NEEDS OF THE ECONOMY 12 SECTION FOUR A HIGHER QUALITY LEARNING EXPERIENCE 17 SECTION FIVE A MORE ACCESSIBLE HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR 21 SECTION SIX A MORE FLEXIBLE LIFELONG LEARNING ENVIRONMENT 25 SECTION SEVEN ACHIEVING THE VISION: A PROGRAMME FOR DELIVERY 29 APPENDIX: DELIVERING THE VISION: PROJECTS 30 1 FOREWORD FROM THE MINISTER Welcome to the first Higher Education Strategy for Northern Ireland. The higher education sector is central to the future development of the economy. Our institutions play a critical role in terms of addressing the skill needs of the workforce of tomorrow and developing our knowledge economy through engaging in research and development. The Programme for Government establishes that the economy is the number one priority for the Executive. The Economic Strategy sets out in much greater detail the economic vision and the policies and programmes that will make this vision a reality. The higher education sector has made a positive contribution to the cultural and economic life in Northern Ireland. It is diverse in its provision with a reputation for excellence in teaching, learning and research. However, there are a number of distinct and difficult challenges ahead that the sector needs to face. This Strategy now complements the Success Through Skills: Transforming Futures Strategy, which was launched last year, and the Further Education Means Business Strategy in demonstrating my Department’s integrated approach to providing skills, supporting people and contributing to the creation of jobs.
    [Show full text]
  • “Methinks I See Grim Slavery's Gorgon Form”: Abolitionism in Belfast, 1775
    “Methinks I see grim Slavery’s Gorgon form”: Abolitionism in Belfast, 1775-1865 By Krysta Beggs-McCormick (BA Hons, MRes) Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences of Ulster University A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) October 2018 I confirm that the word count of this thesis is less than 100,000 words. Contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………… I Illustration I …………………………………………………………………………...…… II Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………. III Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter One – “That horrible degradation of human nature”: Abolitionism in late eighteenth-century Belfast ……………………………………………….…………………………………………….. 22 Chapter Two – “Go ruthless Avarice”: Abolitionism in nineteenth century Georgian Belfast ………………………………………………………………………................................... 54 Chapter Three – “The atrocious system should come to an end”: Abolitionism in Early Victorian Belfast, 1837-1857 ……………………………………………………………... 99 Chapter Four - “Whether freedom or slavery should be the grand characteristic of the United States”: Belfast Abolitionism and the American Civil War……………………..………. 175 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….. 206 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………... 214 Appendix 1: Table ……………………………………………………………………….. 257 Appendix 2: Belfast Newspapers .…………….…………………………………………. 258 I Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the help and guidance of many people to whom I am greatly indebted. I owe my greatest thanks to my supervisory team: Professor
    [Show full text]
  • Events Open to the Lse Community And
    EVENTS OPEN TO THE LSE COMMUNITY AND THE PUBLIC to 6 September December 2019 20 Finance Most finance professionals can drive the car... But do they understand how the engine works? At LSE, we believe in understanding why things work. We take you below the surface to understand the fundamentals of finance, giving you the tools to accelerate your career in a changing marketplace. MSc Finance (Part-time) The MSc Finance (Part-time) is LSE’s most established Executive Master’s programme. Taught in the evenings, it provides a unique opportunity for busy professionals to combine a full-time career with the opportunity to study a world- class MSc Finance programme that is grounded in academic depth and rigour. Join us for an Information Evening or a one-to-one session to discuss your application. Register at lse.ac.uk/finance 19_0577 FinanceAdvert_Events.indd 1 07/08/2019 15:29 Finance WELCOME Everyone is welcome to attend LSE’s public events, where some of the Most finance professionals can drive the car... most influential figures in the social sciences can be heard. Events are generally free and open to all, with entry on a first come, first But do they understand served basis – unless otherwise stated. It does get busy so we advise people to turn up 20 minutes before the advertised time. For ticketed events, please go to lse.ac.uk/events and fill in the online booking form to request how the engine works? a ticket. Allocations of tickets are set aside for LSE staff and students. Transcripts, podcasts and videos of an increasing number of LSE events are available online after the event at lse.ac.uk/lse-player.
    [Show full text]
  • Consociational Theory, Northern Ireland's Conflict, and Its Agreement
    John McGarry and Brendan O’Leary1 Consociational Theory, Northern Ireland’s Conflict, and its Agreement. Part 1: What Consociationalists Can Learn from Northern Ireland I did not draw my principles from my prejudices, but from the nature of things.2 ‘What a wonderful place the world would be’, cry the devotees of each way of life, ‘if only everyone were like us’. We can now see the fallacy in this fre- quently expressed lament: it is only the presence in the world of people who are different from them that enables adherents of each way of life to be the way they are.3 CONSOCIATIONAL THEORY, DEVELOPED BY AREND LIJPHART AND other scholars, is one of the most influential theories in comparative political science. Its key contention is that divided territories, be they regions or states, with historically antagonistic ethnically, religiously or linguistically divided peoples, are effectively, prudently, and some- times optimally, governed according to consociational principles. Consociations can be both democratic and authoritarian,4 but 1 The authors thank the editors of Government and Opposition, and its two anony- mous referees, for their very helpful suggestions. McGarry thanks the Carnegie Corporation of New York for funding his research, O’Leary thanks the Lauder endowment, and both authors thank the United States Institute of Peace. 2 Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, ‘Preface’, in Anne M. Cohler, Basia C. Miller and Harold S. Stone (eds), The Spirit of the Laws, Cambridge, Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1989 (first publication, 1748), p. xliii. 3 Michael Thompson, Richard Ellis, Aaron Wildavsky, Cultural Theory, Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1990, p.
    [Show full text]
  • FESTIVAL PROGRAMME at a GLANCE Monday 19 February Tuesday 20 February Wednesday 21 February Thursday 22 February Friday 23 February Saturday 24 February
    LSE FESTIVAL Rethinking Beveridge for the 21st century 19-24 FEBRUARY lse.ac.uk/festival #LSEFestival #LSEBeveridge OVER THE FESTIVAL WEEK WE WILL BE SHINING A LIGHT ON THE “FIVE GIANTS” IDENTIFIED IN THE BEVERIDGE REPORT, RE-CAST FOR THE WELCOME CONTENTS 21ST CENTURY AND FOR THE GLOBAL CONTEXT. We live in increasingly divided societies where the activists who had made social contracts that bind us are fraying. One reason LSE their home at that is globalisation, which has intensified competitive time. Indeed, we have a rich 4 6 7 pressures. Another is technology, which has tradition of such work, from increased the returns to highly skilled labour and Dame Eileen Younghusband, thereby exacerbated inequality. Technology has whose work, including her eponymous report in also transformed our awareness of what is 1959, led to the establishment of social work as a happening around the world and the way we profession, to Dr BR Ambedkar, the architect of the communicate and organise ourselves socially Constitution of India. and politically, sometimes in a way that builds As LSE’s 16th Director, I want to continue this great HEALTH & social cohesion, but often in ways that divide. SKILLS tradition – thought and action – by revisiting the AT A GLANCE EDUCATION & The consequence of this is that social work carried out by Beveridge and his LSE SOCIAL CARE “Disease” “Ignorance” sustainability, society’s internal cohesion and colleagues some three quarters of a century Beveridge’s Giant of Beveridge’s Giant of ability to hold together over time, is in jeopardy. ago and make it relevant to the challenges of the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Members' Handbook and Directory
    AND DIRECTORY 2016 MEMBERS’ HANDBOOK PROMOTING THE GLOBAL STUDY OF POLITICS PROMOTING THE GLOBAL STUDY OF POLITICS Political Studies Association 2016 113a Jermyn Street London MEMBERS’ HANDBOOK SW1Y 6HJ 020 7321 2545 [email protected] AND DIRECTORY Political Studies Association PO Box 255 Durham DH8 1GH [email protected] www.psa.ac.uk 66th Annual International Conference 67th Annual International Conference 21 st – 23 rd March 2016 10 th – 12 th April 2017 Hilton Brighton Metropole, Brighton #PSA16 Technology & Innovation Centre (University of Strathclyde), Politics and the Good Life Glasgow Contact: Contact: Danielle Bailey - Events and Marketing Manager Danielle Bailey - Events and Marketing Manager Tel: 020 7321 2545 Email: [email protected] Tel: 020 7321 2545 Conference Convenors Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Conference Convenors For full details visit www.psa.ac.uk/conference/2016-conference-0 Email: [email protected] 2016 MEMBERS’ HANDBOOK AND DIRECTORY THE POLITICAL STUDIES ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 2016 MEMBERS’ HANDBOOK AND DIRECTORY www.psa.ac.uk Editor Sandra McDonagh 1 2016 MEMBERS’ HANDBOOK AND DIRECTORY First Published in Great Britain in 2015 by Political Studies Association of the United Kingdom PSA Head Office 113a Jermyn Street London SW1Y 6HJ PSA Membership Office PO Box 255 Durham DH8 1GH A registered company with limited liability in England and Wales Registered Charity No 1071825 Disclaimer: All membership details are based on records as provided by the Association’s members. All Departmental staff details are based on consultation with the Heads of Departments. Copyright: Political Studies Association of the UK All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity Politics and Women in Northern Ireland and Israel/Palestine
    BEYOND THE ETHNONATIONAL DIVIDE: IDENTITY POLITICS AND WOMEN IN NORTHERN IRELAND AND ISRAEL/PALESTINE by Siobhan Byrne A thesis submitted to the Department of Political Studies In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (January, 2009) Copyright © Siobhan Byrne, 2009 ISBN:978-0-494-48211-7 Abstract Beyond the Ethnonational Divide: Identity Politics and Women in Northern Ireland and Israel/Palestine is a comparative analysis of the conflict resolution processes and peace-building strategies employed in Northern Ireland and Israel/Palestine, focusing on the experiences of women’s feminist peace movements. I draw on feminist thought in the international relations and comparative politics literatures, as well as the critical identity politics literatures developed outside these fields, to demonstrate the value of broadening our understanding of social identity in conflict. In particular, I apply a post-positivist realist approach to identity to evaluate the extent to which women’s feminist peace communities develop untested ideas related to conflict resolution and peace-building in these cases. I argue that the dominant ethnonational conflict resolution literature, developed largely within the comparative politics field, advances an ‘elite accommodation’ strategy for resolving conflict that grants the most militant and sometimes violent ethnonational leaders the authority to speak for the body public during transformative constitutional moments. I propose
    [Show full text]