Ginseng-Lactobacillus Ferment Exerts Synergistic Anti-Melanogenic Effects with Low Doses of Niacinamide in Vitro
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Research Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.26.004323 Ginseng-Lactobacillus Ferment Exerts Synergistic Anti-Melanogenic Effects with Low Doses of Niacinamide In Vitro Huey-Chun Huang1, JI-Ying Lu3, Wen-Yang Chuang2, Tsong-Min Chang3* 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taiwan 2SIKI Biological R&D Center, Suzhou Industrial Park, China 3Department of Applied Cosmetology, Hungkuang University, Taiwan *Corresponding author: Tsong-Min Chang, Department of Applied Cosmetology, Hungkuang University, Taiwan ARTICLE INFO Abstract Received: February 28, 2020 Published: March 04, 2020 fermentThe (GLF)fermentation with niacinamide of ginseng has increases not been elucidatedthe efficacy in murineand bioavailability B16F10 melanoma of ginseng. cells. InHowever, this study, the we ginsenoside investigated Rb the 2-specific possible molecular synergistic mechanism anti-melanogenic in the ginseng effects oflactobacillus the GLF or Citation: Huey-Chun H, JI-Ying L, Wen- Yang C, Tsong-Min C. Ginseng-Lactobacillus potential synergistic role of anti-melanogenesis. Cell proliferation analysis was evaluated Ferment Exerts Synergistic Anti-Melanogenic byginsenoside MTT assay. Rb 2The and effectslow dose on of melanogenesis niacinamide (100 were μM) evaluated on B16F10 spectrophotometrically. cells and explored the Effects with Low Doses of Niacinamide In The expression levels of melanogenesis-related proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Vitro. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 26(2)-2020. BJSTR. MS.ID.004323. combinationCombining of of GLF GLF (0.75 or Rb mg/mL) 2 and niacinamideor ginsenoside decreased Rb 2 (10 the μM) protein with ofexpression niacinamide levels (100 of Abbreviations: GLF: Ginseng Lactobacillus tyrosinase,μM) significantly tyrosinase-related decreased cellular protein melanin1 (TRP-1) content. and PMEL17 In the compared western blottingwith control assay, alone. the Ferment; L-DOPA: L-tyrosine to 3-4-dihydroxy The results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb 2 in GLF may play a role in the synergistic phenylalanine; CFU: Colony-Forming Units; BCRC: Bioresource Collection and Research suggested GLF or ginsenoside Rb2 can be added into skin whitening skin care product with Center; PVDF: Polyvinylidene Fluoride; MOE: niacinamideanti-melanogenic to enhance effects its of anti-melanogenesisGLF with niacinamide effects. on murine melanoma cells. The findings Ministry of Education Keywords: Ginseng Lactobacillus Ferment; Ginsenoside; Rb 2; Niacinamide; Tyrosinase; Melanin Introduction inhibit these oxidation steps and have been used in the treatment of hyperpigmentation [3]. Niacinamide (also known as nicotinamide, on developing functional skin-whitening products for people In the field of research on skin health, much effort has focused 3-pyridinecarboxamide) is the amide of niacin (vitamin B3) that with unwanted pigments. Hyperpigmentation of the skin is a is a physiologically active component in various cosmetics and result of abnormal accumulation of melanin, a skin pigment medicines. Niacinamide is well tolerated by the skin, in contrast that is essential for photoprotection of the human body against to other common forms of this vitamin family (e.g. nicotinic acid steps of melanogenesis pathway in humans are the hydroxylation ultraviolet (UV) hurts. Previous studies have reported that the first reactions [4]. It has been reported that oral niacinamide (or niacin) of L-tyrosine to 3-4-dihydroxy phenylalanine (L-DOPA) and the and its esters), which often induce uncomfortable skin flushing could prevent the development of insulin-dependent diabetes oxidation of L-DOPA to o-dopaquinone [1]. Tyrosinase is known mellitus [5]. as the rate-limiting enzyme and catalyzes both of the reactions in melanogenesis. Antioxidants, such as arbutin or kojic acid [2], may Several reports suggest that niacinamide may exert various effects on the skin: it acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in acne Copyright@ Tsong-Min Chang | Biomed J Sci & Tech Res | BJSTR. MS.ID.004323. 19789 Volume 26- Issue 2 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.26.004323 [6], as an antioxidant [7], prevents photo-carcinogenesis and The Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) photo-immunosuppression [8], and increases intercellular lipid instrumental analysis was performed by a Waters ACQUITY synthesis [9]. The biological activities of niacinamide also include UPLC system (Waters, Millford, MA, USA) composed of a binary antimicrobial, photo-protection, lighting, and anti-pruritus [10]. solvent manager, sample manager and photo diode array detector Moreover, niacinamide has been reported to promote the repair (PDA). The chromatographic separation was accomplished on an of DNA damage induced by UV in keratinocytes [11,12]. Previous ACQUITY BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 m; Waters). study has been demonstrated that niacinamide affect pigmentation The column temperature was 40°C. The binary gradient elution μ that works by inhibiting melanosome transfer from melanocytes system consisted of 0.001% phosphoric acid in water (A) and appearance of photo-aged skin including redness and wrinkles, to keratinocytes [13]. Also, several benefits in terms of improved 0.001% phosphoric acid in acetonitrile (B). The separation was reduced sebum production and improved barrier function have achieved using the following gradient program: 0-0.5 min (15% been described by topical usage of niacinamide [14,15]. As a typical B), 14.5 min (30% B), 15.5 min (32% B), 18.5 min (38% B), 24.0 medicine for treating hyperpigmentation disorders, niacinamide min (43% B), 27.0 min (55% B), 27.0-31.0 min (55% B), 35.0 min blocks the melanosome migration between melanocytes and (70% B), 38.0 min (90% B), 38.1 min (15% B), and 38.1-43.0 min keratinocytes and suppresses skin pigmentation [16]. Panax injection volume was 2.0 L. The ginsenosides were detected by (15% B). The flow rate was set at 0.6 mL/min and the sample ginseng C.A. Meyer has been used in traditional folk medicine in PDA at 203 nm [31]. The B16F10 (ATCC CRL-6475; BCRC60031) μ Asian countries. murine melanoma cells were obtained from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Taiwan. The cells were The P. ginseng fruits have pharmacological effects such as antidiabetic [17], anticancer [18,19], antioxidant [20, 21], antiaging [22], and antiallergic effects [23]. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb2 maintained in the Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) serum and penicillin/streptomycin (100 IU/50 g/mL) at 37°C, (Gin-Rb2) from P. ginseng was reported to have several biological (HyClone, Logan, UT) that was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine activities, including radioprotective [24], antidiabetic [25], 2 μ yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to antitumor [26], and antivirus [27] effects. Previous study has 5% CO in a humidified incubator. The 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2- measure cell viability [32]. reported that the Gin-Rb2 could decrease tyrosinase and MITF protein expression in melan-a cells. In addition, Gin-Rb2 presented The cells were exposed to GLF (0.75 mg/mL), ginsenoside Rb 2 (10 M) or niacinamide (100 M) for 24 h, then the MTT [28]. Here, we aim to investigate the anti-melanogenic effects of the solution was added to the wells. The insoluble derivative of MTT inhibition of the body pigmentation in the zebrafish in vivo system μ μ compatibility of ginseng lactobacillus ferment or ginsenoside Rb 2 that was produced by intracellular dehydrogenase was solubilized and niacinamde on a B16F10 murine melanoma cell model. with DMSO-ethanol (1:1 mixture solution). The absorbance of the wells at 570 nm was read using a microplate reader. The results Materials and Methods are expressed as percent viability relative to control. Each sample The antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotech (Santa Cruz, CA, was measured in triplicate, and each experiment was repeated at USA) and the ECL reagent was from Millipore (Burlington, MA, least three times. The mushroom tyrosinase activity assays were USA). All chemical reagents including α -MSH, arbutin, and kojic conducted as previously described [33]. In brief, the aqueous acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, solution of mushroom tyrosinase (200 units/10 L) was added to a 96-well microplate to result in a mixture with a total volume MO, USA). Lactobacillus plantarum (BCRC10069) was cultivated in μ lactobacilli MRS (de Man, Rogosa, Sharpe) broth (Becton, Dickinson of 200 L that contained L-DOPA (5 mM), which was dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 50 mM, pH 6.8), and GLF (0.75 mg/ and Company, Sparks, MD, USA) at 37°C, for 12 h, and the activated μ culture was inoculated into MRS broth at 37°C, for 12 h, twice. mL), ginsenoside Rb 2 (10 M) or niacinamide (100 M), arbutin (2 mM) or kojic acid (200 M) were then added into the mixture. The One gram of Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) was added to 99 mL μ μ assay mixture was incubated at 37°C for 30 min, and the absorbance distilled water and then sterilized at 121°C for 15 min. The ginseng μ solution (pH 6.5) was inoculated with L. plantarum culture [1×108 of the dopachrome that was produced was measured at 490 nm. The intracellular melanin content in the B16F10 melanoma cells (v/v) and fermented at 37°C for 24 h. Samples were collected for was measured as described by Tsuboi, et al. [34]. colony-forming units (CFU)/mL] to a final concentration of 1% analysis at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20 h, and 24 h. The viable cells of L. plantarum were counted on MRS agar using the plate counting melanin content was determined after treatment with either GLF The cells were treated with α-MSH (100 nM) for 24 h, and the method [29], and the pH and titratable acidity during fermentation (0.75 mg/mL), ginsenoside Rb 2 (10 M) or niacinamide (100 M) were determined using a pH meter (Microprocessor Benchtop pH or arbutin (2 mM) for an additional 24 h.