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TRANSLATION PECULIARITIES of the PREPOSITIONS and Each of the Prepositional Phrases Has the Following Three Features: ADVERBS USED AS PARTICLES of PHRASAL VERBS 1

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TRANSLATION PECULIARITIES of the PREPOSITIONS and Each of the Prepositional Phrases Has the Following Three Features: ADVERBS USED AS PARTICLES of PHRASAL VERBS 1 UNIVERSITATEA DE STUDII EUROPENE ANALELE ŞTIINŢIFICE UNIVERSITATEA DE STUDII EUROPENE ANALELE ŞTIINŢIFICE DIN MOLDOVA ISSN 2435-1114 DIN MOLDOVA ISSN 2435-1114 object. Prepositions may occur either before the word it governs or they may occupy a final position. The difficulties involved by the study of English prepositions are determined by their rich synonymy and poly functionalism: a) One single relation may be expressed by several prepositions differing ideographically or stylistically (for example the idea of residence – by, at, in, with, within, inside, etc). b) One single preposition may express several relations (for example by – relation of space, of time, of agency, of numerical distribution, etc) [5, p. 2]. Central members of the preposition class in English have the following properties: I. Formal invariability, in the sense that they show no inflectional variation; II. They take noun phrases or nominally-functioning clauses (and even other prepositional phrases) as complements; III. They display a variety of functions both at phrase level as well as the sentence level TRANSLATION PECULIARITIES OF THE PREPOSITIONS AND Each of the prepositional phrases has the following three features: ADVERBS USED AS PARTICLES OF PHRASAL VERBS 1. It has no modifier, even when the phrase contains a count noun; 2. The speaker is not free to use any preposition except the one given; Dorina BOICO 3. The meaning is fixed [3, p. 24]. magistru, lector universitar, USEM The fixed expression cannot normally be used: [email protected] a. If a modifier is added b. If a different preposition is used c. If a different meaning is intended Adverbs (etymology: Middle English adverbe, from Old French, from Latin adverbium Abstract: The present article represents a new try for establishing the resemblances and differences between (translation of Greek epirrh ma) : ad-, in relation to ; see ad- + verbum, word, verb; see wer- in prepositions, adverbs and phrasal verbs. As a matter of fact, the main idea of the article is to study a category of verbs that is not present into Romanian, but which, according to our researches, presents great difficulty during translation. Indo-European roots) are a semantically defined part of speech [9, p. 22] which answer the In the present article there have been taken into consideration different points of view and it concerns those interested questions where?, when?, how?, and how much?. This function is called the adverbial function, and in “revealing” coincidences and lexical connotations for both languages: English and Romanian. is realized not just by single words (i.e., adverbs) but by adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses. On advanced levels the notional definition appears in some such form as this: An adverb is a Key words: preposition, particle, adverb, phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs. word that indicates time, place, manner, degree,䴠 кamount, purpose, result, attendant circumstance, Rezumat: Articolul de faţă reprezintă o nouă încercare privind stabilirea trăsăturilor distinctive şi asemănărilor între means, etc. [10, p. 257], while other grammars define adverbs syntactically: Adverbs are words that prepoziţii, adverbe şi verbe frazale. De fapt, ideea de bază se conturează în jurul unei categorii de verbe ce nu se modify: întîlneşte în limba română, dar care, din studiile efectuate, prezintă un grad sporit de dificultate în cadrul procesului de a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?) traducere. În lucrarea de faţă au fost vizate diferite puncte de vedere, şi se adresează celor interesaţi de „elucidarea” an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?) cazurilor de coincidenţă şi a conotaţiilor lexicale pentru ambele limbi: engleză şi română. another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?) Cuvinte cheie: prepoziţie, particulă, adverb, verbe frazale, verbe prepoziţionale. An adverbial phrase is called a group of words not containing a subject and verb acting as an adverb. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying Introduction: the verb): Ex. He went to the movies. Students of English frequently have difficulty understanding how to use verb + preposition or Ex. She works on holidays. verb + adverb combinations in English. And this is not surprising. Though the general rules are Ex. They lived in Canada during the war. actually quite simple, it is sometimes difficult to see the relation between a verb and the preposition An adverb can also function as a preposition. Unlike an ordinary preposition, a prepositional that follows it or between a verb and an adverb. Two principal but very different situations (or deep adverb is not followed by an object. structures) exist, and unfortunately they (i.e. their surface structures) can appear to be identical. "The difference between the pure preposition and the prepositional adverb is illustrated by the following two sentences: Results and discussions: Ex. He ran up the stairs. Ex. He ran up a bill. We will begin our research by establishing definite criteria and properties of both prepositions In the first sentence stairs is the object of up, and the whole phrase up the stairs is an and adverbs so as to understand them better while analyzing them as part of phrasal verbs. adverbial prepositional phrase modifying the verb ran. In the second sentence bill is not the object So, from the strictly morphological point of view, prepositions (the word comes from Latin – of up, nor is up a bill a prepositional phrase modifying the verb. It is best to regard up as an adverb prae – ponere, “before” – “to place”) are form-words connecting different parts of speech, above all modifying ran and bill as the noun object of ran." a verb, a noun, a pronoun or an adjective with a noun or pronoun, or linking words between two Prepositions versus Adverbs objects, two words or parts of speech [2, p.66], while a prepositional phrase is a group of words Most prepositions are adverbs in origin [10, p. 230]. They became prepositions upon being containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the used before nouns. Their correspondence is very close, and many grammarians, beginning with Aristotle, have refused to recognize them as two different parts of speech. Prepositions are 84 85 UNIVERSITATEA DE STUDII EUROPENE ANALELE ŞTIINŢIFICE UNIVERSITATEA DE STUDII EUROPENE ANALELE ŞTIINŢIFICE DIN MOLDOVA ISSN 2435-1114 DIN MOLDOVA ISSN 2435-1114 described as adverbs that take objects, and the preposition is viewed as no more different from the Type Structure Example adverbs as the transitive verb is from the intransitive. 1 Verb+preposition We came across an old man. The Modern English fondness for the verb-adverb combination increases the difficulty of 2 Verb+adverb particle Don’t give in. distinguishing between the adverb and preposition. Consider the sentence “He shot at the lion”. We 3 Verb+object+adverb article Bring a child up. Bring up a child. Bring him seem to have here a prepositional phrase at the lion modifying the verb shot. But we might say that or Verb+adverb particle+object up well. the verb is shot at, a transitive verb taking lion as its object. This interpretation is bolstered by the 4 Verb+adverb particle+preposition We’re run out of bread. possibility of putting the verb into the passive, lion becoming the subject: “The lion was shot at”. The particles which accompany phrasal verbs (called complex verbs) are adverbs in origin as We may therefore recognize two types of construction: 1) those in which the verb may be put into they determine verbs. These grammatical tools are called verbal particles. the passive: He shot at a lion. →The lion was shot at, and 2) those in which the verb cannot be put Nevertheless, the same particles have often the function of a preposition, i.e., they connect the into the passive: We walked up the mountain. → We can’t say, “The mountain was walked up”. verb with its adverbial modifiers, thus establishing definite relations between the verb and the The verb-adverb combination (as distinct from the verb+prepositional phrase) provides adverbial modifier [1, p. 482]. another variation. In place of “Roll up the hug”, we may say, “Roll the rug up”. This transposition of rug and up shows that up is not a preposition with rug as its object. Compare: But we cannot transpose all verb-adverb constructions which may be put into the passive. We Adverbs Prepositions cannot say, “He shot the lion at”. Firstly, it is not correct from morphological point of view, Come in! He came into the room. secondly, it has no meaning. Put on your hat! Put your hat on the table! Nevertheless, there are some clear-cut distinctions [5, p. 7]: I looked up her address. She looked up the street. 1) Adverbs always have a full lexical value; they are independent elements in a sentence and represent answers to definite questions (why? where? when? how? etc). But how to determine the meaning of a phrasal verb and how phrasal verbs affect translation? Phonetically, they are stressed (Ex. He looked a’bout). We should bear in mind that the phrasal verb is not considered as two parts but as one lexical unit. 2) Prepositions never have a full lexical value, although there are differences in degree. In most cases, the meaning of the combined words (i.e. of the above possible combinations of After having analyzed prepositions and adverbs we came to the main point of our research – prepositions or adverbs) cannot be determined from the meaning of the verb or the adverb in the particle (from Latin, "a share, part"), which is a word that looks like a preposition but is isolation. A characteristic of the phrasal verb is that the individual verb rarely carries the same actually part of a verb.
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