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A Study of the Particles of Phrasal, Prepositional and Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in Oxford Advanced Learner’S Dictionary of Current English

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A Study of the Particles of Phrasal, Prepositional and Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in Oxford Advanced Learner’S Dictionary of Current English A STUDY OF THE PARTICLES OF PHRASAL, PREPOSITIONAL AND PHRASAL-PREPOSITIONAL VERBS IN OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By WISNI YULIASTUTI Student Number: 044214048 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 A STUDY OF THE PARTICLES OF PHRASAL, PREPOSITIONAL AND PHRASAL-PREPOSITIONAL VERBS IN OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By WISNI YULIASTUTI Student Number: 044214048 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 i ii iii HAPPY DON’T LAST LONG (THEA ASTLEY) iv TO MY SHARED PARENTS AND SIBLINGS v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, the writer would like to thank God especially for the positive energy in her and also in others so that she could finish her thesis writing. In the second place, she would like to thank Mr. Fr. B. Alip, her advisor, for his help. She would like to mention several names: Mr. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, her co-advisor, Mr. Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji and Ms. Adventina Putranti; they have helped the writer more or less much. The writer would also like to thank her friends for their support, among others: Mr. Teguh Satria Pramana Jaya, Ms. Desynata Purnamasari, Ms. Fransiska Andar Rosalina, Ms. Ni Wayan Shanti Devi Mahaswari – Ms. Makaria Asfina Ratu, the pendant of the necklace. Wisni Yuliastuti vii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………..…… i APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………......….. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………………..…. iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………... iv DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………..... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS……………………... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………...... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………… viii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………. x ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………... xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study ………………………………………. 1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………….. 5 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………... 5 D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………. 6 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………..………… 9 A. Review of Related Studies …………………………………….. 9 B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………… 11 C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………... 25 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY …………………………………….. 27 A. Object of the Study …………………………………………….. 27 B. Method of the Study …………………………………………… 29 C. Research Procedure ……………………………………………. 30 viii CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS ………………………………… 33 A. The Characteristics of Phrasal, Prepositional and Phrasal- Prepositional Verbs in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English ……………………………………………... 33 1. The Characteristics of Phrasal Verbs in the Dictionary ………………………………………... 34 2. The Characteristics of Prepositional Verbs in the Dictionary ………………………………………... 74 3. The Characteristics of Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in the Dictionary………………………………….. 93 B. The Similarities among the Particles of Phrasal, Prepositional and Phrasal-Prepositional verbs in the Dictionary …………….. 109 1. The Similarities among the Particles of Phrasal and Prepositional Verbs in the Dictionary ………. 113 2. The Similarities among the Particles of Phrasal and Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in the Dictionary ……………………………………………………. 119 3. The Similarities among the Particles of Prepositional and Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in the Dictionary ……………………………………. 126 C. The Differences among the Particles of Phrasal, Prepositional and Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in the Dictionary ……………. 128 1. The Differences among the Particles of Phrasal and Prepositional Verbs in the Dictionary ………. 129 2. The Differences among the Particles of Phrasal and Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in the Dictionary ……………………………………………………. 133 3. The Differences among the Particles of Prepositional and Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in the Dictionary ……………………………………. 137 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………….. 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………... 144 APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………….. 147 ix ABSTRACT WISNI YULIASTUTI. A Study of the Particles of Phrasal, Prepositional and Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008. Phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs are examples of the phenomenon of multi-word verbs, which is considered as a topic of a peculiar importance in English. The main categories of multi-word verbs are identified by their particles on the basis of syntactic criteria. The analysis uses a transformational grammar, besides a phrase structure grammar, since the latter is inadequate to explain the structures of phrases containing the multi-word verbs. The analysis attempts to see some logical explanation of the examples of the phenomenon by focusing on the particles. Three problems were formulated in order to achieve the general objective. The first problem is about the characteristics of the multi-word verbs, the complete verbs as well as their elements. The second problem concerns with the similarities among the particles of the multi-word verbs. Since the first problem also already concerns with the particles, the analysis sharpens the similarities among the particles. The third problem is about the different characteristics among the particles of the verbs to clarify the boundaries between the multi-word verbs. To answer the problems, an empirical research was conducted. It was combined with a conceptual research. A qualitative research design was selected in order to focus on the quality of the data, which are primary data taken from the seventh edition of Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. A systematic random sample of the examples of phrasal, prepositional and phrasal- prepositional verbs was selected based on the number of the pages in “The Dictionary” since the population size is not known, in fact, the size is large. From the analysis, there are six syntactic criteria to show the characteristics of the multi-word verbs. The first criterion is direct object movements to the positions before the particles. The second one is AdvP (adverbial phrase) insertions or movements to the positions before the particles (the AdvPs function as adjuncts of the VPs (verb phrases) headed by the verbs). The third is the functions of the particles and the direct objects as syntactic units after reanalyses. The fourth is pronominal questions (the direct objects). The fifth criterion is adverbial questions (the direct objects). The last one is passive transformations. Then, the similarities and the differences among the particles of the multi-word verbs can be found out by considering the first three characteristics of the multi-word verbs. x ABSTRAK WISNI YULIASTUTI. A Study of the Particles of Phrasal, Prepositional and Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008. Kata kerja frasal, kata kerja berkata depan dan kata kerja frasal yang berkata depan merupakan contoh-contoh fenomena kata kerja gabungan yang dianggap sebagai sebuah topik khusus dalam bahasa Inggris. Kategori-kategori pokok kata kerja gabungan tersebut diidentifikasi dari partikel kata kerja tersebut berdasarkan criteria sintaktis. Analisisnya menggunakan tata bahasa transformasional, selain tata bahasa struktur frase, karena yang terakhir tidak mencukupi untuk menjelaskan struktur-struktur frase yang mengandung kata kerja gabungan. Analisisnya diusahakan untuk memperlihatkan beberapa penjelasan logis atas contoh-contoh fenomena tersebut dengan difokuskan pada partikel kata kerja gabungan. Tiga masalah telah dirumuskan untuk mencapai tujuan umum tersebut. Masalah pertama tentang karakteristik-karakteristik kata kerja gabungan, baik keseluruhan kata maupun elemen-elemennya. Masalah kedua menyangkut persamaan-persamaan partikel kata kerja gabungan. Karena masalah pertama juga sudah mengenai partikel, analisisnya memperkuat persamaan-persamaannya. Masalah yang ketiga tentang perbedaan-perbedaan partikel kata kerja gabungan untuk memperjelas batas-batas diantara ketiga kategori kata kerja gabungan. Untuk menjawab ketiga pertanyaan tersebut, studi empiris telah dilakukan. Studi ini digabungkan dengan studi konseptual. Rancangan penelitian kualitatif dipilih untuk menitikberatkan pada kualitas data yang merupakan data primer yang diambil secara langsung dari edisi ketujuh Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Currrent English. Sampel acak yang sistematik dari contoh kata kerja frasal, kata kerja berkata depan dan kata kerja frasal yang berkata depan dipilih berdasarkan jumlah halaman di “The Dictionary” karena jumlah populasinya tidak diketahui, sebenarnya, jumlah populasinya besar. Berdasarkan analisisnya, ada enam kriteria sintaktis yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan karakteristik-karakteristik ketiga kategori kata kerja gabungan tersebut. Kriteria pertama adalah pemindahan obyek langsung ke posisi sebelum partikel. Kriteria yang kedua adalah penyisipan frase kata keterangan atau pemindahan frase kata keterangan ke posisi sebelum partikel (frase kata keterangan tersebut berfungsi
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