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Telugu Language and Literature TELUGUTELUGU LANGUAGELANGUAGE ANDAND LITERATURELITERATURE Speaker : G. V. R. K. SHARMA M. D. Harvard Medical School TT EE LL UU GG UU LL AA NN GG UU AA GG EE AA classicalclassical languagelanguage ofof IndiaIndia AlsoAlso calledcalled ‘‘AndhraAndhra BhaashaBhaasha ’’ RankedRanked 7th7th inin AsiaAsia 14th14th inin thethe worldworld SpokenSpoken inin thethe statestate ofof AndhraAndhra PradeshPradesh Harvard Outreach - Telugu 2 TeluguTelugu LanguageLanguage :: DemographyDemography AlsoAlso spokenspoken inin thethe adjoiningadjoining regionsregions ofof TamilnaduTamilnadu ,, KarnatakaKarnataka andand OrissaOrissa andand inin thethe sizablesizable diasporadiaspora populationspopulations ofof Malaysia,Malaysia, FijiFiji Islands,Islands, U.KU.K andand U.SU.S TotalTotal aboutabout 8080 millionmillion peoplepeople Harvard Outreach - Telugu 3 © Microsoft MapPoint and PlaneMad/Wikipedia Harvard Outreach - Telugu 4 TeluguTelugu LanguageLanguage :Unique:Unique feature(sfeature(s )) TheThe onlyonly IndianIndian languagelanguage wherewhere everyevery wordword endsends inin aa vowelvowel (( ‘‘AJANTAAJANTA BHAASHABHAASHA ’’ )) CalledCalled ‘‘ItalianItalian ofof thethe EastEast ‘‘ byby NiccoloNiccolo dada Conti,Conti, aa VenetianVenetian travellertraveller ofof thethe 1616 th centurycentury HeavilyHeavily SanskritizedSanskritized (( closeclose toto 60%)60%) Harvard Outreach - Telugu 5 TeluguTelugu LanguageLanguage :: OriginsOrigins AnAn IndoIndo –– DravidianDravidian offoff --shootshoot DevelopedDeveloped afterafter TamilTamil andand KannadaKannada RockRock -- edictsedicts andand inscriptionsinscriptions datingdating backback toto 11 st centurycentury A.D.A.D. PresentPresent literaryliterary formform aroundaround 900900 A.D.A.D. Harvard Outreach - Telugu 6 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature NannayaNannaya waswas thethe firstfirst poetpoet (( ‘‘AdikaviAdikavi ’’)) ShapedShaped poeticpoetic formatformat (( ‘‘vaaganusasanavaaganusasana ’’)) WroteWrote thethe firstfirst 33 cantocanto ’’ss ofof MahabharataMahabharata TrendTrend --settersetter forfor allall subsequentsubsequent poetspoets WordsWords mainlymainly SanskritSanskrit --derivedderived (( ‘‘tatsamatatsama ’’)) Harvard Outreach - Telugu 7 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature AnAn exampleexample ofof NannayaNannaya ’’ss poetrypoetry :: -- ““TheThe moonmoon --litlit autumnautumn nightsnights werewere lovely;lovely; thethe brightbright chainschains ofof starsstars inin thethe cloudlesscloudless skiesskies mademade themthem lovelier.lovelier. RepleteReplete withwith thethe scentscent ofof waterwater --lilieslilies waftedwafted byby gentlegentle breezes,breezes, thethe nightsnights werewere luminescentluminescent withwith moonlightmoonlight scatteredscattered likelike camphorcamphor --dust.dust. ”” Harvard Outreach - Telugu 8 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature TikkanaTikkana ,, anan administrator,administrator, warrior,warrior, poetpoet CompletedCompleted Mahabharata(11Mahabharata(11 th centurycentury A.D)A.D) BlazedBlazed aa newnew trailtrail usingusing aa judiciousjudicious mixmix ofof SanskritSanskrit -- derivedderived andand indigenousindigenous wordswords (( AcchaAccha Telugu)Telugu) BroughtBrought TeluguTelugu poetrypoetry closercloser toto thethe publicpublic Harvard Outreach - Telugu 9 TeluguTelugu literatureliterature :: ThikkanaThikkana AA samplesample ofof ThikkanaThikkana ’’ss poetry:poetry: ThisThis isis aa 44 --lineline verseverse calledcalled ‘‘kandakanda padyampadyam ’’ (a(a metermeter notnot borrowedborrowed fromfrom Sanskrit),Sanskrit), forfor whichwhich ThikkanaThikkana isis famousfamous :: ““ TheThe arrowsarrows thatthat havehave piercedpierced youryour bodybody cancan bebe removedremoved andand thethe woundswounds healed,healed, butbut thethe wordswords thatthat havehave causedcaused deepdeep hurthurt cannotcannot bebe removedremoved byby anyany meansmeans ”” Harvard Outreach - Telugu 10 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature LanguageLanguage ofof literaryliterary Telugu(GrandhikaTelugu(Grandhika oror SampradayikaSampradayika )) hashas beenbeen differentdifferent fromfrom itsits spoken(spoken( vyavaharikavyavaharika )) formform TheThe words,words, thethe metermeter andand thethe contentscontents mostlymostly originatedoriginated fromfrom SanskritSanskrit Harvard Outreach - Telugu 11 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature OtherOther poetspoets followedfollowed inin thethe footfoot --stepssteps ofof NannayaNannaya andand ThikkanaThikkana NanneNanne ChodaChoda ,, YerrapreggadaYerrapreggada ,, NachanaNachana SomanaSomana ,, SrinadhaSrinadha ,, GauranaGaurana andand PotanaPotana (( 1111 th toto 1515 th centurycentury A.D.)A.D.) AllAll outstandingoutstanding poets,poets, theythey setset thethe stagestage forfor thethe goldengolden ageage ofof TeluguTelugu literatureliterature Harvard Outreach - Telugu 12 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature :: thethe goldengolden ageage OfOf AndhraAndhra historyhistory inin general,general, andand thethe literature,literature, inin particularparticular (( VijayanagaraVijayanagara empireempire ofof KrishnadevarayaKrishnadevaraya :: 1616 th centurycentury )) GlowingGlowing accountsaccounts ofof PortuguesePortuguese historianshistorians DomingoDomingo PaesPaes andand FernaoFernao NunizNuniz Harvard Outreach - Telugu 13 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature :: thethe goldengolden ageage FullFull floweringflowering ofof poetrypoetry withwith stalwartsstalwarts likelike PeddanaPeddana ,, (( ‘‘AndhraAndhra KavitaKavita PitamahaPitamaha ’’ meaningmeaning ‘‘FatherFather ofof TeluguTelugu PoetryPoetry ’’),), whowho wrotewrote ““ManuManu charitracharitra ”” PingaliPingali SuranaSurana (author(author ofof thethe firstfirst originaloriginal kavyakavya (classic)(classic) ‘‘KalapoornodayamuKalapoornodayamu ’’)) andand DvyardhiDvyardhi kavyakavya ,, ‘‘RaghavaRaghava PandaveeyamuPandaveeyamu ’’ withwith eacheach poempoem givinggiving 22 meaningsmeanings suitablesuitable forfor bothboth RamayanaRamayana andand MahabharataMahabharata –– aa rarerare scholasticscholastic featfeat Harvard Outreach - Telugu 14 TeluguTelugu literatureliterature :: goldengolden ageage ““ItIt isis difficultdifficult toto composecompose aa poempoem withwith twotwo meanings;meanings; ifif thethe entireentire workwork isis likelike that,that, isis itit notnot extraextra --ordinaryordinary scholarship?scholarship? ThatThat too,too, inin Telugu,Telugu, whichwhich isis wonderful!wonderful! WhoWho isis therethere (other(other thanthan me),me), thatthat cancan combinecombine RamayanaRamayana andand MahabharataMahabharata (into(into one)!one)! Harvard Outreach - Telugu 15 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature :: thethe goldengolden ageage OtherOther esteemedesteemed poetspoets :: TimmanaTimmana (( authorauthor ofof ‘‘ParijatapaharanamuParijatapaharanamu ’’),), andand DhurjatiDhurjati (author(author ofof ‘‘KalahastiKalahasti MahatmyamuMahatmyamu ’’)) EmperorEmperor KrishnadevarayaKrishnadevaraya himselfhimself waswas aa greatgreat scholarscholar (( authorauthor ofof ‘‘AmuktamalyadaAmuktamalyada ’’,, oneone ofof 55 bestbest classics,classics, ‘‘PanchaPancha KavyasKavyas ’’)) ConsideredConsidered TeluguTelugu asas thethe bestbest ofof IndianIndian languageslanguages (( ‘‘DesaDesa BhaashalanduBhaashalandu .... LessaLessa ’’)) Harvard Outreach - Telugu 16 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature :: thethe goldengolden ageage BhattuBhattu MoorthyMoorthy (( ‘‘RamarajaRamaraja BhooshanaBhooshana ’’)) :: authorauthor ofof ‘‘VasuVasu CharitraCharitra ’’,excelled,excelled inin ‘‘sleshaslesha ’’ (( pun)pun) andand metricalmetrical compositioncomposition TenaliTenali RamakrishnaRamakrishna :: renownedrenowned forfor hishis readyready witwit andand choicechoice ofof words,words, wrotewrote ‘‘PandurangaPanduranga MahatmyamuMahatmyamu ’’,, aa classicclassic Harvard Outreach - Telugu 17 AfterAfter VijayanagaraVijayanagara empireempire (1336(1336 --16461646 a.da.d )) patronagepatronage shiftedshifted toto TanjavurTanjavur ((NayakaNayaka ’’ss)) QualityQuality declined,declined, mostmost ofof thethe outputoutput aa poorpoor imitationimitation ofof earlierearlier worksworks VemanaVemana ofof 1818 th century,century, aa welcomewelcome changechange fromfrom thethe traditiontradition Harvard Outreach - Telugu 18 TeluguTelugu literatureliterature :: breakbreak fromfrom pastpast VemanaVemana ,, aa socialsocial andand religiousreligious rebel,rebel, usedused simplesimple poetrypoetry toto conveyconvey hishis messagemessage TheThe metermeter hehe chosechose waswas ‘‘AaTaveladiAaTaveladi ’’,, aa quartetquartet --metermeter hehe handledhandled withwith felicityfelicity NoNo poeticpoetic embellishmentsembellishments oror scholasticscholastic displaydisplay ;; easilyeasily understoodunderstood && rememberedremembered SoSo popular,popular, everyevery AndhraAndhra cancan reciterecite atat leastleast aa fewfew ofof hishis hundredshundreds ofof versesverses Harvard Outreach - Telugu 19 TeluguTelugu LiteratureLiterature :: VemanaVemana AA samplesample ofof VemanaVemana ’’ss poetry:poetry: ““PeoplePeople maymay boastboast ofof pedigreepedigree oror caste,caste, TheyThey maymay bebe arrogantarrogant withwith education,education, ButBut allall areare slavesslaves toto thethe richrich ““ ““WhyWhy provideprovide colorfulcolorful dressdress toto thethe idol,idol, BowlfulsBowlfuls ofof foodfood andand fabulousfabulous temples?temples? DoesDoes GodGod wantwant food,food, clothingclothing andand shelter?shelter? ”” Harvard Outreach - Telugu 20 TeluguTelugu Literature:Literature: breakbreak fromfrom pastpast GurajadaGurajada ApparaoApparao && GiduguGidugu RamamurtyRamamurty
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