10. Renewable Energy

Figure 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu)

Major Sources, 1949–2020 6

Biomass [a]

4 Hydroelectric Power [b]

2

Wind [a] Solar [a] 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Source, 2020 By Sector, 2020 4 8 7.0

3.0 3 6 2.6

2.1 2.0 2 4

1.2 2.3 1 2 1.3 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.3 0 0 Wind [a] Hydroelectric Wood [a] Biofuels [a] Solar [a] Waste [a] Geothermal [a] Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electric Power [b] Power

Compared With Other Resources, 1949–2020 100

Fossil Fuels 80

60

40

20 Nuclear Electric Power Renewable Energy

0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] See Table 10.1 for definition. Web Page: http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable. [b] Conventional hydroelectric power. Sources: Tables 1.3 and 10.1–10.2c.

176 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 Table 10.1 Renewable Energy Production and Consumption by Source (Trillion Btu)

Productiona Consumption

Biomass Total Biomass Total Renew- Hydro- Renew- Bio- able electric Geo- Bio- able Woodb fuelsc Totald Energye Powerf thermalg Solarh Windi Woodj Wastek fuelsl Total Energy

1950 Total ...... 1,562 NA 1,562 2,978 1,415 NA NA NA 1,562 NA NA 1,562 2,978 1955 Total ...... 1,424 NA 1,424 2,784 1,360 NA NA NA 1,424 NA NA 1,424 2,784 1960 Total ...... 1,320 NA 1,320 2,928 1,608 (s) NA NA 1,320 NA NA 1,320 2,928 1965 Total ...... 1,335 NA 1,335 3,396 2,059 2 NA NA 1,335 NA NA 1,335 3,396 1970 Total ...... 1,429 NA 1,431 4,070 2,634 6 NA NA 1,429 2 NA 1,431 4,070 1975 Total ...... 1,497 NA 1,499 4,687 3,155 34 NA NA 1,497 2 NA 1,499 4,687 1980 Total ...... 2,474 NA 2,475 5,428 2,900 53 NA NA 2,474 2 NA 2,475 5,428 1985 Total ...... 2,687 93 3,016 6,084 2,970 97 (s) (s) 2,687 236 93 3,016 6,084 1990 Total ...... 2,216 111 2,735 6,040 3,046 171 59 29 2,216 408 111 2,735 6,040 1995 Total ...... 2,370 198 3,099 6,557 3,205 152 68 33 2,370 531 200 3,101 6,559 2000 Total ...... 2,262 233 3,006 6,102 2,811 164 63 57 2,262 511 236 3,008 6,104 2005 Total ...... 2,137 561 3,101 6,221 2,703 181 58 178 2,137 403 574 3,114 6,234 2006 Total ...... 2,099 716 3,212 6,586 2,869 181 61 264 2,099 397 766 3,262 6,637 2007 Total ...... 2,089 970 3,472 6,510 2,446 186 66 341 2,089 413 983 3,485 6,523 2008 Total ...... 2,059 1,374 3,868 7,192 2,511 192 74 546 2,059 435 1,357 3,851 7,175 2009 Total ...... 1,935 1,570 3,957 7,625 2,669 200 78 721 1,935 452 1,553 3,940 7,608 2010 Total ...... 2,217 1,868 4,553 8,314 2,539 208 91 923 2,217 468 1,821 4,506 8,267 2011 Total ...... 2,213 2,029 4,704 9,300 3,103 212 112 1,168 2,213 462 1,934 4,609 9,204 2012 Total ...... 2,151 1,929 4,547 8,886 2,629 212 159 1,340 2,151 467 1,890 4,508 8,847 2013 Total ...... 2,338 1,981 4,816 9,418 2,562 214 225 1,601 2,338 496 2,014 4,848 9,451 2014 Total ...... 2,401 2,103 5,020 9,766 2,467 214 337 1,728 2,401 516 2,077 4,994 9,740 2015 Total ...... 2,312 2,161 4,992 9,729 2,321 212 427 1,777 2,312 518 2,153 4,983 9,720 2016 Total ...... 2,299 2,275 5,077 10,425 2,472 210 570 2,096 2,226 503 2,287 5,017 10,365 2017 Total ...... 2,263 2,344 5,103 11,200 2,767 210 777 2,343 2,185 495 2,304 4,983 11,080 2018 Total ...... 2,356 2,397 5,239 11,509 2,663 209 915 2,482 2,261 487 2,283 5,032 11,302 2019 January ...... 203 195 437 945 221 18 52 216 196 39 177 413 921 February ...... 184 177 397 875 204 16 56 201 176 36 172 384 862 March ...... 197 191 426 992 235 18 84 230 189 38 186 414 980 April ...... 186 193 415 1,032 248 16 95 257 178 36 185 398 1,015 May ...... 193 202 432 1,065 285 17 102 230 185 36 199 421 1,054 June ...... 192 197 425 1,002 250 17 110 200 182 36 194 412 989 July ...... 201 203 440 989 222 18 113 197 192 37 197 426 975 August ...... 204 199 440 946 201 18 109 178 193 37 194 424 930 September ...... 192 182 408 904 165 17 95 218 182 35 179 396 891 October ...... 194 192 423 932 163 16 85 246 185 37 191 413 922 November ...... 193 192 422 903 180 14 63 224 184 37 187 408 889 December ...... 202 203 444 942 191 16 53 237 192 39 194 425 922 Total ...... 2,340 2,328 5,110 11,527 2,564 201 1,017 2,635 2,236 442 2,255 4,933 11,350 2020 January ...... 189 203 432 994 226 17 66 254 182 39 187 408 970 February ...... 180 187 403 994 235 16 78 262 172 36 174 382 973 March ...... 188 184 410 995 210 19 94 263 178 38 162 379 964 April ...... 179 113 328 917 197 18 112 262 171 36 112 319 908 May ...... 187 137 360 1,033 271 18 132 252 179 36 146 361 1,035 June ...... 177 164 374 1,044 259 17 130 263 167 33 167 367 1,037 July ...... 181 181 397 999 246 18 139 198 174 35 179 388 991 August ...... 184 179 399 960 214 18 129 200 176 35 175 386 946 September ...... 179 175 388 891 171 18 109 205 169 33 174 376 879 October ...... 182 184 402 941 163 18 101 257 174 36 173 382 921 November ...... 184 186 405 999 194 18 81 300 175 35 173 383 978 December ...... 195 188 421 1,008 206 19 74 289 184 38 178 400 988 Total ...... 2,207 2,081 4,719 11,777 2,592 214 1,246 3,006 2,101 430 2,000 4,532 11,590 2021 January ...... 189 177 404 1,005 233 18 79 271 181 38 165 383 984 February ...... 171 140 345 885 197 17 88 238 162 33 149 345 884 March ...... 188 181 406 1,091 190 17 125 352 177 37 191 405 1,089 April ...... 178 174 387 1,039 171 17 144 320 169 35 180 384 1,036 May ...... 190 193 418 1,103 208 18 163 296 180 36 202 419 1,103 5-Month Total ..... 916 866 1,961 5,123 1,000 86 599 1,476 869 179 887 1,936 5,097 2020 5-Month Total ..... 924 824 1,933 4,934 1,139 88 481 1,293 882 185 781 1,849 4,850 2019 5-Month Total ..... 963 959 2,107 4,909 1,192 86 390 1,134 925 185 920 2,030 4,832

a For hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, wind, and biomass waste, k Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, production equals consumption. agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. Through 2000, also includes b Wood and wood-derived fuels. Through 2015, wood production equals non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and consumption. Beginning in 2016, wood production equals consumption plus tire-derived fuels). densified biomass exports. l Fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), biodiesel, other renewable diesel fuel, and c Total biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel; excludes other renewable fuels consumption; plus losses and co-products from the other biofuels. production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. d Includes biomass waste. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. e Hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, wind, and biomass. Notes: • Production data are estimates. Consumption data are estimates, f Conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying except for hydroelectric power in 1949–1978 and 1989 forward, and wind. • See by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). Note, "Renewable Energy Production and Consumption," at end of section. g Geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6), and geothermal heat pump and • Geographic coverage is the 50 states and the District of Columbia. direct use energy. Web Page: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable (Excel h Solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal electricity net generation (converted and CSV files) for all available annual data beginning in 1949 and monthly data to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6), and solar beginning in 1973. thermal direct use energy. Sources: • Production: Tables 10.2a–10.4 and U.S. Energy Information i Wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total Administration, Form EIA-63C, "Densified Biomass Fuel Report." fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). • Consumption: Tables 10.2a–10.2c. j Wood and wood-derived fuels.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 177 Table 10.2a Renewable Energy Consumption: Residential and Commercial Sectors (Trillion Btu)

Residential Sector Commercial Sectora

Biomass Biomass Hydro- Geo- electric Geo- Fuel thermalb Solarc Woodd Total Powere thermalf Solarg Windh Woodd Wastei Ethanolj,k Total Total

1950 Total ...... NA NA 1,006 1,006 NA NA NA NA 19 NA NA 19 19 1955 Total ...... NA NA 775 775 NA NA NA NA 15 NA NA 15 15 1960 Total ...... NA NA 627 627 NA NA NA NA 12 NA NA 12 12 1965 Total ...... NA NA 468 468 NA NA NA NA 9 NA NA 9 9 1970 Total ...... NA NA 401 401 NA NA NA NA 8 NA NA 8 8 1975 Total ...... NA NA 425 425 NA NA NA NA 8 NA NA 8 8 1980 Total ...... NA NA 850 850 NA NA NA NA 21 NA NA 21 21 1985 Total ...... NA NA 1,010 1,010 NA NA NA NA 24 NA (s) 24 24 1990 Total ...... 6 55 580 640 1 3 (s) – 66 28 (s) 94 98 1995 Total ...... 7 63 520 589 1 5 (s) – 72 40 (s) 113 119 2000 Total ...... 9 58 420 486 1 8 1 – 71 47 (s) 119 128 2005 Total ...... 16 50 430 496 1 14 2 – 70 34 1 105 121 2006 Total ...... 18 53 380 451 1 14 3 – 65 36 1 103 120 2007 Total ...... 22 55 420 497 1 14 4 – 70 31 2 103 122 2008 Total ...... 26 58 470 555 1 15 6 – 73 34 2 109 131 2009 Total ...... 33 60 504 597 1 17 8 (s) 73 36 3 112 137 2010 Total ...... 37 65 541 642 1 19 12 (s) 72 36 3 111 142 2011 Total ...... 40 71 524 635 (s) 20 20 (s) 69 43 3 115 155 2012 Total ...... 40 79 438 557 (s) 20 33 1 61 45 3 108 162 2013 Total ...... 40 91 572 703 (s) 20 41 1 70 47 3 120 182 2014 Total ...... 40 109 579 728 (s) 20 52 1 76 47 4 127 200 2015 Total ...... 40 128 513 681 (s) 20 57 1 79 47 k 26 152 230 2016 Total ...... 40 162 445 646 2 20 62 1 84 48 26 158 242 2017 Total ...... 40 193 429 662 2 20 76 1 84 48 25 156 255 2018 Total ...... 40 221 524 785 2 20 94 2 84 47 25 156 274

2019 January ...... 3 13 46 63 (s) 2 6 (s) 7 4 2 13 21 February ...... 3 15 42 59 (s) 2 6 (s) 7 3 2 12 20 March ...... 3 21 46 70 (s) 2 9 (s) 7 3 2 13 24 April ...... 3 23 45 71 (s) 2 10 (s) 7 3 2 12 24 May ...... 3 26 46 75 (s) 2 10 (s) 7 3 2 12 25 June ...... 3 26 45 74 (s) 2 11 (s) 7 3 2 12 25 July ...... 3 27 46 77 (s) 2 11 (s) 7 3 2 13 26 August ...... 3 26 46 76 (s) 2 11 (s) 7 3 2 13 25 September ...... 3 23 45 71 (s) 2 9 (s) 7 3 2 12 24 October ...... 3 20 46 70 (s) 2 8 (s) 7 3 2 13 23 November ...... 3 16 45 64 (s) 2 6 (s) 7 3 2 12 21 December ...... 3 15 46 64 (s) 2 6 (s) 7 3 2 13 21 Total ...... 40 251 544 835 2 24 103 2 84 39 26 149 279

2020 January ...... 3 16 39 58 NM 2 7 (s) 7 3 2 13 22 February ...... 3 18 36 58 NM 2 8 (s) 7 3 2 12 22 March ...... 3 24 39 66 NM 2 10 (s) 7 3 2 12 25 April ...... 3 26 38 67 NM 2 11 (s) 7 3 1 11 24 May ...... 3 30 39 72 NM 2 12 (s) 7 3 2 12 26 June ...... 3 30 38 71 NM 2 12 (s) 7 3 2 12 26 July ...... 3 31 39 73 NM 2 13 (s) 7 3 2 12 27 August ...... 3 29 39 71 NM 2 12 (s) 7 3 2 12 26 September ...... 3 26 38 66 (s) 2 11 (s) 7 3 2 11 24 October ...... 3 24 39 66 NM 2 10 (s) 7 3 2 12 24 November ...... 3 20 38 60 NM 2 8 (s) 7 3 2 12 21 December ...... 3 18 39 60 NM 2 7 (s) 7 3 2 12 22 Total ...... 40 291 458 788 2 24 121 2 83 36 22 141 289

2021 January ...... 3 19 39 60 NM 2 8 (s) 7 3 2 12 22 February ...... 3 20 35 58 NM 2 9 (s) 6 3 2 11 22 March ...... 3 28 39 70 NM 2 12 (s) 7 3 2 12 26 April ...... 3 31 37 72 NM 2 13 (s) 7 3 2 11 27 May ...... 3 35 39 76 NM 2 14 (s) 7 3 2 12 29 5-Month Total ..... 16 132 188 336 1 10 56 1 34 15 10 58 126

2020 5-Month Total ..... 16 114 190 320 1 10 48 1 35 15 9 59 118 2019 5-Month Total ..... 16 98 225 339 1 10 41 1 35 16 11 62 114

a Commercial sector, including commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. Through 2000, also includes and commercial electricity-only plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 7. tire-derived fuels). b Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. j The fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) portion of motor fuels, such as E10, c Distributed (small-scale) solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation in the consumed by the commercial sector. residential sector (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate k There is a discontinuity in this time series between 2014 and 2015 due to a factors in Table A6) and distributed solar thermal energy in the residential, change in the method for allocating motor gasoline consumption to the end-use commercial, and industrial sectors. See Table 10.5. sectors. Beginning in 2015, the commercial and industrial sector shares of fuel d Wood and wood-derived fuels. ethanol consumption are larger than in 2014, while the transportation sector share e Conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying is smaller. by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). NA=Not available. NM=Not meaningful. – =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 f Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. Beginning in December 2018, trillion Btu. also includes geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying Notes: • Residential sector data are estimates. Commercial sector data are by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). estimates, except for hydroelectric power, wind, and biomass waste. • Totals may g Solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity net generation in the commercial sector not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • Geographic (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table coverage is the 50 states and the District of Columbia. A6), both utility-scale and distributed (small-scale). See Table 10.5. Web Page: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable (Excel h Wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total and CSV files) for all available annual data beginning in 1949 and monthly data fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). beginning in 1973. i Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, Sources: See end of section.

178 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 Table 10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption: Industrial and Transportation Sectors (Trillion Btu)

Industrial Sectora Transportation Sector Biomass Biomass Hydro- Geo- Losses electric ther- Fuel and Co- Fuel Bio- Powerb malc Solard Winde Woodf Wasteg Ethanolh,i productsj Total Total Ethanoli,k diesell Otherm Total

1950 Total ...... 69 NA NA NA 532 NA NA NA 532 602 NA NA NA NA 1955 Total ...... 38 NA NA NA 631 NA NA NA 631 669 NA NA NA NA 1960 Total ...... 39 NA NA NA 680 NA NA NA 680 719 NA NA NA NA 1965 Total ...... 33 NA NA NA 855 NA NA NA 855 888 NA NA NA NA 1970 Total ...... 34 NA NA NA 1,019 NA NA NA 1,019 1,053 NA NA NA NA 1975 Total ...... 32 NA NA NA 1,063 NA NA NA 1,063 1,096 NA NA NA NA 1980 Total ...... 33 NA NA NA 1,600 NA NA NA 1,600 1,633 NA NA NA NA 1985 Total ...... 33 NA NA NA 1,645 230 1 42 1,918 1,951 50 NA NA 50 1990 Total ...... 31 2 (s) – 1,442 192 1 49 1,684 1,717 60 NA NA 60 1995 Total ...... 55 3 (s) – 1,652 195 2 86 1,934 1,992 112 NA NA 112 2000 Total ...... 42 4 (s) – 1,636 145 1 99 1,881 1,928 135 NA NA 135 2005 Total ...... 32 4 (s) – 1,452 148 7 227 1,834 1,871 327 12 NA 339 2006 Total ...... 29 4 1 – 1,472 130 10 280 1,892 1,926 442 33 NA 475 2007 Total ...... 16 5 1 – 1,413 145 10 369 1,937 1,958 557 45 NA 602 2008 Total ...... 17 5 1 – 1,339 143 12 519 2,012 2,035 786 39 NA 825 2009 Total ...... 18 4 2 – 1,178 154 13 603 1,948 1,972 894 41 – 935 2010 Total ...... 16 4 3 – 1,409 168 17 727 2,320 2,343 1,041 33 (s) 1,075 2011 Total ...... 17 4 4 (s) 1,438 165 17 756 2,375 2,401 1,045 113 1 1,159 2012 Total ...... 22 4 7 (s) 1,462 159 17 711 2,349 2,383 1,045 115 1 1,160 2013 Total ...... 33 4 9 (s) 1,489 187 18 709 2,403 2,449 1,072 182 30 1,284 2014 Total ...... 12 4 11 1 1,495 190 14 757 2,456 2,484 1,093 181 28 1,302 2015 Total ...... 13 4 14 (s) 1,476 190 i 18 776 2,460 2,491 i 1,110 191 33 1,334 2016 Total ...... 12 4 19 1 1,474 174 18 801 2,467 2,503 1,143 266 34 1,443 2017 Total ...... 13 4 22 1 1,442 168 18 821 2,450 2,490 1,156 253 30 1,439 2018 Total ...... 10 4 24 1 1,432 165 19 824 2,440 2,480 1,152 243 19 1,415 2019 January ...... 1 (s) 2 (s) 123 14 1 67 206 209 89 16 2 107 February ...... 1 (s) 2 (s) 112 13 1 61 187 190 90 17 1 108 March ...... 1 (s) 2 (s) 120 14 2 66 201 205 95 20 1 117 April ...... 1 (s) 3 (s) 113 13 2 66 193 197 94 20 2 115 May ...... 1 (s) 3 (s) 116 13 2 69 199 204 103 22 2 126 June ...... 1 (s) 3 (s) 114 12 2 68 196 201 100 20 2 122 July ...... 1 (s) 3 (s) 120 12 2 69 204 207 100 22 2 124 August ...... 1 (s) 3 (s) 121 12 2 68 203 207 100 21 2 122 September ...... (s) (s) 3 (s) 113 12 1 62 189 192 93 19 1 113 October ...... 1 (s) 2 (s) 117 14 2 66 198 201 101 19 1 121 November ...... 1 (s) 2 (s) 117 13 2 67 198 201 99 17 (s) 116 December ...... 1 (s) 2 (s) 121 14 2 71 207 210 98 19 2 119 Total ...... 9 4 28 1 1,407 156 19 800 2,381 2,423 1,162 231 18 1,411 2020 January ...... 1 (s) 2 (s) 119 14 2 70 206 209 95 17 2 113 February ...... 1 (s) 2 (s) 113 13 1 64 192 195 86 19 1 106 March ...... 1 (s) 3 (s) 116 14 1 62 193 197 78 18 1 97 April ...... 1 (s) 3 (s) 113 13 1 36 163 167 53 19 3 75 May ...... 1 (s) 3 (s) 118 13 1 44 177 182 78 19 1 98 June ...... 1 (s) 3 1 108 12 1 55 176 181 89 19 1 109 July ...... 1 (s) 3 1 113 12 1 60 187 192 91 23 1 115 August ...... 1 (s) 3 1 111 12 1 60 185 190 89 21 2 111 September ...... 1 (s) 3 1 112 12 1 59 183 188 89 22 1 112 October ...... 1 (s) 3 1 114 13 1 62 190 195 85 21 2 108 November ...... 1 (s) 2 1 116 13 1 63 194 198 86 19 2 107 December ...... 1 (s) 2 1 121 14 1 63 200 204 88 22 2 112 Total ...... 9 4 32 6 1,376 156 16 698 2,246 2,297 1,006 238 19 1,263 2021 January ...... 1 (s) 2 1 119 14 1 60 195 199 79 13 10 101 February ...... 1 (s) 2 1 105 12 1 48 166 170 73 15 10 98 March ...... 1 (s) 3 1 114 14 2 61 191 196 94 19 13 126 April ...... 1 (s) 3 1 112 13 1 59 185 190 87 18 13 118 May ...... 1 (s) 4 1 120 14 2 65 200 205 100 19 15 133 5-Month Total ..... 4 2 14 4 569 68 7 293 937 960 433 84 60 577 2020 5-Month Total ..... 4 2 13 (s) 580 68 6 277 931 950 390 91 8 490 2019 5-Month Total ..... 5 2 11 (s) 584 66 8 329 986 1,004 471 94 8 573

a Industrial sector, including industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and j Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. industrial electricity-only plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Does not include natural gas, electricity, and other non-biomass energy used in the Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 7. production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel—these are included in the industrial sector b Conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying consumption statistics for the appropriate energy source. by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). k The fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) portion of motor fuels, such as E10 and c Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. E85, consumed by the transportation sector. d Solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity net generation in the industrial sector l Although there is biodiesel use in other sectors, all biodiesel consumption is (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table assigned to the transportation sector. A6), both utility-scale and distributed (small-scale). See Table 10.5. m Other renewable diesel fuel and other renewable fuels consumption. Although e Wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total there is other renewable diesel fuel and other renewable fuels use in other sectors, fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). all consumption is assigned to the transportation sector. See "Renewable Diesel f Wood and wood-derived fuels. Fuel (Other)" and "Renewable Fuels (Other)" in Glossary. g Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, NA=Not available. – =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. Through 2000, also includes Notes: • Industrial sector data are estimates, except for hydroelectric power in non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and 1949–1978 and 1989 forward, and wind. Transportation sector data are estimates, tire-derived fuels). except for biodiesel beginning in 2012. • Totals may not equal sum of components h The fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) portion of motor fuels, such as E10, due to independent rounding. • Geographic coverage is the 50 states and the consumed by the industrial sector. District of Columbia. i There is a discontinuity in this time series between 2014 and 2015 due to a Web Page: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable (Excel change in the method for allocating motor gasoline consumption to the end-use and CSV files) for all available annual data beginning in 1949 and monthly data sectors. Beginning in 2015, the commercial and industrial sector shares of fuel beginning in 1973. ethanol consumption are larger than in 2014, while the transportation sector share Sources: See end of section. is smaller.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 179 Table 10.2c Renewable Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector (Trillion Btu)

Hydro- Biomass electric Geo- Powera thermalb Solarc Windd Woode Wastef Total Total

1950 Total ...... 1,346 NA NA NA 5 NA 5 1,351 1955 Total ...... 1,322 NA NA NA 3 NA 3 1,325 1960 Total ...... 1,569 (s) NA NA 2 NA 2 1,571 1965 Total ...... 2,026 2 NA NA 3 NA 3 2,031 1970 Total ...... 2,600 6 NA NA 1 2 4 2,609 1975 Total ...... 3,122 34 NA NA (s) 2 2 3,158 1980 Total ...... 2,867 53 NA NA 3 2 4 2,925 1985 Total ...... 2,937 97 (s) (s) 8 7 14 3,049 1990 Totalg ...... 3,014 161 4 29 129 188 317 3,524 1995 Total ...... 3,149 138 5 33 125 296 422 3,747 2000 Total ...... 2,768 144 5 57 134 318 453 3,427 2005 Total ...... 2,670 147 6 178 185 221 406 3,406 2006 Total ...... 2,839 145 5 264 182 231 412 3,665 2007 Total ...... 2,430 145 6 341 186 237 423 3,345 2008 Total ...... 2,494 146 9 546 177 258 435 3,630 2009 Total ...... 2,650 146 9 721 180 261 441 3,967 2010 Total ...... 2,521 148 12 923 196 264 459 4,064 2011 Total ...... 3,085 149 17 1,167 182 255 437 4,855 2012 Total ...... 2,606 148 40 1,339 190 262 453 4,586 2013 Total ...... 2,529 151 83 1,600 207 262 470 4,833 2014 Total ...... 2,454 151 165 1,726 251 279 530 5,026 2015 Total ...... 2,308 148 228 1,776 244 281 525 4,985 2016 Total ...... 2,459 146 328 2,094 224 281 505 5,531 2017 Total ...... 2,752 147 486 2,341 229 280 510 6,235 2018 Total ...... 2,651 145 576 2,480 221 275 496 6,348 2019 January ...... 220 12 32 216 19 22 41 520 February ...... 203 11 34 201 16 19 36 485 March ...... 233 12 52 229 16 21 37 564 April ...... 247 11 60 257 14 20 34 608 May ...... 284 12 63 229 16 21 37 624 June ...... 249 12 70 200 16 20 37 567 July ...... 221 12 72 197 19 21 40 541 August ...... 200 12 69 178 19 21 40 500 September ...... 164 12 60 218 17 20 37 491 October ...... 162 10 54 246 15 21 35 507 November ...... 179 8 38 224 16 20 36 486 December ...... 190 10 30 237 18 22 39 507 Total ...... 2,553 134 635 2,632 201 248 448 6,402 2020 January ...... 225 11 41 254 17 21 38 569 February ...... 234 11 50 262 16 20 36 593 March ...... 209 13 57 263 15 21 37 579 April ...... 196 13 72 262 13 20 33 575 May ...... 270 13 86 252 15 20 35 656 June ...... 258 12 85 262 15 18 33 650 July ...... 246 13 92 198 16 20 35 583 August ...... 214 12 84 199 19 20 39 548 September ...... 170 12 70 205 13 19 33 489 October ...... 162 12 65 256 14 19 33 529 November ...... 194 13 52 299 15 19 34 591 December ...... 205 13 48 288 17 21 37 590 Total ...... 2,581 147 802 2,998 185 238 424 6,952 2021 January ...... 232 12 51 270 16 20 36 601 February ...... 196 11 57 237 16 18 35 536 March ...... 189 11 83 351 17 20 37 671 April ...... 171 11 97 319 13 19 32 629 May ...... 208 12 110 295 15 19 35 659 5-Month Total ..... 996 58 397 1,472 78 97 175 3,097 2020 5-Month Total ..... 1,134 60 307 1,292 77 102 179 2,972 2019 5-Month Total ..... 1,186 58 240 1,133 81 103 184 2,802

a Conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying tire-derived fuels). by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). g Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are b Geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the for electric utilities and independent power producers. total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. c Solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal electricity net generation in the Notes: • The electric power sector comprises electricity-only and electric power sector (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose rate factors in Table A6). See Table 10.5. primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. • Totals d Wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • Geographic fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). coverage is the 50 states and the District of Columbia. e Wood and wood-derived fuels. Web Page: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable (Excel f Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, and CSV files) for all available annual data beginning in 1949 and monthly data agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. Through 2000, also includes beginning in 1973. non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and Sources: Tables 7.2b, 7.4b, and A6.

180 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 Table 10.3 Fuel Ethanol Overview

Traded Consump- Losses tion Feed- and Co- Dena- Net Stock Minus stocka productsb turantc Productiond Importse Stocksd,f Changed,g Consumptiond Denaturanth TBtu TBtu Mbbl Mbbl MMgal TBtu Mbbl Mbbl Mbbl Mbbl MMgal TBtu TBtu

1981 Total ...... 13 6 40 1,978 83 7 NA NA NA 1,978 83 7 7 1985 Total ...... 93 42 294 14,693 617 52 NA NA NA 14,693 617 52 51 1990 Total ...... 111 49 356 17,802 748 63 NA NA NA 17,802 748 63 62 1995 Total ...... 198 86 647 32,325 1,358 115 387 2,186 -207 32,919 1,383 117 114 2000 Total ...... 233 99 773 38,627 1,622 138 116 3,400 -624 39,367 1,653 140 137 2005 Total ...... 550 227 1,859 92,961 3,904 331 3,234 5,563 -439 96,634 4,059 344 335 2006 Total ...... 683 280 2,326 116,294 4,884 414 17,408 8,760 3,197 130,505 5,481 465 453 2007 Total ...... 907 368 3,105 155,263 6,521 553 10,457 10,535 1,775 163,945 6,886 584 569 2008 Total ...... 1,286 518 4,433 221,637 9,309 790 12,610 14,226 3,691 230,556 9,683 822 800 2009 Total ...... 1,503 602 5,688 260,424 10,938 928 4,720 16,594 2,368 262,776 11,037 937 910 2010 Total ...... 1,823 726 6,506 316,617 13,298 1,128 -9,115 17,941 1,347 306,155 12,858 1,091 1,061 2011 Total ...... 1,904 754 6,649 331,646 13,929 1,181 -24,365 18,238 297 306,984 12,893 1,093 1,065 2012 Total ...... 1,801 709 6,264 314,714 13,218 1,120 -5,891 20,350 2,112 306,711 12,882 1,092 1,064 2013 Total ...... 1,805 707 6,181 316,493 13,293 1,127 -5,761 16,424 -3,926 314,658 13,216 1,120 1,092 2014 Total ...... 1,938 755 6,476 340,781 14,313 1,213 -18,371 18,739 2,315 320,095 13,444 1,139 1,111 2015 Total ...... 1,998 774 6,636 352,553 14,807 1,254 -17,632 21,596 2,857 332,064 13,947 1,181 1,153 2016 Total ...... 2,072 798 6,920 366,981 15,413 1,306 -27,002 19,758 -1,838 341,817 14,356 1,216 1,187 2017 Total ...... 2,138 819 6,657 379,435 15,936 1,349 -31,268 23,043 3,285 344,882 14,485 1,226 1,199 2018 Total ...... 2,156 821 5,819 383,127 16,091 1,361 -39,410 23,418 375 343,342 14,420 1,220 1,197 2019 January ...... 177 67 550 31,603 1,327 112 -3,243 25,115 1,697 26,663 1,120 95 93 February ...... 160 61 498 28,599 1,201 102 -2,283 24,506 -609 26,925 1,131 96 94 March ...... 173 65 504 30,863 1,296 110 -3,653 23,396 -1,110 28,320 1,189 101 99 April ...... 174 66 462 30,981 1,301 110 -3,195 23,331 -65 27,851 1,170 99 97 May ...... 182 69 471 32,466 1,364 115 -2,355 22,843 -488 30,599 1,285 109 107 June ...... 179 68 505 31,898 1,340 113 -2,340 22,583 -260 29,818 1,252 106 104 July ...... 182 69 512 32,541 1,367 116 -2,312 22,892 309 29,920 1,257 106 104 August ...... 179 68 513 31,921 1,341 113 -2,397 22,727 -165 29,689 1,247 106 103 September ...... 164 62 474 29,232 1,228 104 -1,237 23,012 285 27,710 1,164 99 96 October ...... 173 66 504 30,941 1,300 110 -1,998 21,784 -1,228 30,171 1,267 107 105 November ...... 176 66 536 31,358 1,317 111 -2,029 21,646 -138 29,467 1,238 105 102 December ...... 186 71 560 33,275 1,398 118 -3,234 22,352 706 29,335 1,232 104 102 Total ...... 2,104 796 6,089 375,678 15,778 1,336 -30,276 22,352 -1,066 346,468 14,552 1,232 1,206 2020 January ...... 186 70 543 33,343 1,400 119 -3,426 24,047 i 1,698 28,219 1,185 100 98 February ...... 170 64 478 30,516 1,282 109 -4,376 24,555 508 25,632 1,077 91 89 March ...... 164 62 478 29,406 1,235 105 -3,082 27,501 2,946 23,378 982 83 81 April ...... 94 36 311 16,945 712 60 -2,457 26,102 -1,399 15,887 667 57 55 May ...... 118 44 382 21,098 886 75 -1,622 22,247 -3,855 23,331 980 83 81 June ...... 145 54 472 25,958 1,090 92 -1,883 19,826 -2,421 26,496 1,113 94 92 July ...... 160 60 530 28,707 1,206 102 -1,508 19,784 -42 27,241 1,144 97 95 August ...... 158 60 512 28,419 1,194 101 -1,563 20,143 359 26,497 1,113 94 92 September ...... 155 58 497 27,778 1,167 99 -1,410 20,027 -116 26,484 1,112 94 92 October ...... 164 62 569 29,402 1,235 105 -2,525 21,422 1,395 25,482 1,070 91 88 November ...... 166 63 611 29,908 1,256 106 -2,275 23,257 1,835 25,798 1,084 92 89 December ...... 167 63 594 30,097 1,264 107 -2,413 24,687 1,430 26,254 1,103 93 91 Total ...... 1,847 695 5,977 331,577 13,926 1,180 -28,541 24,687 i 2,338 300,698 12,629 1,070 1,045 2021 January ...... 160 60 491 28,847 1,212 103 -3,956 26,080 1,393 23,498 987 84 82 February ...... 127 48 391 22,928 963 82 -2,437 24,715 -1,365 21,856 918 78 76 March ...... 163 61 508 29,338 1,232 104 -3,190 22,836 -1,879 28,028 1,177 100 97 April ...... 157 59 483 28,218 1,185 100 -2,695 22,344 -491 26,015 1,093 93 90 May ...... 174 65 533 31,223 1,311 111 -1,686 22,013 -331 29,868 1,254 106 104 5-Month Total ... 781 292 2,405 140,555 5,903 500 -13,964 22,013 -2,674 129,264 5,429 460 450 2020 5-Month Total ... 733 276 2,192 131,308 5,515 467 -14,963 22,247 -102 116,447 4,891 414 405 2019 5-Month Total ... 866 328 2,485 154,512 6,490 549 -14,729 22,843 -575 140,358 5,895 499 489

a Total corn and other biomass inputs to the production of undenatured ethanol i Derived from the preliminary 2019 stocks value (22,349 thousand barrels), not used for fuel ethanol. the final 2019 value (22,352 thousand barrels) that is shown under "Stocks." b Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol. Does not include NA=Not available. natural gas, electricity, and other non-biomass energy used in the production of fuel Notes: • Mbbl = thousand barrels. MMgal = million U.S. gallons. TBtu = trillion ethanol—these are included in the industrial sector consumption statistics for the Btu. • Fuel ethanol data in thousand barrels are converted to million gallons by appropriate energy source. multiplying by 0.042, and are converted to Btu by multiplying by the approximate c The amount of denaturant in fuel ethanol produced. heat content of fuel ethanol—see Table A3. • Through 1980, data are not d Includes denaturant. available. For 1981–1992, data are estimates. For 1993–2008, only data for e Through 2009, data are for fuel ethanol imports only; data for fuel ethanol feedstock, losses and co-products, and denaturant are estimates. exports are not available. Beginning in 2010, data are for fuel ethanol imports Beginning in 2009, only data for feedstock, and losses and co-products, are minus fuel ethanol (including industrial alcohol) exports. estimates. • See "Denaturant," "Ethanol," "Fuel Ethanol," and "Fuel Ethanol Minus f Stocks are at end of period. Denaturant" in Glossary. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to g A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks and a positive value indicates independent rounding. • Geographic coverage is the 50 states and the District of an increase. Columbia. h Consumption of fuel ethanol minus denaturant. Data for fuel ethanol minus Web Page: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable (Excel denaturant are used to develop data for "Renewable Energy/Biomass" in Tables and CSV files) for all available annual and monthly data beginning in 1981. 10.1–10.2b, as well as in Sections 1 and 2. Sources: See end of section.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 181 Table 10.4 Biodiesel and Other Renewable Fuels Overview

Biodiesela

Losses Trade Other and Co- Renew- Feed- prod- Net Stock able stockb uctsc Production Imports Exports Importsd Stockse Change f Consumption Fuelsg,k

TBtu TBtu Mbbl MMgal TBtu Mbbl Mbbl Mbbl Mbbl Mbbl Mbbl MMgal TBtu TBtu

2001 Total ...... 1 (s) 204 9 1 81 41 40 NA NA 244 10 1 NA 2005 Total ...... 12 (s) 2,162 91 12 214 213 1 NA NA 2,163 91 12 NA 2006 Total ...... 32 (s) 5,963 250 32 1,105 856 250 NA NA 6,213 261 33 NA 2007 Total ...... 63 1 11,662 490 62 3,455 6,696 -3,241 NA NA 8,422 354 45 NA 2008 Total ...... 88 1 16,145 678 87 7,755 16,673 -8,918 NA NA 7,228 304 39 NA 2009 Total ...... 67 1 12,281 516 66 1,906 6,546 -4,640 711 711 h 7,663 322 41 – 2010 Total ...... 44 1 8,177 343 44 564 2,588 -2,024 672 -39 6,192 260 33 (s) 2011 Total ...... 125 2 23,035 967 123 890 1,799 -908 2,005 i 1,028 21,099 886 113 1 2012 Total ...... 128 2 23,588 991 126 853 3,056 -2,203 1,984 -20 21,406 899 115 1 2013 Total ...... 176 2 32,368 1,359 173 8,152 4,675 3,477 3,810 1,825 34,020 1,429 182 30 2014 Total ...... 165 2 30,452 1,279 163 4,578 1,974 2,604 3,131 -679 33,735 1,417 181 28 2015 Total ...... 163 2 30,080 1,263 161 8,399 2,091 6,308 3,943 813 35,575 1,494 191 33 2016 Total ...... 203 3 37,327 1,568 200 16,879 2,098 14,781 6,398 2,454 49,653 2,085 266 34 2017 Total ...... 206 3 37,993 1,596 204 9,374 2,228 7,146 4,268 -2,130 47,269 1,985 253 30 2018 Total ...... 240 3 44,222 1,857 237 3,969 2,470 1,499 4,662 394 45,326 1,904 243 19

2019 January ...... 19 (s) 3,427 144 18 308 85 223 5,354 692 2,957 124 16 2 February ...... 17 (s) 3,108 131 17 233 91 142 5,502 148 3,101 130 17 1 March ...... 18 (s) 3,353 141 18 543 226 317 5,389 -113 3,783 159 20 1 April ...... 20 (s) 3,623 152 19 410 370 40 5,330 -59 3,721 156 20 2 May ...... 20 (s) 3,681 155 20 281 440 -159 4,815 -515 4,037 170 22 2 June ...... 18 (s) 3,370 142 18 310 300 10 4,408 -406 3,787 159 20 2 July ...... 21 (s) 3,776 159 20 333 392 -59 4,088 -321 4,039 170 22 2 August ...... 20 (s) 3,712 156 20 216 291 -75 3,860 -228 3,865 162 21 2 September ...... 18 (s) 3,377 142 18 280 238 42 3,706 -154 3,574 150 19 1 October ...... 19 (s) 3,436 144 18 314 158 156 3,738 32 3,560 150 19 1 November ...... 16 (s) 3,034 127 16 417 56 361 3,887 149 3,246 136 17 (s) December ...... 17 (s) 3,163 133 17 433 83 350 3,907 20 3,493 147 19 2 Total ...... 223 3 41,060 1,725 220 4,078 2,730 1,348 3,907 -756 43,163 1,813 231 18

2020 January ...... 17 (s) 3,196 134 17 336 31 305 4,312 j 394 3,107 130 17 2 February ...... 17 (s) 3,067 129 16 302 76 226 4,046 -266 3,559 149 19 1 March ...... 20 (s) 3,594 151 19 333 215 118 4,419 373 3,339 140 18 1 April ...... 19 (s) 3,407 143 18 611 526 85 4,392 -27 3,519 148 19 3 May ...... 19 (s) 3,505 147 19 475 496 -21 4,340 -51 3,535 148 19 1 June ...... 20 (s) 3,590 151 19 446 494 -48 4,318 -23 3,565 150 19 1 July ...... 21 (s) 3,849 162 21 346 341 5 3,878 -440 4,294 180 23 1 August ...... 21 (s) 3,872 163 21 234 524 -290 3,560 -318 3,900 164 21 2 September ...... 21 (s) 3,790 159 20 360 426 -66 3,220 -340 4,064 171 22 1 October ...... 21 (s) 3,798 160 20 420 113 307 3,476 256 3,849 162 21 2 November ...... 20 (s) 3,593 151 19 448 73 375 3,922 445 3,522 148 19 2 December ...... 21 (s) 3,775 159 20 373 64 309 3,884 -38 4,122 173 22 2 Total ...... 234 3 43,036 1,807 231 4,684 3,380 1,304 3,884 j -35 44,375 1,864 238 19

2021 January ...... 17 (s) 3,115 131 17 228 222 6 4,565 681 2,440 102 13 k 10 February ...... 13 (s) 2,406 101 13 263 122 141 4,253 -312 2,859 120 15 10 March ...... 18 (s) 3,371 142 18 361 267 94 4,116 -137 3,603 151 19 13 April ...... 17 (s) 3,210 135 17 500 494 6 4,011 -105 3,320 139 18 13 May ...... 19 (s) 3,537 149 19 316 585 -269 3,778 -233 3,501 147 19 15 5-Month Total ..... 85 1 15,639 657 84 1,668 1,689 -21 3,778 -106 15,724 660 84 60

2020 5-Month Total ..... 91 1 16,769 704 90 2,057 1,345 712 4,340 422 17,060 717 91 8 2019 5-Month Total ..... 93 1 17,191 722 92 1,775 1,213 562 4,815 153 17,600 739 94 8

a Includes biodiesel only; excludes other biofuels. See "Biodiesel" and i Derived from the final 2010 stocks value for bulk terminals and biodiesel "Biofuels" in Glossary. production plants (977 thousand barrels), not the final 2010 value for bulk terminals b Total vegetable oil and other biomass inputs to the production of only (672 thousand barrels) that is shown under “Stocks.” biodiesel—calculated by multiplying biodiesel production by 5.433 million Btu per j Derived from the preliminary 2019 stocks value (3,919 thousand barrels), not barrel. See "Biodiesel Feedstock" entry in the "Thermal Conversion Factor Source the final 2019 value (3,907 thousand barrels) that is shown under “Stocks.” Documentation" at the end of Appendix A. k There is a discontinuity in this time series between 2020 and 2021 due to a c Losses and co-products from the production of biodiesel. Does not include change in the method for calculating consumption. See Table 10.4 sources at end natural gas, electricity, and other non-biomass energy used in the production of of section. biodiesel—these are included in the industrial sector consumption statistics for the NA=Not available. – =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu and appropriate energy source. greater than -0.5 trillion Btu, or less than 500 barrels and greater than -500 barrels. d Net imports equal imports minus exports. Notes: • Mbbl = thousand barrels. MMgal = million U.S. gallons. TBtu = trillion e Stocks are at end of period. Includes biodiesel stocks at (or in) refineries, Btu. • Biodiesel data in thousand barrels are converted to million gallons by pipelines, and bulk terminals. Beginning in 2011, also includes stocks at biodiesel multiplying by 0.042, and are converted to Btu by multiplying by 5.359 million Btu production plants. per barrel (the approximate heat content of biodiesel—see Table A1). • Through f A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks and a positive value indicates 2000, data are not available. Beginning in 2001, data not from U.S. Energy an increase. Information Administration (EIA) surveys are estimates. • Totals may not equal g Other renewable diesel fuel and other renewable fuels consumption. See sum of components due to independent rounding. • Geographic coverage is the "Renewable Diesel Fuel (Other)" and "Renewable Fuels (Other)" in Glossary. 50 states and the District of Columbia. h In 2009, because of incomplete data coverage and differing data sources, a Web Page: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable (Excel "Balancing Item" amount of 733 thousand barrels (653 thousand barrels in January and CSV files) for all available annual and monthly data beginning in 2001. 2009; 80 thousand barrels in February 2009) is used to balance biodiesel supply Sources: See end of section. and disposition.

182 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 Table 10.5 Solar Energy Consumption (Trillion Btu)

Distributeda Solar Energyb Utility-Scalec Solar Energyb Electricityd Electricitye

Electric Residential Commercial Industrial Commercial Industrial Power Heatf Sector Sector Sector Total Totalg Sectorh Sectori Sectorj Total Totalk

1985 Total ...... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA (s) (s) (s) 1990 Total ...... 55 (s) (s) (s) (s) 55 – – 4 4 59 1995 Total ...... 63 (s) (s) (s) 1 63 – – 5 5 68 2000 Total ...... 57 (s) 1 (s) 1 58 – – 5 5 63 2005 Total ...... 49 1 2 (s) 3 52 – – 6 6 58 2006 Total ...... 51 2 3 1 5 56 – – 5 5 61 2007 Total ...... 53 2 4 1 7 60 – – 6 6 66 2008 Total ...... 54 4 6 1 11 66 (s) – 9 9 74 2009 Total ...... 55 5 8 2 15 69 (s) – 9 9 78 2010 Total ...... 56 9 12 3 24 79 (s) (s) 12 12 91 2011 Total ...... 58 13 20 4 37 95 1 (s) 17 18 112 2012 Total ...... 59 20 32 7 59 118 1 (s) 40 41 159 2013 Total ...... 61 31 38 9 78 138 3 (s) 83 86 225 2014 Total ...... 62 47 49 11 107 169 4 (s) 165 168 337 2015 Total ...... 63 65 53 14 132 195 4 (s) 228 232 427 2016 Total ...... 64 98 57 19 174 237 5 (s) 328 333 570 2017 Total ...... 65 128 71 22 221 286 5 (s) 486 491 777 2018 Total ...... 65 156 89 24 269 334 5 (s) 576 581 915 2019 January ...... 4 10 6 1 17 20 (s) (s) 32 32 52 February ...... 4 11 6 2 18 22 (s) (s) 34 34 56 March ...... 5 15 8 2 26 31 (s) (s) 52 53 84 April ...... 6 17 9 2 29 35 (s) (s) 60 60 95 May ...... 7 19 10 3 32 38 1 (s) 63 64 102 June ...... 7 19 10 3 32 39 1 (s) 70 71 110 July ...... 7 20 10 3 33 40 1 (s) 72 72 113 August ...... 7 19 10 3 32 39 1 (s) 69 70 109 September ...... 6 17 9 3 29 35 (s) (s) 60 61 95 October ...... 5 15 8 2 25 31 (s) (s) 54 54 85 November ...... 4 12 6 2 20 24 (s) (s) 38 39 63 December ...... 4 11 6 2 18 22 (s) (s) 30 31 53 Total ...... 65 186 98 27 311 377 5 1 635 641 1,017

2020 January ...... 4 12 7 2 21 24 (s) (s) 41 41 66 February ...... 4 14 7 2 23 27 (s) (s) 50 51 78 March ...... 5 18 10 3 30 36 (s) (s) 57 58 94 April ...... 6 21 11 3 34 40 1 (s) 72 72 112 May ...... 7 23 12 3 38 45 1 (s) 86 87 132 June ...... 7 23 12 3 38 45 1 (s) 85 86 130 July ...... 7 24 12 3 39 46 1 (s) 92 93 139 August ...... 7 23 12 3 37 44 1 (s) 84 85 129 September ...... 6 20 10 3 33 39 1 (s) 70 70 109 October ...... 5 19 9 3 30 36 (s) (s) 65 65 101 November ...... 4 15 7 2 25 29 (s) (s) 52 52 81 December ...... 4 14 7 2 22 26 (s) (s) 48 48 74 Total ...... 65 226 115 31 372 436 6 1 802 809 1,246 2021 January ...... 4 15 8 2 24 28 (s) (s) 51 51 79 February ...... 4 16 8 2 26 30 (s) (s) 57 58 88 March ...... 5 22 11 3 36 42 1 (s) 83 83 125 April ...... 6 25 13 3 41 47 1 (s) 97 97 144 May ...... 7 28 14 3 45 52 1 (s) 110 111 163 5-Month Total ...... 26 106 54 14 173 199 3 1 397 400 599

2020 5-Month Total ...... 25 88 46 12 146 172 2 (s) 307 309 481 2019 5-Month Total ...... 26 72 39 11 122 147 2 (s) 240 242 390

a Data are estimates for distributed (small-scale) facilities (combined generator end of Section 7. nameplate capacity less than 1 megawatt). i Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only b See "Photovoltaic Energy" and "Solar Thermal Energy" in Glossary. plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at c Data are for utility-scale facilities (combined generator nameplate capacity of 1 end of Section 7. megawatt or more). j Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS d Solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation at distributed (small-scale) 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to facilities connected to the electric power grid (converted to Btu by multiplying by the the public. Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6). are for electric utilities and independent power producers. e Solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal electricity net generation at k Data are the sum of "Distributed Solar Energy Total" and "Utility-Scale Solar utility-scale facilities (converted to Btu by multiplying by the fossil fuels heat rate Energy Total." factors in Table A6). NA=Not available. – =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. f Solar thermal direct use energy in the residential, commercial, and industrial Notes: • Distributed (small-scale) solar energy data for all years, and sectors for all end uses, such as pool heating, hot water heating, and space utility-scale solar energy data for the current two years, are estimates. • Totals heating. may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • Geographic g Data are the sum of "Distributed Solar Energy Heat" and "Distributed Solar coverage is the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Energy Electricity." Web Page: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable (Excel h Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only and CSV files) for all available annual and monthly data beginning in 1984. plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at Sources: See end of section.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 183 Table 10.6 Solar Electricity Net Generation (Million Kilowatthours)

Distributeda Solar Generationb Utility-Scalec Solar Generationb

Electric Residential Commercial Industrial Commercial Industrial Power Sector Sector Sector Total Sectord Sectore Sectorf Total Total

1985 Total ...... NA NA NA NA NA NA 11 11 11 1990 Total ...... 12 18 4 33 – – 367 367 400 1995 Total ...... 20 30 7 58 – – 497 497 554 2000 Total ...... 39 59 13 110 – – 493 493 604 2005 Total ...... 121 182 40 344 – – 550 550 894 2006 Total ...... 177 266 59 501 – – 508 508 1,009 2007 Total ...... 250 375 83 708 – – 612 612 1,319 2008 Total ...... 401 603 133 1,137 (s) – 864 864 2,002 2009 Total ...... 539 810 179 1,529 (s) – 891 891 2,420 2010 Total ...... 900 1,237 274 2,411 5 2 1,206 1,212 3,623 2011 Total ...... 1,358 2,020 447 3,825 84 7 1,727 1,818 5,643 2012 Total ...... 2,058 3,351 742 6,151 148 14 4,164 4,327 10,478 2013 Total ...... 3,217 4,024 891 8,132 294 17 8,724 9,036 17,167 2014 Total ...... 4,947 5,146 1,139 11,233 371 16 17,304 17,691 28,924 2015 Total ...... 6,999 5,689 1,451 14,139 416 21 24,456 24,893 39,032 2016 Total ...... 10,595 6,158 2,060 18,812 529 27 35,497 36,054 54,866 2017 Total ...... 13,942 7,685 2,364 23,990 521 42 52,724 53,287 77,277 2018 Total ...... 17,105 9,798 2,636 29,539 525 47 63,253 63,825 93,365 2019 January ...... 1,107 629 168 1,903 30 4 3,546 3,580 5,483 February ...... 1,205 676 178 2,059 34 5 3,798 3,836 5,895 March ...... 1,727 933 254 2,914 50 7 5,841 5,899 8,813 April ...... 1,935 1,032 278 3,245 54 8 6,690 6,752 9,997 May ...... 2,130 1,110 309 3,549 58 9 7,095 7,162 10,711 June ...... 2,175 1,118 311 3,604 63 10 7,898 7,971 11,575 July ...... 2,268 1,171 321 3,760 69 10 8,053 8,133 11,893 August ...... 2,184 1,116 311 3,611 64 9 7,803 7,877 11,488 September ...... 1,930 994 281 3,205 55 8 6,754 6,817 10,022 October ...... 1,697 881 255 2,833 46 7 6,040 6,093 8,926 November ...... 1,346 683 198 2,228 36 5 4,323 4,364 6,592 December ...... 1,210 657 179 2,047 26 4 3,423 3,453 5,500 Total ...... 20,914 11,002 3,041 34,957 587 85 71,265 71,937 106,894 2020 January ...... 1,385 736 192 2,313 36 5 4,615 4,657 6,970 February ...... 1,578 834 212 2,624 43 7 5,657 5,706 8,330 March ...... 2,050 1,082 292 3,424 52 8 6,436 6,496 9,920 April ...... 2,311 1,189 316 3,817 64 10 8,052 8,126 11,943 May ...... 2,611 1,309 349 4,269 74 14 9,679 9,767 14,035 June ...... 2,611 1,305 354 4,270 72 13 9,555 9,641 13,911 July ...... 2,681 1,356 370 4,407 78 14 10,386 10,478 14,885 August ...... 2,541 1,302 358 4,201 68 12 9,428 9,508 13,708 September ...... 2,243 1,159 322 3,724 56 11 7,824 7,891 11,615 October ...... 2,089 1,018 291 3,399 52 10 7,284 7,346 10,744 November ...... 1,731 809 226 2,767 42 8 5,845 5,895 8,662 December ...... 1,538 783 204 2,526 36 7 5,338 5,381 7,907 Total ...... 25,370 12,884 3,486 41,740 673 121 90,097 90,891 132,631 2021 January ...... 1,671 861 216 2,749 35 8 5,689 5,732 8,481 February ...... 1,774 935 231 2,939 41 8 6,452 6,502 9,441 March ...... 2,492 1,273 327 4,092 63 13 9,267 9,342 13,435 April ...... 2,824 1,413 356 4,593 71 14 10,837 10,923 15,516 May ...... 3,123 1,540 392 5,055 80 16 12,370 12,467 17,522 5-Month Total ...... 11,885 6,021 1,523 19,428 291 59 44,616 44,966 64,395 2020 5-Month Total ...... 9,935 5,151 1,361 16,447 269 43 34,439 34,751 51,199 2019 5-Month Total ...... 8,103 4,381 1,186 13,670 226 32 26,971 27,229 40,899

a Data are estimates for solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation at utility-scale solar energy data for the current two years, are estimates. • Totals small-scale facilities (combined generator nameplate capacity less than 1 may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. • Geographic megawatt) connected to the electric power grid. coverage is the 50 states and the District of Columbia. b See "Photovoltaic Energy" and "Solar Thermal Energy" in Glossary. Web Page: See http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable (Excel c Solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal electricity net generation at and CSV files) for all available annual and monthly data beginning in 1984. utility-scale facilities (combined generator nameplate capacity of 1 megawatt or Sources: • Distributed Solar Generation: 1989–2013—Calculated as more). distributed solar energy consumption (see Table 10.5) divided by the total fossil d Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only fuels heat rate factors (see Table A6). 2014 forward—U.S. Energy Information plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly, monthly reports, Tables 1.1, 1.2.C, end of Section 7. 1.2.D, and 1.2.E. • Utility-Scale Solar Generation: 1984–1988—EIA, Form e Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report." 1989–1997: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer end of Section 7. Report." 1998–2000: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form f Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility." 2001–2003: EIA, Form 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to EIA-906, "Power Plant Report." 2004–2007: EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant the public. Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report." 2008 are for electric utilities and independent power producers. forward: EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report." • Total: NA=Not available. – =No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 million kilowatthours. Calculated as distributed solar generation plus utility-scale solar generation. Notes: • Distributed (small-scale) solar generation data for all years, and

184 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 Renewable Energy Note. Renewable Energy Production and Consumption. In Tables 1.1, 1.3, and 10.1, renewable energy consumption consists of: conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6); geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6), and geothermal heat pump and geothermal direct use energy; solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6), and solar thermal direct use energy; wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6); wood and wood‐derived fuels consumption; biomass waste (municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass) consumption; fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), biodiesel, other renewable diesel fuel, and other renewable fuels consumption; and losses and co‐products from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. In Tables 1.1, 1.2, and 10.1, renewable energy production is assumed to equal consumption for all renewable energy sources except biofuels and wood. Biofuels production comprises biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel, but does not include biomass inputs to the production of other renewable diesel fuel and other renewable fuels. Wood production is the sum of wood consumption and densified biomass exports.

Table 10.2a Sources

Residential Sector, Geothermal 1989–2011: Annual estimates by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) based on data from Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo‐Heat Center.

2012 forward: Annual estimates assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2011.

(For 1989 forward, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

Residential Sector, Solar 1989 forward: Residential sector solar consumption is the sum of the values for "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Heat" (which includes solar thermal direct use energy in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors) from Table 10.5 and "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Residential Sector" from Table 10.5.

Residential Sector, Wood 1949–1979: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2.

1980–2008: Annual estimates are based on EIA, Form EIA‐457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey"; and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration regional heating degree‐day data.

2009 forward: Annual estimates based on EIA, Form EIA‐457, “Residential Energy Consumption Survey”; and residential wood consumption growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy Outlook data system.

(For 1973 forward, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

Residential Sector, Total Renewable Energy 1949–1988: Residential sector total renewable energy consumption is equal to residential sector wood consumption.

1989 forward: Residential sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the residential sector consumption values for geothermal, solar, and wood.

Commercial Sector, Hydroelectric Power 1989 forward: Commercial sector conventional hydroelectricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations Report," and predecessor forms, are converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 185 Commercial Sector, Geothermal Heat Pump and Direct Use Energy 1989–2011: Annual estimates by EIA based on data from Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo‐Heat Center.

2012 forward: Annual estimates assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2011.

(For 1989 forward, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

Commercial Sector, Geothermal Electricity Net Generation December 2018 forward: Commercial sector geothermal electricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐923, “Power Plant Operations Report,” are converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6.

Commercial Sector, Geothermal Total 1989–November 2018: Commercial sector geothermal total consumption is equal to commercial sector heat pump and direct use energy.

December 2018 forward: Commercial sector geothermal total consumption is the sum of the commercial sector values for geothermal heat pump and direct use energy, and geothermal electricity net generation.

Commercial Sector, Solar 1989 forward: Commercial sector solar consumption is the sum of the values for "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Commercial Sector" from Table 10.5 and "Utility‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Commercial Sector" from Table 10.5.

Commercial Sector, Wind 2009 forward: Commercial sector wind electricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations Report," are converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6.

Commercial Sector, Wood 1949–1979: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2.

1980–1983: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980 –1983, Table ES1.

1984: Annual estimate assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 1983.

1985–1988: Annual estimates interpolated by EIA.

(For 1973–1988, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

1989 forward: Monthly/annual commercial sector combined‐heat‐and‐power (CHP) wood consumption data are from EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations Report," and predecessor forms. Annual estimates for commercial sector non‐CHP wood consumption are based on EIA, Form EIA‐871, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey" (for 2014–2016, the annual estimates are based on commercial sector biomass consumption growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy Outlook data system; for 2017 forward, annual estimates are assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2016). For 1989 forward, monthly estimates for commercial sector non‐CHP wood consumption are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month. Commercial sector total wood consumption is the sum of commercial sector CHP and non‐CHP wood consumption.

Commercial Sector, Biomass Waste 1989 forward: Table 7.4c.

Commercial Sector, Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant) 1981 forward: The commercial sector share of motor gasoline consumption is equal to commercial sector motor gasoline consumption from Table 3.7a divided by motor gasoline product supplied from Table 3.5. Commercial sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3 multiplied by the commercial sector share of motor gasoline consumption. Note that there is a discontinuity in this time

186 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 series between 2014 and 2015 due to a change in the method for allocating motor gasoline consumption to the end‐use sectors; beginning in 2015, the commercial and industrial sector shares of fuel ethanol consumption are larger than in 2014, while the transportation sector share is smaller.

Commercial Sector, Total Biomass 1949–1980: Commercial sector total biomass consumption is equal to commercial sector wood consumption.

1981–1988: Commercial sector total biomass consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values for wood and fuel ethanol (minus denaturant).

1989 forward: Commercial sector total biomass consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values for wood, waste, and fuel ethanol (minus denaturant).

Commercial Sector, Total Renewable Energy 1949–1988: Commercial sector total renewable energy consumption is equal to commercial sector total biomass consumption.

1989–2007: Commercial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, and total biomass.

2008: Commercial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, and total biomass.

2009 forward: Commercial sector total renewable energy is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, wind, and total biomass.

Table 10.2b Sources

Industrial Sector, Hydroelectric Power 1949 forward: Industrial sector conventional hydroelectricity net generation data from Table 7.2c are converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6.

Industrial Sector, Geothermal 1989–2009: Annual estimates by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) based on data from Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo‐Heat Center.

2010 forward: Annual estimates assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2009.

(For 1989 forward, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

Industrial Sector, Solar 1989 forward: Industrial sector solar consumption is the sum of the values for "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Industrial Sector" from Table 10.5 and "Utility‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Industrial Sector" from Table 10.6.

Industrial Sector, Wind 2011 forward: Industrial sector wind electricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations Report," are converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6.

Industrial Sector, Wood 1949–1979: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2.

1980–1983: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980 –1983, Table ES1.

1984: Annual estimate is from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 1.

1985 and 1986: Annual estimates interpolated by EIA.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 187 1987: Annual estimate is from EIA, Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987, Table 2.

1988: Annual estimate interpolated by EIA.

(For 1973–1988, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

1989 forward: Monthly/annual industrial sector combined‐heat‐and‐power (CHP) wood consumption data are from EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations Report," and predecessor forms. Annual estimates for industrial sector non‐CHP wood consumption are based on EIA, Form EIA‐846, "Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey" (for 2019 forward, the annual estimates are assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2018). For 1989 forward, monthly estimates for industrial sector non‐CHP wood consumption are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month. Industrial sector total wood consumption is the sum of industrial sector CHP and non‐CHP wood consumption.

Industrial Sector, Biomass Waste 1981: Annual estimate is calculated as total waste consumption (from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8) minus electric power sector waste consumption (from MER Table 10.2c).

1982 and 1983: Annual estimates are calculated as total waste consumption (based on Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8) minus electric power sector waste consumption (from MER, Table 10.2c).

1984: Annual estimate is calculated as total waste consumption (from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8) minus electric power sector waste consumption (from MER, Table 10.2c).

1985 and 1986: Annual estimates interpolated by EIA.

1987: Annual estimate is calculated as total waste consumption (from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8) minus electric power sector waste consumption (from MER, Table 10.2c).

1988: Annual estimate interpolated by EIA.

(For 1973–1988, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

1989 forward: Monthly/annual industrial sector combined‐heat‐and‐power (CHP) consumption data are from Table 7.4c. Annual estimates for industrial sector non‐CHP waste consumption are based on information presented in Government Advisory Associates, Resource Recovery Yearbook and Methane Recovery Yearbook, and information provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Landfill Methane Outreach Program (for 2014 forward, the annual estimates are assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2013). For 1989 forward, monthly estimates for industrial sector non‐CHP waste consumption are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month. Industrial sector total waste consumption is the sum of industrial sector CHP and non‐CHP waste consumption.

Industrial Sector, Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant) 1981 forward: The industrial sector share of motor gasoline consumption is equal to industrial sector motor gasoline consumption from Table 3.7b divided by motor gasoline product supplied from Table 3.5. Industrial sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3 multiplied by the industrial sector share of motor gasoline consumption. Note that there is a discontinuity in this time series between

2014 and 2015 due to a change in the method for allocating motor gasoline consumption to the end‐use sectors; beginning in 2015, the commercial and industrial sector shares of fuel ethanol consumption are larger than in 2014, while the transportation sector share is smaller.

Industrial Sector, Biomass Losses and Co-products 1981 forward: Calculated as fuel ethanol losses and co‐products from Table 10.3 plus biodiesel losses and co‐products from Table 10.4.

188 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 Industrial Sector, Total Biomass 1949–1980: Industrial sector total biomass consumption is equal to industrial sector wood consumption.

1981 forward: Industrial sector total biomass consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for wood, waste, fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), and biomass losses and co‐products.

Industrial Sector, Total Renewable Energy 1949–1988: Industrial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for conventional hydroelectric power and total biomass.

1989–2009: Industrial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, and total biomass.

2010: Industrial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, and total biomass.

2011 forward: Industrial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, wind, and total biomass.

Transportation Sector, Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant) 1981 forward: The transportation sector share of motor gasoline consumption is equal to transportation sector motor gasoline consumption from Table 3.7c divided by motor gasoline product supplied from Table 3.5. Transportation sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3 multiplied by the transportation sector share of motor gasoline consumption. Note that there is a discontinuity in this time series between 2014 and 2015 due to a change in the method for allocating motor gasoline consumption to the end‐use sectors; beginning in 2015, the commercial and industrial sector shares of fuel ethanol consumption are larger than in 2014, while the transportation sector share is smaller.

Transportation Sector, Biodiesel 2001 forward: Table 10.4. Transportation sector biodiesel consumption is assumed to equal total biodiesel consumption.

Transportation Sector, Other Renewable Fuels 2009 forward: Table 10.4.

Transportation Sector, Total Renewable Energy 1981–2000: Transportation sector total renewable energy consumption is equal to transportation sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption.

2001–2008: Transportation sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the transportation sector consumption values for fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) and biodiesel.

2009 forward: Transportation sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the transportation sector consumption values for fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), biodiesel, and other renewable fuels.

Table 10.3 Sources

Feedstock 1981 forward: Calculated as fuel ethanol production (in thousand barrels) minus denaturant, and then multiplied by the fuel ethanol feedstock factor—see Table A3.

Losses and Co-products 1981 forward: Calculated as fuel ethanol feedstock plus denaturant minus fuel ethanol production.

Denaturant 1981–2008: Data in thousand barrels for petroleum denaturant in fuel ethanol produced are estimated as 2% of fuel

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 189 ethanol production; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 4.661 million Btu per barrel (the estimated quantity‐weighted factor of natural gasoline and conventional motor gasoline used as denaturant).

2009–2019: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), annual reports, Table 1. Data in thousand barrels for net production of natural gasoline at renewable fuels and oxygenate plants are multiplied by ‐1; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 4.638 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of natural gasoline). Data in thousand barrels for net production of conventional motor gasoline and motor gasoline blending components at renewable fuels and oxygenate plants are multiplied by ‐1; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 5.222 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of motor gasoline blending components). Total denaturant is the sum of the values for natural gasoline, conventional motor gasoline, and motor gasoline blending components.

2020 and 2021: EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), monthly reports, Table 1. Data in thousand barrels for net production of natural gasoline at renewable fuels and oxygenate plants are multiplied by ‐1; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 4.638 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of natural gasoline). Data in thousand barrels for net production of conventional motor gasoline and motor gasoline blending components at renewable fuels and oxygenate plants are multiplied by ‐1; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 5.222 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of motor gasoline blending components). Total denaturant is the sum of the values for natural gasoline, conventional motor gasoline, and motor gasoline blending components.

Production 1981–1992: Fuel ethanol production is assumed to equal fuel ethanol consumption—see sources for "Consumption."

1993–2004: Calculated as fuel ethanol consumption plus fuel ethanol stock change minus fuel ethanol net imports. These data differ slightly from the original production data from EIA, Form EIA‐819, "Monthly Oxygenate Report," and predecessor form, which were not reconciled and updated to be consistent with the final balance.

2005–2008: EIA, Form EIA‐819, "Monthly Oxygenate Report."

2009–2019: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for net production of fuel ethanol at renewable fuels and oxygenate plants.

2020 and 2021: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for net production of fuel ethanol at renewable fuels and oxygenate plants.

Trade, Stocks, and Stock Change 1992–2019: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1.

2020 and 2021: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1.

Consumption 1981–1989: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 10; and interpolated values for 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, and 1988.

1990–1992: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 1992, Table D2; and interpolated value for 1991.

1993–2004: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Tables 2 and 16. Calculated as 10% of oxygenated finished motor gasoline field production (Table 2), plus fuel ethanol refinery input (Table 16).

2005–2008: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Tables 1 and 15. Calculated as motor gasoline blending components adjustments (Table 1), plus finished motor gasoline adjustments (Table 1), plus fuel ethanol refinery and blender net inputs (Table 15).

2009–2019: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1. Calculated as fuel ethanol refinery and blender net inputs minus fuel ethanol adjustments.

190 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 2020 and 2021: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1. Calculated as fuel ethanol refinery and blender net inputs minus fuel ethanol adjustments.

Consumption Minus Denaturant 1981 forward: Calculated as fuel ethanol consumption minus the amount of denaturant in fuel ethanol consumed. Denaturant in fuel ethanol consumed is estimated by multiplying denaturant in fuel ethanol produced by the fuel ethanol consumption‐to‐production ratio.

Table 10.4 Sources

Biodiesel Feedstock 2001 forward: Calculated as biodiesel production in thousand barrels multiplied by 5.433 million Btu per barrel (the biodiesel feedstock factor—see "Biodiesel Feedstock" entry in the "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation" at the end of Appendix A).

Biodiesel Losses and Co-products 2001 forward: Calculated as biodiesel feedstock minus biodiesel production.

Biodiesel Production 2001–2005: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Commodity Credit Corporation, Bioenergy Program records. Annual data are derived from quarterly data. Monthly data are estimated by dividing the annual data by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.

2006: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, "M311K—Fats and Oils: Production, Consumption, and Stocks," data for soybean oil consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel). In addition, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that 14.4 million gallons of yellow grease were consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel).

2007: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, "M311K—Fats and Oils: Production, Consumption, and Stocks," data for all fats and oils consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel).

2008: EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report, December 2009 (release date October 2010), Table 11. Monthly data for 2008 are estimated based on U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, M311K data, multiplied by the EIA 2008 annual value's share of the M311K 2008 annual value.

2009 and 2010: EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report, monthly reports, Table 1.

2011–2019: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), annual reports, Table 1, data for renewable fuels except fuel ethanol.

2020: EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), monthly reports, Table 1, data for renewable fuels except fuel ethanol.

2021: EIA, biodiesel data from EIA‐819, “Monthly Report of Biofuels, Fuels from Non‐Biogenic Wastes, Fuel Oxygenates, Isooctane, and Isooctene.”

Biodiesel Trade 2001–2011: For imports, U.S. Department of Agriculture, data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule codes: 3824.90.40.20, "Fatty Esters Animal/Vegetable Mixture" (data through June 2010); and 3824.90.40.30, "Biodiesel/Mixes" (data for July 2010–2011). For exports, U.S. Department of Agriculture, data for the following Schedule B codes: 3824.90.40.00, "Fatty Substances Animal/Vegetable/Mixture" (data through 2010); and 3824.90.40.30, "Biodiesel <70%" (data for 2011). (The data above are converted from pounds to gallons by dividing by 7.4.) Although these categories include products other than biodiesel (such as biodiesel coprocessed with petroleum feedstocks; and products destined for soaps, cosmetics, and other items), biodiesel is the largest component. In the absence of other reliable data for biodiesel trade, EIA sees these data as good substitutes.

2012–2018: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Tables 25 and 31, data for biomass‐based diesel fuel.

2019: EIA, PSA, annual report, Tables 25 and 31, data for biodiesel.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 191 2020 and 2021: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Tables 37 and 49, data for biodiesel.

Biodiesel Stocks and Stock Change 2009–2018: EIA, biodiesel data from EIA‐22M, "Monthly Biodiesel Production Survey”; and biomass‐based diesel fuel data from EIA‐810, "Monthly Refinery Report," EIA‐812, "Monthly Product Pipeline Report," and EIA‐815, "Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report."

2019–September 2020: EIA, biodiesel data from EIA‐22M, “Monthly Biodiesel Production Survey,” EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report.”

October 2020 forward: EIA, biodiesel data from EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report,” and EIA‐819, “Monthly Report of Biofuels, Fuels from Non‐Biogenic Wastes, Fuel Oxygenates, Isooctane, and Isooctene.”

Biodiesel Consumption 2001–2008: Calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports.

January and February 2009: EIA, PSA, Table 1, data for refinery and blender net inputs of renewable fuels except fuel ethanol.

March 2009 forward: Calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports minus biodiesel stock change.

Other Renewable Fuels 2009–2020: Consumption data for "Other Renewable Diesel Fuel" are set equal to refinery and blender net inputs data from EIA, Form EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and Form EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the other renewable diesel fuel heat content factor in Table A1). Consumption data for “Other Renewable Fuels” are set equal to refinery and blender net inputs data from EIA, Form EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and Form EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the other renewable fuels heat content factor in Table A1). "Other Renewable Fuels" in Table 10.4 is calculated as other renewable diesel fuel consumption plus other renewable fuels consumption.

2021 forward: Consumption data for “Other Renewable Diesel Fuel” are set equal to the sum of refinery and blender net inputs and products supplied data from EIA, Form EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report”; Form EIA‐814, “Monthly Imports Report”; Form EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report”; and Form EIA‐819, “Monthly Report of Biofuels, Fuels from Non‐Biogenic Wastes, Fuel Oxygenates, Isooctane, and Isooctene” (data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the other renewable diesel fuel heat content factor in Table A1). Consumption data for “Other Renewable Fuels” are set equal to the sum of refinery and blender net inputs and products supplied data from EIA, Form EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,”; Form EIA‐814, “Monthly Imports Report”; Form EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report”; and Form EIA‐819, “Monthly Report of Biofuels, Fuels from Non‐Biogenic Wastes, Fuel Oxygenates, Isooctane, and Isooctene” (data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the other renewable fuels heat content factor in Table A1). "Other Renewable Fuels" in Table 10.4 is calculated as other renewable diesel fuel consumption plus other renewable fuels consumption.

Table 10.5 Sources

Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Heat Annual Data 1989–2009: Annual estimates by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) based on EIA, Form EIA‐63A, "Annual Solar Thermal Collector/Reflector Shipments Report." Solar energy consumption by solar thermal non‐electric applications (mainly in the residential sector, but with some in the commercial and industrial sectors) is based on assumptions about the stock of equipment in place and other factors.

192 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 2010 forward: Annual estimates based on commercial sector solar thermal growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) data system. (Annual estimates are subject to revision when a new AEO is released.)

Monthly Data 1989–2013: Monthly estimates for each year are obtained by allocating a given year's annual value to the months in that year. Each month's allocator is the average of that month's "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity,

Total" values in 2014 and 2015. The allocators, when rounded, are as follows: January—5%; February—6%; March—8%; April—9%; May—10%; June—10%; July—10%; August—10%; September—9%; October—9%; November—7%; and December—7%.

2014 forward: Once all 12 months of "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Total" data are available for a given year, they are used as allocators and applied to the annual estimate in order to derive monthly estimates for that year. Initial monthly estimates for the current year use the previous year’s allocators.

Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Residential Sector Beginning in 2014, monthly and annual data for residential sector distributed (small‐scale) solar photovoltaic generation are from EIA, Electric Power Monthly, Table 1.2.E. Those data are converted to consumption data in Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in MER Table A6.

Backcasts for earlier periods are developed as follows:

Annual Data 1989–2003: Annual growth rates are calculated based on distributed (small‐scale) solar electricity consumption in all sectors. Consumption is estimated using information on shipments of solar panels from EIA, Form EIA‐63B, "Annual Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report," and assumptions about the stock of equipment in place and other factors. The growth rates are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates.

2004–2008: Annual growth rates based on commercial sector solar photovoltaic growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) data system are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates. (Annual estimates are subject to revision when a new AEO is released.)

2009–2013: Annual growth rates based on residential sector solar photovoltaic growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) data system are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates. (Annual estimates are subject to revision when a new AEO is released.)

Monthly Data 1989–2013: See "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Heat, Monthly Data."

Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Commercial Sector Beginning in 2014, monthly and annual data for commercial sector distributed (small‐scale) solar photovoltaic generation are from EIA, Electric Power Monthly, Table 1.2.C. Those data are converted to consumption data in Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in MER Table A6.

Backcasts for earlier periods are developed as follows:

Annual Data 1989–2003: Annual growth rates based on EIA, Form EIA‐63B, "Annual Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report," are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates. (See "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Residential Sector" sources above for details.)

2004–2013: Annual growth rates based on commercial sector solar photovoltaic growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) data system are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates. (Annual estimates are subject to revision when a new AEO is released.)

Monthly Data 1989–2013: See "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Heat, Monthly Data." U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021 193 Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Industrial Sector Beginning in 2014, monthly and annual data for industrial sector distributed (small‐scale) solar photovoltaic generation are from EIA, Electric Power Monthly, Table 1.2.D. Those data are converted to consumption data in Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in MER Table A6.

Backcasts for earlier periods are developed as follows:

Annual Data 1989–2003: Annual growth rates based on EIA, Form EIA‐63B, "Annual Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report," are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates. (See "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Residential Sector" sources above for details.)

2004–2013: Annual growth rates based on commercial sector solar photovoltaic growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) data system are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates. (Annual estimates are subject to revision when a new AEO is released.)

Monthly Data 1989–2013: See "Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Heat, Monthly Data."

Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Total 1989 forward: Distributed (small‐scale) solar energy consumption for total electricity is the sum of the distributed solar energy consumption (for electricity) values for the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.

Distributed Solar Energy Consumption: Total 1989 forward: Distributed (small‐scale) solar energy consumption total is the sum of distributed solar energy consumption values for heat and total electricity.

Utility-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Commercial Sector 2008 forward: Commercial sector solar photovoltaic and solar thermal electricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations Report," are converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6.

Utility-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Industrial Sector 2010 forward: Industrial sector solar photovoltaic and solar thermal electricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐ 923, "Power Plant Operations Report," are converted to Btu by multiplying by the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6.

Utility-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Electric Power Sector 1984 forward: Electric power sector solar photovoltaic and solar thermal electricity net generation data from Table 7.2b are converted to Btu by multiplying the total fossil fuels heat rate factors in Table A6.

Utility-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Total 1984 forward: Utility‐scale solar energy consumption for total electricity is the sum of the utility‐scale solar energy consumption (for electricity) values for the commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors.

Solar Energy Consumption: Total 1984 forward: Total solar energy consumption is the sum of the values for total distributed solar energy consumption and total utility‐scale solar energy consumption.

194 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2021