Jornalista Ou Tradutor?

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Jornalista Ou Tradutor? Doina Cioca JORNALISTA OU TRADUTOR? UM ESTUDO DAS MARCAS CULTURAIS NO CASO DOS ATAQUES TERRORISTAS DE 22 DE JULHO DE 2011 NA NORUEGA Dissertação de Mestrado em Comunicação e Jornalismo, na área de especialização em Jornalismo, orientada pela Doutora Ana Teresa Fernandes Peixinho de Cristo, apresentada ao Departamento de Filosofia, Comunicação e Informação da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra 2013 Faculdade de Letras Jornalista ou Tradutor? Um Estudo Das Marcas Culturais No Caso Dos Ataques Terroristas De 22 De Julho De 2011 Na Noruega Ficha Técnica: Tipo de trabalho Dissertação de Mestrado Título JORNALISTA OU TRADUTOR? Um Estudo Das Marcas Culturais No Caso Dos Ataques Terroristas De 22 De Julho De 2011 Na Noruega Autor Doina Cioca Orientador Doutora Ana Teresa Fernandes Peixinho de Cristo Júri Presidente: Doutora Rita Joana Basílio Simões Vogais: 1. Doutora Ana Teresa Fernandes Peixinho de Cristo 2. Doutor João José Figueira Silva Identificação do Curso 2º Ciclo em Comunicação e Jornalismo Área científica Jornalismo Especialidade Jornalismo Data da defesa 07-10-2013 Classificação 16 Valores Á minha família Familiei mele AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho é o resultado de uma conquista pessoal que nunca teria conseguido atingir sem a ajuda de várias pessoas que cruzaram as suas vidas com a minha. Agradeço profundamente, À minha família, por tudo; Ao meu amigo e companheiro, Rui Duarte, pela paciência e apoio incondicional; À minha orientadora, Professora Doutora Ana Teresa Fernandes Peixinho de Cristo, pela minuciosa orientação e por todo o contributo; Aos professores do Curso de Mestrado em Comunicação e Jornalismo pelos novos conhecimentos e novos desafios; À Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra pela oportunidade; À Professora Doutora Stela Verega, que sempre apoiou a minha aventura estrangeira; Ao Centro de Língua Portuguesa Camões da Universidade Estatal da Moldova que possibilitou a aprendizagem da língua portuguesa. Resumo A presente dissertação centra-se na análise das marcas culturais no âmbito do jornalismo internacional. A base teórica para a nossa pesquisa situa-se nos modelos de Christiane Nord (1991) para a tradução e de Frank Esser (1998) para o jornalismo. A interação dos aportes teóricos aponta para o jornalista como “tradutor” do facto noticioso quando a notícia internacional é “traduzida” para ambientes culturais diferentes. A partir destas considerações, esta pesquisa pretende questionar e demonstrar a presença de marcas culturais num corpus de textos comparáveis dos jornais Diário de Noticias e The Guardian. A análise desdobra-se sobre dois pontos: i) a aplicação dos modelos de C. Nord e F. Esser e, ii) a análise do discurso. Os resultados apontam para uma presença moderada de marcas culturais primordialmente linguísticas, que moldam o discurso jornalístico, onde o jornalista atua como uma ponte entre culturas, não só informando o leitor mas também formando a opinião dele. Palavras – chave: jornalismo, tradução, cultura, funcionalismo. Abstract This research project focuses on the analysis of cultural marks present in the international journalism. The theoretical basis for our research includes Christiane Nord´s (1991) analysis model for translation and Frank Esser ´s (1998) model for journalism. The interaction of these theoretical lines points out to the journalist as a “translator” of facts when the news is “translated” into different cultural environments. From these considerations, the present paper aims to question and to demonstrate the presence of cultural marks in a corpus of comparable texts from the newspapers Diário de Notícias and The Guardian. The analysis comprises two moments: i) the application of C. Nord´s and F. Esser´s analysis models, and ii) the discourse analysis. The results indicate a moderate presence of cultural marks, primarily linguistic, shaping, in this way, the media discourse and where the journalist acts as a bridge between cultures, not only informing the reader but also forming his opinion. Keywords: journalism, translation, culture, functionalism SUMÁRIO LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES .................................................................................................... 8 LISTA DE TABELAS .............................................................................................................. 9 0 – INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................ 10 1– O TERRORISMO E OS MEDIA ..................................................................................... 13 1.1 - Definições oficiais do terrorismo ............................................................................... 13 1.2 - Tipos e características ................................................................................................ 21 1.3 - Causas do terrorismo ................................................................................................. 22 1.3.1 - Causas políticas .................................................................................................... 22 1.3.2 - Causas económicas ............................................................................................... 24 1.3.3 - Causas ideológicas ................................................................................................ 25 1.4 - Objetivos das ações terroristas .................................................................................. 27 1.5 - O novo terrorismo e os media hoje ............................................................................ 28 1.6 - Relação media-terrorismo ................................................................................... 29 2 – A INTERFACE TRADUÇÃO – JORNALISMO ......................................................... 35 2.1 - A cultura e a tradução ......................................................................................... 35 2.2 - O funcionalismo segundo Christiane Nord para a tradução .................... 38 2.3 - A perspetiva funcionalista de Frank Esser na área do jornalismo ........ 45 2.4 - Valores-notícia ........................................................................................................ 49 2.5 - O jornalista-tradutor .................................................................................................. 54 3 – ANÁLISE E DISCUSSÃO DOS TEXTOS .................................................................... 57 3.1 - Metodologias ............................................................................................................ 57 3.2 - Análise dos dados com base nos modelos de Nord e Esser.......................... 65 3.2.1 - Os fatores externos e o skopos ............................................................................. 66 3.2.2 - Os fatores internos .......................................................................................... 72 3.3 - Análise do discurso ................................................................................................ 78 3.3.1 - Enunciados em análise ................................................................................... 80 3.3.2 - Títulos e lead ......................................................................................................... 82 3.3.3 - Macroproposições ............................................................................................ 88 3.3.4 - Imagens e legendas .......................................................................................... 89 4 – CONCLUSÕES ................................................................................................................. 92 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................. 97 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................... 104 ANEXO 1 - TÍTULO E LEAD ............................................................................................ 105 ANEXO 2 - APLICAÇÃO DO MODELO DE CHRISTIANE NORD ........................... 108 ANEXO 3 - CORPUS DIÁRIO DE NOTÍCIAS .................................................................. 119 ANEXO 4 - CORPUS THE GUARDIAN ........................................................................... 126 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Ilustração 1 - Christiane Nord, Transalting as a Purposeful Activity: A Prospective Approach .......................................................................................................................... 42 Ilustração 2 - Modelo Pluriestratificado Integrado (Esser, 1998) – “metáfora da cebola” (tradução de Zipser, 2002: 25) ........................................................................ 48 8 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 – O Modelo de Christiane Nord (1991) apud Mazzuti(2011:24) – Tradução de Zipser (2002: 50). ................................................................................................... 43 Tabela 2 – Títulos ......................................................................................................... 66 Tabela 3 – Dados referentes ao público leitor ............................................................ 69 Tabela 4 – Nº palavras por notícia ............................................................................. 69 Tabela 5 – Tema ........................................................................................................... 73 Tabela 6 – Elementos Suprassegmentais ..................................................................
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