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Peat Swamps at Giral Lignite Field of Barmer Basin, Rajasthan, Western

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Peat Swamps at Giral Lignite Field of Barmer Basin, Rajasthan, Western Int J Coal Sci Technol DOI 10.1007/s40789-016-0137-y Peat swamps at Giral lignite field of Barmer basin, Rajasthan, Western India: understanding the evolution through petrological modelling 1 1 1 1 1 2 Prakash K. Singh • P. K. Rajak • M. P. Singh • V. K. Singh • A. S. Naik • Alok K. Singh Received: 25 November 2015 / Revised: 23 January 2016 / Accepted: 23 February 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The lignite samples collected from Giral lignite field of Barmer basin have been subjected to petrological investigation. The data generated has been discussed to understand the evolution of the paleomires of these lignites. The present study reveals that these low rank C coals are chiefly composed of huminite group macerals, mainly telohuminite and detrohuminite, while liptinite and inertinite group macerals occur in subordinate amounts. Not much variation in the maceral composition from Seam-I to Seam-VIII has been observed. Barmer lignites are characterized by a very high GI ([10) and moderate TPI indicating topogenous mire in the basin which was permanently flooded. The GI and TPI values and the petrography-based facies critical models indicate that these lignites originated mostly under wet forest swamp to clastic marsh having telmatic to limno-telmatic conditions with a moderate rate of subsidence and a very slow fall in ground water table. Further, the GWI and VI values are suggestive of mesotrophic to rheotrophic hydrological conditions having the dominance of herbaceous to marginal aquatic vegetation. There were spells of periodic drowning of peat especially during the formation of Seam-VII. Moderately high concentration of calcium in these lignites along with the presence of framboidal pyrite indicate enhanced sulphate-reducing bacterial activity present in carbonate and sulphate-rich waters in the basin during peat formation. Keywords Peat swamp Á Petrography Á Giral lignite Á Barmer basin Á Western India 1 Introduction There is general agreement on the factors such as the type of peat-forming flora, climate, geomorphologic, and tec- The relation of petrographic elements with the evolution of tonic framework, but the precise role of these factors is still peat swamps has been studied by a number of researchers a subject of interest and further study. In India, most of the (Teichmu¨ller 1950, 1962, 1989; Thompson 1951; Teich- petrographic studies relating to the evolution of peat mu¨ller and Thompson 1958; Hiltmann 1976; Schneider swamps are on Gondwana coals and not much has been 1978, 1980; von der Brelie and Wolf 1981; Diessel done on lignites. Although, some lignite deposits have been 1982, 1986; Hunt et al. 1986; Kalkreuth et al. 1991; Singh investigated by Singh et al. (2010a, b, 2012a, b, c), but such and Singh 1996; Singh et al. 2010a, b, 2012a, b, 2013). studies are lacking with the Rajasthan lignites, especially those of the Barmer basin, the current study area (Fig. 1). Development of Barmer basin is considered as a com- & Prakash K. Singh posite, second-order graben which is indicated by the [email protected] presence of Cretaceous-Paleocene volcanogenic sediments (Sharma 2007). Initially, terrestrial sediments of the Jurassic 1 Coal & Organic Petrology Lab, Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Banaras Hindu University, to Cretaceous periods were deposited while there was Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India deposition of coastal, marine, and shallow water sediments 2 Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, during Paleocene to Eocene period (Sharma 2007). It is Rae Bareli 229316, UP, India believed that the fragmentation of Gondwanaland during 123 P. K. Singh et al. Fig. 1 Regional geological map of northern part of Rajasthan showing Barmer Basin (after Roy and Jakhar 2002) Mesozoic caused extensional tectonics in the northwestern lithosphere. This led to the development of rift basins in Indian shield. The extensional tectonics continued and Gujarat and Rajasthan (Sharma 2007). The Cambay-San- resulted into deep fractures in the continental and oceanic chor-Barmer rift formed within the continental lithosphere. 123 Peat swamps at Giral lignite field of Barmer basin, Rajasthan, Western India… Lignite was initially reported in this basin, by Oldham the lignite seams. These lignite seams laterally as well as (1886) who carried out systematic mapping. Subsequently, vertically grade into carbonaceous clay and lignitic clay. various aspects of the area were studied by a number of The occurrence of lignite has been reported from Botiya– workers on (La Touche 1902; Bhola 1946; Barooah 1946; Bharka and Giral area in Barmer basin (Joshi et al. 1990). Siddiquie 1963; Deshmukh and Mishra 1971). Siddiquie The exploratory drilling carried out by Geological Survey and Bahl (1965) initially worked out on the lignite-bearing of India (GSI) in the Botiya–Bharka–Thumbli area indi- Akli Formation (Fig. 2). This Formation has two members, cates that the lignite seams are not persistent in quality as the lowermost is the Thumbli Member and the upper one is well as quantity (Bhattacharya and Dutta 1985). They Akli Bentonite Member (Das Gupta 1974; Sisodia and occur at depths of 6–100, 100–160, and 160–241 m from Singh 2000). The lower member consists of sandstones, the surface and are respectively named zones A, B, and C. lignites, and shales which were deposited in a lagoonal, The lignite seams maintain low dip of 3°–4° and are spread delta-front setting while the upper one comprises of shal- over a 3-km strike length and 1.5 km down dip (Jodha low marine bentonite clays. Ash-grey to dark-brown lig- 2003). The lignite seams are thin and the individual seams nitic clay, lignite, clay, and siltstones are associated with vary in thickness from 0.3 to 7.20 m (Jodha 2003). Fig. 2 Litho column showing various rock units in Barmer Basin along with lignite seam profiles at Giral 123 P. K. Singh et al. Thickness of seams is function of subsidence and peat potential through geological and geophysical tools by Oil accumulation rate (McCabe 1991). Considering the thin and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). The Barmer basin lignite seams in the basin, it appears that peat accumulation is connected to the Cambay basin through tectonic could not keep pace with basin subsidence for long time embayment. There are numerous cross-trends within the and the subsidence exceeded peat accumulation rate. The basin graben which occur in the form of transverse and sedimentary sequences of Middle Jurassic to Early Eocene oblique faults, uplifts, and geomorphic lineaments. The were deposited under shallow marine to fluviatile envi- formations have a regional trend of NNE–SSW with 3°– ronment (Jodha 2003). In the eastern and central part of the 4° dip towards SE. Subsurface data indicates the presence Barmer basin there is merging of fluvial sediments of Akli of several intra-basinal normal oblique and cross faults formation with the near shore to shallow inner shelf marine consequently forming horst and graben structure (Jodha sediments. The core samples analysed by GSI have yielded 2003) and disrupting the lignite occurrences. Based on the numerous palynomorphs. Their studies have shown the dominance of calcium carbonate, attapulgite, and xero- presence of Proxaperitites, Spinizonocolpites, and spinose phytic flora recovered from the fullers’ earth, it is sug- grains in high concentration which are comparable with the gested that arid environment commences during early Paleocene–early Eocene sediments of India (Jodha 2003). Eocene (Jodha 2003). Based on the palynotaxa recovered from the Akli succession The general stratigraphic succession of the Barmer basin of Barmer like Dandotiaspora dilate, Lygodiumsporites based on the informations compiled through several sour- lakiensis, Proxapertites cursus, Kielmeyerapollenites eoceni- ces, are furnished in Table 1 while the general geological cus,andPalmidites plicatus,Tripathietal.(2009) assigned a map of the area is shown in Fig. 1. The lithocolumn along late Paleocene (Thanetian to Ypresian) age to the Akli For- with the megascopic seam profile is presented in Fig. 2. mation. They observed relatively high abundance of biode- graded phytoclasts compared to other lithotypes in the lignite seams. 3 Method of study The present work aims to study the vertical variation of petrographic and chemical attributes and based on them Lignite samples were collected from Seam-I to Seam- evolution of the paleomire of these lignites has been VIII from Giral mine of Barmer basin, Rajasthan (Fig. 1) discussed. adopting pillar sampling method as per Schopf (1960). The lignite samples were crushed and reduced in quan- tity through quartering and coning to prepare 31 com- 2 Geological setting posite samples (from 102 number of individual lignite samples) and were analysed for their petrographic and The Barmer basin is a narrow, elongated rift graben chemical composition. The -18 mesh size samples were which trends in north–south direction over a length of used to prepare polished mounts for petrography and 100 km. The eastern and western margin of basin is -70 mesh size samples were used for proximate analy- bounded by faults. Oriented along north–south a number sis. Maceral analysis was performed on a Leitz Ortho- of sub-basins also occur which run parallel to the basin plan-Pol Microscope equipped with Wild Photoautomat edge. The main basin is floored by Malani Igneous MPS-45 in the Coal and Organic Petrology Laboratory, Complex and pre-rift sedimentation of Paleozoic and Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Banaras Hindu Jurassic. Established delta systems formed during post University. The line-to-line and point-to-point spacing rift period and are represented by the Mataji-Ka-Donger was 0.4 mm and more than 600 counts were taken on and Akli Formations. The Akli Formation comprises of each sample. The method described by Taylor et al. delta plain and lagoonal shales, sandstones and lignites (1998) was followed; huminite macerals were termed and with clay rich bentonite.
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