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U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1134

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U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1134 Organic Petrography of Coals from a Coalbed Methane Test Well, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana By Paul C. Hackley and Peter D. Warwick, USGS Reston, VA 20192 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only, and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. Open-File Report 2005-1134 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Organic Petrography of Coals from a Coalbed Methane Test Well, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana By Paul C. Hackley and Peter D. Warwick, increases to subbituminous B (Warwick and others, USGS Reston, VA 20192 2004b). Previous studies suggest that the coals were deposited in stacked interdistributary environments on Introduction a progradational fluvial-deltaic plain (Holly Springs In March, 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey, the delta complex) influenced by the positive structural Louisiana Geological Survey, and EnerVest elements of the Monroe Uplift to the northeast and Management Partners Ltd., participated in a the Sabine Uplift to the northwest (fig. 1) (Ayers and Cooperative Research and Development Agreement Lewis, 1985; Kaiser, 1990; Echols, 2001; Scott, 2003). (CRADA) to drill and core the Fairbanks Real Estate The Monroe Uplift, on which the FRE No. 359 test No. 359 (FRE No. 359) coalbed methane test well in well is located, is a broad subsurface dome of Tertiary Ouachita Parish, Louisiana (fig. 1) (Warwick and and Upper Cretaceous strata occurring over northern others, 2004a). This effort was in support of ongoing Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and western U.S. Geological Survey investigations into the coal Mississippi, and it constitutes one of the major gas potential of the Gulf Coastal Plain. To determine structural features of the Gulf Coastal Plain (Ewing, possible relationships between coalbed gas content 1991). Vertical uplift is thought to be related to the and coal composition, maceral modes were emplacement of Late Cretaceous alkalic igneous determined for 17 subsurface coal and carbonaceous rocks, and the area is characterized by relatively high shale samples cored and desorbed from the heat flux compared to other areas of the eastern Gulf Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox Group (fig. 2). Similar Coastal Plain (Smith and Dees, 1982). determinations of maceral mode were made on cuttings collected from 5 non-cored coaly intervals in Coal Samples the overlying Eocene Sparta Sand. The FRE No. 359 well was drilled to a total depth of 1,628 ft (496 m) in March, 2003 (Warwick and Subsurface Coal Geology others, 2004a). Coal core samples were recovered Coals targeted for gas potential in the subsurface from four coaly zones in the lower Wilcox Group (fig. 3 of northern Louisiana occur in the lower Wilcox Group and Table 1) at depths of 1,329-1,334.8 ft (405.1-406.8 (Paleocene-Eocene) at depths of 1,310-4,920 ft (400- m) (zone 1); 1,498-1,499.25 ft (456.6-456.9 m) (zone 2; 1,500 m), where individual coal beds reach a includes carbonaceous shale); zone 3: 1,515.25- maximum thickness of up to 20 ft (6 m) and a 1,517.5 ft (461.8-462.4 m) (zone 3); and 1,574-1,581.2 cumulative thickness of up to 100 ft (30 m) (Breland, ft (479.8-481.9 m) (zone 4). Including a stray coal at 2004; Warwick and others, 2004b). Subsurface 1,563.8-1,564.5 ft (476.6-476.8 m), a total of 12.75 ft studies based on electric and induction-resistivity logs (3.9 m) of coal was recovered from the FRE No. 359 from oil and gas exploration (Coates, 1979; Coates well. Coal cuttings were collected from the overlying and others, 1980; Ledoux, 1982; Rogers, 1983) Sparta Sand at the five intervals of 390-400 ft (118.9- identified up to 35 individual coal beds in the lower 121.9 m), 420-430 ft (128.0-131.1 m), 540-550 ft Wilcox. Correlative coal beds at the surface in (164.6-170.7 m), 650-660 ft (198.1-201.2 m), and 720­ northwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas on the 730 ft (219.5-219.6 m). Sabine Uplift are lignite in rank (Barker and others, Coal zone 1 in the Wilcox is composed of 5.8 ft 2000). In the northern Louisiana subsurface, coal rank (1.77 m) of coal with no partings. This coal zone 1 overlies carbonaceous shale and shaly claystone that each sample. Measurement of maximum huminite show no signs of rooting. The coal zone is succeeded reflectance in immersion oil (Rmax) was performed by dark gray carbonaceous shale and bioturbated according to the ASTM D2798 protocol (ASTM, 2002). siltstone and shaly claystone. Following measurement of maximum reflectance, Samples from coal zone 2 consist of an upper coal samples were examined in blue-light fluorescence by bench of 0.9 ft (0.27 m) thickness and a lower bench a modification of ASTM D2799 (ASTM, 2002). of carbonaceous shale (53.29 weight percent [wt.%] Identifications of liptinite or non-fluorescing ash) of 0.36 ft (0.11 m) thickness. This coal zone is organic/mineral matter were made at 500 points on underlain by dark gray silty shale with sandy streaks each sample mount. Following the blue light point and there are no indications of rooting below the coal count, identifications of huminite and inertinite bench. The coal zone is succeeded by dark gray shaly macerals were made at 500 points on each mount siltstone. under oil immersion in white light, for a total of 2000 Three samples from coal zone 3 consist of an counts per sample. Identification of coal macerals upper coal bench of 0.25 ft (0.08 m) thickness follows the nomenclature proposed by the underlain by a 0.5 ft (0.15 m) parting (not sampled) International Committee for Coal and Organic composed of thinly interlayered coal and rock. Two Petrology (ICCP System 1994) (ICCP, 2001; Sýkorová bench coal samples from beneath the parting have a and others, 2005) for the inertinite and huminite total thickness of 1.5 ft (0.46 m). Dark gray claystone macerals, respectively, and of Taylor and others underlying coal zone 3 is rooted, and dark gray silty (1998) for the liptinite macerals. shale overlying the zone contains sandstone streaks Volume percent mineral matter of the desorbed and burrow. Wilcox coal samples was calculated from measured At a depth of 1,563.7 ft (476.6 m) below surface, a parameters using SO3-free ash and true specific thin impure coal (44.54 wt.% ash) of 0.75 ft (0.23 m) gravity according to ASTM D2799 (ASTM, 2002). thickness (sample LA-03-CB3-48) is underlain by dark Volume percent mineral matter content of the Sparta gray rooted claystone and succeeded by dark gray cuttings was determined by point count in white light. bioturbated shaly claystone. The deepest coal zone (coal zone 4) at 1,574- Results 1,581.2 ft (479.8-481.9 m) consists of 5 bench coal Reflectance samples separated by 2 partings and has an Maximum reflectance of ulminite B in immersion aggregate thickness of 6.2 ft (1.89 m). The uppermost oil was found to vary minimally down-hole across the bench coal sample of 0.9 ft (0.27 m) thickness is range of 0.22-0.39 % (Table 2 and Table 3; fig. 4). The underlain by 0.9 ft (0.27 m) of dark gray shaly low value in sample LA-03-CB3-8 (0.22 %) is claystone. Underlying this parting is 2 ft (0.61 m) of significantly suppressed relative to the other samples coal divided into two bench samples which are in turn (Table 2). Due to high mineral matter content, underlain by 1.4 ft (0.43 m) of dark gray carbonaceous huminite was relatively difficult to find in this sample. shale. The base of coal zone 4 consists of another 2 ft For this reason, and because there was enough (0.61 m) coal thickness divided into two bench sample to prepare only one mount, 21 determinations samples. Underlying coal zone 4 is dark gray rooted of R max were made, rather than the preferred number siltstone. The overlying 3.1 ft (0.94 m) of core was of 100 (ASTM, 2002). Despite the low number of lost during retrieval. measurements, standard deviation (± 0.05 %) in the measured value of 0.22 % is similar to the standard Methodology deviation in the measurement of R max for other For petrographic analyses, samples were ground samples. Suppression of Rmax by bitumen to pass -16 mesh, cast in epoxy, and polished impregnation is unlikely as this sample contains only following the procedures outlined in Pontolillo and 1 vol.% total liptinite. The anomalously low value Stanton (1994). Two sample mounts were made from may be influenced by high mineral matter content (55 2 vol.%). Excluding this sample, Rmax varies across the the liptinite group, ranging in concentration from <1­ range 0.29-0.39 %. Typical values of standard 10 vol.%. The structured liptinite maceral suberinite deviation are on the order of ± 0.04 %. Reflectance is (cork) is absent in all of the coal samples. invariant with respect to depth (r2=0.08). Absence of suberinite and relatively infrequent occurrence of textinite is inferred to indicate an Organic Petrography of Wilcox Samples overall low degree of preservation of plant tissue in The Wilcox coal samples are dominated by all of the coal beds. Dominance of ulminite over huminite group macerals (fig.
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