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The Environmental Effects of Coal Fires

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The Environmental Effects of Coal Fires University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences Earth and Environmental Sciences 2015 The Environmental Effects of Coal Fires Trent Garrison University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Garrison, Trent, "The Environmental Effects of Coal Fires" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences. 31. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/31 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Environmental Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Trent Garrison, Student Dr. James Hower, Major Professor Dr. Alan Fryar (acting, until Dr. Ed Woolery returns), Director of Graduate Studies TITLE PAGE THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF COAL FIRES ________________________ DISSERTATION ________________________ By Trent Garrison Director: Dr. James Hower University of Kentucky Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lexington, Ky. Copyright © Trent Garrison 2015 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF COAL MINE FIRES There are thousands of subterranean coal fires in the world that, because of incomplete combustion, emit a wide variety of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds to the atmosphere, water, and soil at concentrations that could pose health risks to humans and wildlife. The main goals of this study were to (1) review methods that are used to characterize physical and chemical characteristics of coal-fire sites, (2) determine relationships between gas emissions and physical and chemical characteristics of coal-fire sites, using a combination of regression and multivariate statistical methods, and (3) determine the concentrations of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in water and soil at two coal-fire sites in eastern Kentucky. More specifically: The objective of Chapter 1 was to review past works and list technologies used over time. Eight years of coal-fire collection technologies were reviewed. A variety of methods and technologies were identified. Qualitative and quantitative preferences were noted. The objective of Chapter 2 was to identify and list uncontrolled coal-fire variables. These variables include complete/incomplete combustion; fire temperature and size; distance to fire; relative humidity and moisture in the system; geology, geochemistry, and age of coal; condition of the mine, sampling time of day; sampling equipment differences; and human error. A secondary objective of this chapter was to determine which coal-fire gases have strong relationships by using the principal component analysis (PCA) software JMP. The strongest relationship was between CO and H2S. Temperature and CH4 were also important. This indicates that incomplete combustion and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation are likely occurring, setting the stage for Chapter 3. The objective of Chapter 3 was to identify and define the extent of soil and water hydrocarbon contamination at the Truman Shepherd and Lotts Creek coal fires in eastern Kentucky. No groundwater contamination was detected at either location. Soil contamination was found at both, but was much higher at Lotts Creek, potentially because of sorption onto soil organic matter (which is reduced at Truman Shepherd by an excavation attempt) and other physicochemical mechanisms. Soil contamination was localized to relatively small areas around coal-fire vents. Based on the results, future studies should consider: Attempting to duplicate these results in other geologic regions Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from coal fires to consider their contribution to climate change. Coal-fired power plants are regulated, but coal fires, which produce many more harmful gases, are not Determining the feasibility of an oxygen-injection system to engender more complete combustion, therefore possibly reducing harmful gases Determining the feasibility of electricity production from coal fires Adopting a consistent federal coal-fire policy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to sincerely thank my advisor, Dr. James Hower. This dissertation would not have been possible without his patience and support. My motivation to return to school to pursue my Ph.D. likely would not have happened if I had not worked in Dr. Hower’s laboratory. I appreciate all he has done for me, as well as for providing employment in times of need. I would also like to thank the other committee members for their patience, support, and encouragement: Dr. Alan Fryar, Dr. Cortland Eble, Dr. Stephen Greb, Dr. Elisa D’Angelo, and Dr. Gail Brion. In addition, thanks to my wife, Catherine Garrison, who made many trips with me to the coal fields of eastern Kentucky to collect samples. Her support and suggestions are also much appreciated. My mother, Regena Plant, and my late grandmother, Grace Howard, always supported my pursuit of higher education. This dissertation is largely dedicated to them for their encouragement and help through my long college career. Without the help of my friend and colleague, Bill Brab, I would not have known about ESC Laboratories. They were unbelievably helpful in analyzing constituents. Dr. Arnold Stromberg and Josh Lambert, in the Applied Statistics Laboratory, were extremely helpful in assisting with PCA interpretation and software. Kevin Henke and Michelle Johnston also contributed to data collection and analysis. Many thanks to all who helped contribute to this document. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION ................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... viii 1. Chapter 1 - Evolution of Coal-Fire Sampling Methodology ...................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Locations and Geology.......................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Objectives and Discussion .................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Short-Term Techniques ......................................................................................................... 2 1.4.1 Gas Temperature and Velocity Measurements .............................................................. 2 1.4.2 Gas Collection and Composition Measurements ........................................................... 3 1.4.3 Mercury Measurements ................................................................................................. 3 1.4.4 Volatile Organic Compound Measurements .................................................................. 4 1.4.5 Gas Velocity Measurements .......................................................................................... 4 1.4.6 Tar Characterization....................................................................................................... 5 1.4.7 Mineral Sampling and Analysis ..................................................................................... 8 1.5
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