SANSKRIT READER COURSE
© Heiko Kretschmer 2012
Indian Library Potsdam Lindenstrasse 8, 14467 Potsdam, Germany www.vedischer-kulturverein.de
Also available: SANSKRIT READER — A Course in Hinduism based on the SANSKRIT READER COURSE FALL OF INDIA — What happened to Bharata ? SHRI YANTRA — A Simple Way to Draw the Shri Yantra
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Contents
1. Technicalities ...... 3
2. Alphabet ...... 10
3. Writing part 1-21 ...... 14
4. Declension ...... 55
5. Chandas (verse meter) ...... 90
6. Sandhi (junctions) part 1-6 ...... 154
7. Alphabetical Word Order ...... 226
8. Dhtus (word roots) ...... 243
9. Kdanta (derivation) part 1-8 ...... 266
10. Taddhita (second. derivation) part 1-8 . . . . . 365
11. Samsa (compounds) part 1-3 ...... 462
12. Conjugation ...... 563
13. Dhtu List ...... 620
14. Suffixes ...... 646
15. Word List G…t ...... 647
16. Word List Conversation ...... 762
17. Summary Grammar ...... 771
18. Tables ...... 776
1. Sanskrit — Technicalities
Abbreviations m. ... masculine gender f. ... feminine gender n. ... neuter gender caus. ... causative opt. ... optional form pass. ... passive voice √ ... verbal root (dhtu)
We are using the grammatical terminology according to the famous Harinmmta-vykaraŠam by J…va Gosvm…, a 16th century saint and scholar: acyuta (PŠini: la˜) — the present tense: ‘he does’ (Table 2) ajita (l‰) — conditional, cause and effect: ‘if ... then’ (Table 2) adhokaja (li˜) — perfect, a past tense (not witnessed): ‘he did’ (Table 2) anvaya — ‘succession’, syntax, the regular word order in a Sanskrit sentence avyaya — ‘unchangeable’, an indeclinable word ra (from i) — license ‘of a sage’ uttama-purua — ‘last person’, our ‘first person’: ‘I, we two, we all’ o˜hya — ‘with the lips (o˜ha)’, labial kaŠ˜hya — ‘in the throat (kaŠ˜ha)’, guttural kalki (l˜) — the general future tense: ‘he will do’ (Table 2) kmapla (…r-li‰) — benedictive, blessing: ‘let it be done’(Table 2) kdanta — ‘ending with a kt [affix]’, primary derivation of words from dhtus (word roots) kŠanma — a group of words, mainly pronouns caturth… — ‘fourth’ case, dative, for the beneficiary or purpose (Table 1) taddhita (tad-hita) — ‘good for that’, secondary derivation of words from other words tlavya — ‘at the palate (tlu)’, palatal tt…y — ‘third’ case, instrumental, for the instrument (Table 1) dvit…ya — ‘second’ case, accusative, for the object (Table 1) nma — all words other than verbs nma-dhtu — a secondary dhtu derived from a nma dantya — ‘at the teeth (danta)’, dental pañcam… — ‘fifth’ case, ablative, for the source or cause (Table 1) prathama-purua — ‘first person’, our ‘third person’: ‘he, they two, they all’ pratham — ‘first’ case, nominative, for the subject (Table 1) blakalki (lu˜) — periphrastic, a future tense (not the same day): ‘he will do’ (Table 2) bh™tea (lu‰) — aorist, the general past tense: ‘he did’ (Table 2) bh™tevara (la‰) — imperfect, a past tense (not the same day): ‘he did’ (Table 2) madhyama-purua — ‘middle person’, our ‘second person’: ‘you, you two, you all’ m™rdhanya — ‘at the roof (m™rdh)’, cerebral or retroflex loka-pramŠa — ‘that which is established by usage’ vidht (lo˜) — imperative, order or blessing: ‘he must do’ (Table 2) vidhi (vidhi-li‰) — potential, rule or possibility: ‘he should do’ (Table 2) a˜h… — ‘sixth’ case, genitive, for a relationship (Table 1) sati-saptam… — locative absolute: ‘when...’ sandhi — junction saptam… — ‘seventh’ case, locative, for the location in place or time (Table 1) sambodhana — ‘addressing’, vocative, the eighth case (Table 1)
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Table 1 — The number code for the declension case sing. dual plural (1) pratham 〈1.1〉 〈1.2〉 〈1.3〉 subject (2) dvit…y 〈2.1〉 〈2.2〉 〈2.3〉 object: ‘to ...’ (3) tt…y 〈3.1〉 〈3.2〉 〈3.3〉 instrument: ‘with ...’ (4) caturth… 〈4.1〉 〈4.2〉 〈4.3〉 beneficiary or purpose: ‘for ...’ (5) pañcam… 〈5.1〉 〈5.2〉 〈5.3〉 source or cause: ‘from ...’ (6) a˜h… 〈6.1〉 〈6.2〉 〈6.3〉 relationship: ‘of ...’ (7) saptam… 〈7.1〉 〈7.2〉 〈7.3〉 place or time: ‘in ...’ (8) sambodhana 〈8.1〉 〈8.2〉 〈8.3〉 addressing: ‘O ...’
Table 2 — The ten tenses and moods (1) acyuta present tense: ‘he does’ (2) vidhi rule or possibility: ‘he should do’ (3) vidht order or blessing: ‘he must do’ (4) bh™tevara past tense (not same day): ‘he did’ (5) bh™tea past tense: ‘he did’ (6) adhokaja past tense (not witnessed): ‘he did’ (7) kmapla blessing: ‘let it be done’ (8) blakalki future tense (not same day): ‘he will do’ (9) kalki future tense: ‘he will do’ (10) ajita cause and effect: ‘if ... then’
Translations
841 AJaraMarvTPa[ajae ivÛaMaQa| c icNTaYaeTa( ) Ga*hqTa wv ke==Xaezu Ma*TYauNaa DaMaRMaacreTa( )) 2 a-jarmaravat prjño vidym arthaˆ ca cintayet, gh…ta iva keeu mtyun dharmam caret 3 ivÛaMa( AQaRMa( c vidym artham ca — “For [the gain of] education (vidy) and wealth (artha)4 Pa[aj" prjñaƒ — an intelligent person AJar–AMarvTa( icNTaYaeTa( ajara-amaravat cintayet — should feel as if free from old age and death. Ma*TYauNaa ke==Xaezu Ga*hqTa" wv mtyun keeu gh…taƒ iva — [But] as if caught in the hairs (kea) by death (mtyu)5 DaMaRMa( AacreTa( dharmam caret — he should do virtue (dharma).”
1Each verse has a number assigned to it, under which you will find the respective verse in our SANSKRIT READER . 2Verse in Devangar… 3Transliteration — We have divided all words, which might be joined in Devangar… due to a method of writing ligatures. 4Anvaya — Making an anvaya means to put the words in their regular prose order (anvaya) of agent (kart), object (karma) and verb (kriy). We tried to make only a minimum of changes in the original word order and have divided the anvaya into easily comprehensible short phrases. 5Brackets — In brackets we have given the undeclined form of the word, as you can find it in a dictionary. In square brackets you will find words that are not part of the original text, but that help you to understand the context of the verse.
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Suffixes ati. — very, beyond adhi. — over, more anu. — after, along apa. — (opp. to upa.:) away, bad abhi. — near to, intense ava. — under, away . — ‘near’, gives opposite sense to verbs of motion ud. — up, out, from upa. — (opp. to apa.:) near, under dur. — (opp. to su.:) difficult, bad ni. — down, below nir. — away, without pari. — round, fully pra. — very much, before prati. — towards, back again vi. — (opp. to sam.:) apart, reverse sam. — opp. to vi.:) together with, full su. — (opp. to dur.:) well, very .[p] — in taddhita, to make feminine nouns; as in padma >>> padm .…[p] — in taddhita, to make feminine nouns; as in gopa >>> gop… .[k]ta — in kdanta; as in k.ta (done) .[k]tavat[u] — in kdanta; as in k.tavat[u] (‘he who has done’) .[k]tv — in kdanta; as in k.tv ([after] doing, having done) .cana — particle that makes interrogatives indefinit; as in kiñ.cana (something) .cid — particle that makes interrogatives indefinit; as in kiñ.cid (something) .tama — in taddhita, forming superlative; as in guhya.tama (most guhya) .tara — in taddhita, forming comparative; as in guhya.tara (more guhya) .tavya — in kdanta; as in kar.tavya (‘to be done’, duty) .tas[i] — in taddhita, forming avyayas interpreted as pañcam…; as in mat.taƒ (from me) .t[p] — in taddhita, forming abstract nouns; as in sama.t (sameness) .tum[u] — in kdanta, forming the infinitive: ‘to do’ .t[n] — in kdanta, forming agent nouns; kar.t (doer) .tra — in taddhita, forming avyayas indicating place; as in sarva.tra (everywhere) .tva — in taddhita, forming abstract nouns; as in sama.tva (sameness) .mat[u] — in taddhita; as in r….mat[u] (having r…) .maya — in taddhita; as in ma‰gala.maya (‘full of auspiciousness’) .ya — in kdanta; as in kr.ya (‘which is to be done’, duty) .ya[p] — in kdanta; niyam.ya ([after] restraining) .vat[i] — in taddhita; as in daŠa.vat[i] (like a rod) .vat[u] — in taddhita, derived from mat[u]; as in bhaga.vat[u] (having bhaga) .[]at[] — in kdanta; as in kurvat[] — ‘[while] doing’ .[]na — in kdanta; as in kur.vŠa — ‘[while] doing’
Hinduism — Invocation
1 sampti-kmo ma‰galam caret “One who desires accomplishment (sampti) [of anything] should [first] invoke auspiciousness (ma‰gala).” 2 ma‰galam i˜a-devat-namaskraƒ “Ma‰galcaraŠa (ma‰galam) [means] obeisance (namaskra) to one’s worshipable (i˜a) Lord (devat).” 3 guruˆ vidyˆ hariˆ prcya purŠdi likhen naraƒ “[After] having [first] worshipped the teacher (guru), learning (vidy) and the Lord (Hari), a man (nara) should copy (‘write’) [literature] like the PurŠas.” 4 hariƒ om “The Lord (Hari) [is addressed with] om.” 5 satyam eva jayate “[The Absolute] Truth (satya) alone he (the yog…) attains (‘conquers’).” 6 vakra-tuŠa mah-kya s™rya-ko˜i-sama-prabha, nirvighnaˆ kuru me deva ubha-kryeu sarvad “O lord (deva) [GaŠea], with a curved trunk (tuŠa), with a great body (kya), and with an effulgence (prabh) equal to millions (ko˜i) of suns (s™rya)! In auspicious (ubha) activities (krya) make me always (sarvad) free from obstacles!” 7 mano-javaˆ mruta-tulya-vegaˆ jitendriyaˆ buddhimatˆ vari˜am vttma-jaˆ vnara-y™tha-mukhyaˆ r…-rma-d™taˆ araŠaˆ prapadye “Who is swift like the mind (manas), equal (tulya) to the wind in force (vega), sense-controlled, best (vari˜a) of the intelligent, son of the wind (vta), and chief of the host of monkeys (vnara) — of that ®r… Rma’s messenger (d™ta) [Hanumn] I take shelter.” 8 namaƒ savitre s™ryya bhskarya vivasvate, dityydi-bh™tya devd…nˆ namo namaƒ “To [the Sun known as] Savitr…, S™rya, Bhskara, Vivasvn and šditya [my] obeisance. To [that] foremost (di-bh™ta) among gods (deva) and others [my] repeated obeisance (namas).” 9 y dev… sarva-bh™teu vidy-r™peŠa saˆsthit, namas tasyai namas tasyai namas tasyai namo namaƒ “The goddess (dev…) [Sarasvat…] who is situated in all beings (bh™ta) as their knowledge (vidy), to her my obeisance (namas), to her my obeisance, to her my obeisance, my repeated obeisance.” 10 sarva-ma‰gala-ma‰galye ive sarvrtha-sdhike, araŠye tryambake gauri nryaŠi namo ’stu te “O [most] auspicious one (ma‰galy) of all what is auspicious (ma‰gala), O bestower (sdhik) of all wealth (artha), O shelter (araŠy), O [consort of ®iva, known as] ®iv, Tryambak, Gaur…, NryaŠ… ! My obeisance to You [Durg]!” 11 padmsane sthite devi para-brahma-svar™piŠi, sarva-duƒkha-hare devi mah-lakmi namo ’stu te “O goddess (dev…) who is situated on a lotus (padma) seat (sana), O embodiment (svar™piŠ…) of the Supreme Absolute (brahman), O goddess (dev…) Mah-Lakm…, remover (har) of all suffering (duƒkha)! [My] obeisance (namas) to You!” 12 namaƒ ivya gurave sac-cid-nanda-m™rtaye, niprapañcya ntya nirlambya tejase 8 SANSKRIT READER COURSE
“To the teacher (guru) [of the world], the embodiment (m™rti) of eternity (sat), knowledge (cit) and bliss (nanda), who is unmanifest (niprapañca) and peaceful (nta), independent and effulgent — to [that Lord] ®iva my obeisance.” 13 m™kaˆ karoti vclaˆ pa‰guˆ la‰ghayate girim, yat-kp tam ahaˆ vande paramnanda-mdhavam “Whose mercy (kp) makes a dumb man (m™ka) eloquent, and a lame man (pa‰gu) crossing a mountain (giri), that transcendentally blissful Lord (Mdhava) I praise.” 14 dakiŠe lakmaŠo yasya vme ca janaktma-j, purato mrutir yasya taˆ vande raghu-nandanam “On whose right side is LakmaŠa, on whose left side is [S…t,] the daughter of [King] Janaka, and in whose front is Hanumn (Mruti), I praise that Rma, beloved of the Raghus.” 15 kyena vc manasendriyair v buddhytman v prakteƒ sva-bhvt karomi yad yat sakalaˆ parasmai nryaŠyeti samarpaymi “According to my nature (prakti) whatever I do with body (kya), words (vc), mind (manas), senses (indriya), intelligence (buddhi) and soul (tman), saying nryaŠya (‘this is for the Lord’), I dedicate [everything] to Him.” 16 om, a-sato m sad gamaya, tamaso m jyotir gamaya, mtyor m amtaˆ gamaya, oˆ ntiƒ ntiƒ ntiƒ “[O Lord!] From illusion (a-sat) lead me (m) to reality (sat), from darkness (tamas) lead me to light (jyotis), from death (mtyu) lead me to eternity (amta). Peace, peace, peace!” 17 adhikr… ca sambandho viaya ca prayojanam, avayam eva vaktavyaˆ strdau tu catu˜ayam — “(1) Who the qualified student (adhikrin) [of the book] is, (2) its context (sambandha), (3) the topic (viaya) and (4) the goal (prayojana) — [this] fourfold [intention] it is inevitably (avayam) to be stated in the beginning (di) of a book (stra).” 18 ananta-straˆ bahul ca vidyƒ svalpa ca klo bahu-vighnat ca yat sra-bh™taˆ tad upsan…yaˆ haˆso yath k…ram ivmbu-madhyt “Scriptures (stra) are unlimited, sciences (vidy) are many, time (kla) is very short (svalpa), and there are many obstacles (vighna). [Therefore,] that which is essential (sra) that is to be attended, as a swan (haˆsa) [draws] milk (k…ra).” 19 prtar dy™ta-prasa‰gena madhyhne str…-prasa‰gataƒ, rtrau caura-prasa‰gena klo gacchati dh…matm “In the morning by indulgence (prasa‰ga) in gambling (dy™ta), at noon by indulgence in women (str…), and at night (rtri) by indulgence in theft (caura) — [thus] the time (kla) of the wise is spent (‘goes’).” 20 om, sa ha nv avatu, sa ha nau bhunaktu, saha v…ryaˆ karavvahai, tejasvi nv adh…tam astu m vidvivahai, oˆ ntiƒ ntiƒ ntiƒ “May He (the Lord) protect (avatu) us both (nau), may He nourish (bhunaktu) us both [intellectually], may we both work vigoriously, may our study (adh…ta) be brilliant, and may we not (m) quarrel! Peace, peace, peace!” 21 tri-varaˆ satyam “[Which is said] three times [comes] true.” 22 vidyrth… prpnuyd vidyˆ dhana-kmo dhanaˆ tath, yu-kmas tathaivyuƒ r…-kmo mahat…ˆ riyam “One desiring learning (vidy) shall attain learning, one desiring wealth (dhana) [shall attain] wealth, one desiring longevity (yus) [shall attain] longevity, and one desiring opulence (r…) [shall attain] great opulence.” 23 sarve bhavantu sukhinaƒ sarve santu nirmayƒ, sarve bhadrŠi payantu m kacid duƒkha-bhg bhavet durjanaƒ saj-jano bh™yt saj-jano ntim pnuyt, nto mucyeta bandhebhyo mukta cnyn vimocayet [email protected] 9
“May all (sarva) be happy (sukhin), may all be free from disease (nir.maya), may all see fortunes (bhadra), and may no one become distressed. May an evil person (dur.jana) become a saintly person (sat- jana), may a saintly person attain peace (nti), may someone who is peaceful become free from bondages, and may someone who is [thus] liberated (mukta) deliver others (anya)!” 24 svasti prajbhyaƒ pariplayantˆ nyyena mrgeŠa mah…ˆ mah…ƒ, go-brhmaŠebhyaƒ ubham astu nityaˆ lokƒ samastƒ sukhino bhavantu — “For all creatures (praj) [shall be] fortune (svasti, su.asti — ‘well-being’), the rulers shall perfectly protect the earth (mah…) by the proper course (mrga), for the cows (go) and intelligent men (brhmaŠa) shall always be fortune, all worlds / people (loka) shall be happy!” 25 oˆkra-m™la-mantrdhyaƒ punar-janma-dhayaƒ, go-bhakto bhrata-gurur hindur hiˆsana-d™akaƒ “Whose meditation is on om (om-kra) as primeval (m™la) mantra, whose firm (dha) belief is in rebirth (punar-janma), who adores the cow (go), whose teacher (guru) is the [scripture] Mahbhrata (bhrata), and who criticizes violence (hiˆsana), he is a Hindu.” (‘Hindu’ is not Sanskrit, but an ancient Persian word for a resident of India. It may have been derived from the river Sindhu (Indus), or indu (moon). This verse is supposed to be found in a book called Mdhava-dig-vijaya.)
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2. Sanskrit — Alphabet vowels (svara): A a Aa
w i wR … o u O ™ ‰ Š ‹ † ? †
W e We ai Aae o AaE au The vowels ‹ † and ? † are practically not used.
Next in the alphabet, after the vowels, are two signs: anusvra ˆ — ‘after-sound’, the nasalization of the preceding vowel, in Devangar… marked by a dot above the line, and visarga ƒ — ‘sent forth’, an echo marked by a colon. We will study these signs in the lesson on pronunciation. & ˆ " ƒ consonants (vyañjana): k== ka % kha Ga ga ga gha x== ‰a
c ca ^ cha Ja ja ‡ jha Ha ña
$= ˜a #= ˜ha @ a ! ha Ta ta Qa tha d da Da dha Na na Pa pa f== pha b ba >a bha Ma ma Ya ya r ra l la v va Xa a z a Sa sa h ha Since consonants require a vowel for pronunciation, the a is used for all the consonants by default, unless noted otherwise — ka, kha, ga, gha, and so on. Among the consonants, the first twenty-five, from ka to ma, are full-contact consonants (spara), involving the complete stoppage of the path of air. The letters ya, ra, la and va are semivowels (antaƒstha), with only little contact; and a, a, sa and ha are sibilants. The full-contact consonants (spara) are further divided into five groups (vargas), named after the first member of each group: ka-varga ka kha ga gha ‰a ca-varga ca cha ja jha ña ˜a-varga ˜a ˜ha a ha Ša ta-varga ta tha da dha na pa-varga pa pha ba bha ma In poetry, pa-varga represents the materialistic way of life — parirama (hard work); phena (foam, indicating exhaustion, because foam comes from the mouth of an exhausted animal); bandha (bondage); bhaya (fear); and ultimately mtyu (death). Therefore, the path of liberation is called a-pavarga — ‘not pavarga’. [email protected] 11 Places of pronunciation: vowels consonants (1) guttural A a Aa k== ka % kha Ga ga ga gha x== ‰a h ha (2) palatal w i wR … c ca ^ cha Ja ja ‡ jha Ha ña Ya ya Xa a (3) cerebral ‰ Š $= ˜a #= ˜ha @ a ! ha (4) dental Ta ta Qa tha d da Da dha Na na l la Sa sa (5) labial o u O ™ Pa pa f== pha b ba >a bha Ma ma (1) kaŠ˜hya — ‘in the throat (kaŠ˜ha)’, guttural For a (as in ‘mother’), (as in ‘father’) and ha the tongue remains relaxed at the bottom of the mouth. For the consonants from ka to the nasal ‰a (as in ‘long’) the back of tongue raises to block and release the air. (2) tlavya — ‘at the palate (tlu)’, palatal For the vowels of this group (i and …) the tongue approaches the palate, without touching it. Put the tongue in the position to pronounce i, which means you have to smile ☺, and say i (as in ‘kiss’) and … (as in ‘peace’). For pronouncing ya and a, please keep the tongue in this position, i.e., keep smiling ☺, and say yaa (fame), iva (auspicious), …a (lord). For the other palatals (ca, cha, ja, jha, ña) keep the tongue in the same place. But now, the tongue makes full contact with the palate. (3) m™rdhanya — ‘at the roof (m™rdh)’, cerebral or retroflex Except for ra, all the cerebrals are transliterated with a dot below. You may imagine this dot to be the tip of the tongue which bents upwards, touching the palate. Therefore these letters are also called retroflex. Please be more serious . For the vowels of this group ( and ) the tongue does not touch the roof. For the consonants the tongue touches the roof of the mouth. Say: ˜a, kaŠ˜ha (throat), koŠa (corner), pŠava (Arjuna) (4) dantya — ‘at the teeth (danta)’, dental The tip of the tongue touches slightly the root and back of the upper teeth. (5) o˜hya — ‘with the lips (o˜ha)’, labial For all letters of this group the tongue is completely passive. The vowels of this group (u an ™) are pronounced with a projection of the lips. For the consonants put the lips together and let them spring slightly apart. The pha is pronounced as in ‘shepherd’. The remaining letters are pronounced as follows: The place of articulation of e and ai is simultaneously the throat and palate. W e We ai E as in ‘day’ and ai as in ‘aisle’. The vowels o and au are prounounced with the modulation of the throat and the lips. Aae o AaE au O as in ‘go’ and au as in ‘cow’ 12 SANSKRIT READER COURSE v va The consonant va is pronounced by a slight contact of the upper teeth with the lower lip. Finally here are two signs that influence the pronuncation of a preceding vowel: ==&== The place of articulation of the pure nasal anusvra (transliterated as ˆ) is said to be the head and ˆ the nose. There is neither a contact between the lips, nor an activity of the tongue. It is thus differentiated from a normal ‘m’ in that it is produced through the nose alone, and not by a combination of lips and nose. And it is differentiated from the other nasals — the guttural ‰a, palatal ña, cerebral Ša and dental na — because it is articulated without intervention of the tongue. "=== Visarga (ƒ) is a sound similar to ha, but unvoiced/hard. It is followed by a short echo of the ƒ preceding vowel. Thus for manaƒ say ‘manaha’, for agniƒ say ‘agnihi’ and for bandhuƒ say ‘bandhuhu’. When the ending is -aiƒ, only ‘i’ is repeated and in auƒ only ‘u’ is repeated: for kmaiƒ say ‘kmaihi’ and for gauƒ say ‘gauhu’. If the visarga ƒ is followed by another consonant, it is heard only as a scratching guttural sound, as in ‘Loch Ness’. This occurs when ƒ is inside a word, a compound word, a sentence, or a line of a verse: duƒkha (misery), manaƒ-prasda (satisfaction of the mind). Further notes: (1) The first vowels are listed in pairs (a-, i-…... ). In each pair the first vowel is short (hrasva) and the second is exactly twice as long (d…rgha): a as in mother and as in father. (2) Among the consonants there are so-called aspirates. They are pronounced while exhaling markedly. This is denoted by adding an ‘h’ to the consonant, as in kha. The difference between kha and ka is, that kha requires more exhalation than ka, otherwise they are the same sounds. Compare for example karma (activity) and sukha (happiness), tapas (austerity) and patha (path; note that the Sanskrit th is not the English th of ‘path’, but that it is a t with much exhalation). Do also not confuse the transliteration h (in kha, tha, ...) with the letter h ha. (3) Mark the difference in pronunciation between the three sibilants which we have learned — the palatal a ☺, the cerebral a , and the dental sa. As in iva ☺, viŠu , sev (service), and …rsana (headstand) — …r ☺ sana). [email protected] 13 Hinduism — Wisdom 26 pthivyˆ tr…Ši ratnni jalam annaˆ subhitam “On earth (pthiv…) there are three (tri) jewels (ratna) — water (jala), food (anna) and a saying (subhita — ‘spoken well’, witty saying).” 27 naratvaˆ durlabhaˆ loke vidy tatra sudurlabh, kavitvaˆ durlabhaˆ tatra aktis tatra ca durlabh “In [this] world (loka) [birth as] a human (nara.tva) is rare [i.e., a prerogative], in it (human life) education (vidy) is very rare (su.durlabha), in it (education) poetic skill (kavi.tva) is rare, and in it (poetic skill) genius (akti — ‘ability’) is even more rare.” 28 gandhena gvaƒ payanti vedaiƒ payanti brhmaŠƒ craiƒ payanti rjna cakurbhym itare janƒ “Cows (go) see through smell (gandha), the intelligent (brhmaŠa) see through knowledge (veda), kings (rjan) see through scouts (cra), and ordinary (itara — ‘other’) people (jana) through the two eyes (cakus).” 29 dhty inodaraˆ raket pŠi-pdaˆ ca caku, cakuƒ-rotre ca manas mano vcaˆ ca vidyay “Genital (ina) and stomach (udara) one should protect with one’s determination (dhti), hands (pŠi) and feet (pda) with the eye (cakus), eyes and ears (rotra) with the mind (manas), and mind and words (vc) with wisdom (vidy).” 30 d˜i-p™taˆ nyaset pdaˆ vastra-p™taˆ jalaˆ pibet, satya-p™taˆ vaded vkyaˆ manaƒ-p™taˆ samcaret “One should put (‘cast’) his step (pda) [only] when ‘purified’ (p™ta) by sight (d˜i) (i.e., being careful not to step on any creature), one should drink water (jala) filtered (‘purified’) with [a piece of] cloth (vastra), one should speak words (vkya) ‘purified’ by truth (satya), and one should inact what is approved (‘purified’) by the mind (manas).” 31 cira-krika bhadraˆ te bhadraˆ te cira-krika, cira-kr… hi medhv… npardhyati karmasu “O you, who thinks long before acting (cira-krika — ‘who works a long time (cira)’), blessing (bhadra) to you! O you, who thinks long before acting, blessing to you! One who thinks long before he acts is truly wise (medhvin) [because] he never offends (apardhyati) in his activities (karman).” 32 a-mantram akaraˆ nsti nsti m™lam an-auadham, a-yogyaƒ puruo nsti yojakas tatra durlabhaƒ “There is no letter (akara) without meaning (mantra — ‘advice’), there is no root (m™la) without medicinal value (auadha), there is no person (purua) without ability, [but] rare is the one who can use them.” 33 vid apy amtaˆ grhyaˆ bld api subhitam, a-mitrd api sad-vttam a-medhyd api kñcanam “Even from poison (via) nectar (amta) is to be taken, even from a child (bla) good advice (subhita), even from an enemy (a-mitra) [a lesson in] good conduct (sat-vtta), and even from something impure (a-medhya) gold (kñcana).” 34 re˜ho hi paŠitaƒ atrur na ca mitram a-paŠitaƒ “Better [to have] a learned (paŠita) enemy (atru) (... to learn from him), and not an ignorant (a- paŠita) friend (mitra).” 35 sarvatra brhmaŠƒ santi santi sarvatra katriyƒ, vaiyƒ ™drs tath karŠa striyaƒ sdhvya ca suvratƒ “O KarŠa! In every country (sarvatra — ‘everywhere’) there are intelligent men (brhmaŠa), everywhere there are [good] rulers (katriya), [good] businessmen (vaiya), workers (™dra), and saintly (sdhv…) women (str…) of good vows (su.vrata).” 14 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 3. Sanskrit — Writing 1 Whenever a new letter is introduced, you will see its place in the alphabet on the right hand side. Make sure that you also remember those letters from previous lectures, which you will find in the alphabet as well. At the end of each lesson you will find a list of Sanskrit words. They only contain letters that you have learned already. Practicing to read these words will speed up your learning process tremendiously. You can check your pronunciation by reading the transliteration next to it. The first vowels are a (as in ‘mother’) and (as in ‘father’). Please practice writing the letters and use the dotted line as a guide where to place the uppermost horizontal line of each letter. Thus the letter will be b e l o w the line: Alphabet ...... A Aa A ...... Aa The first consonant we will learn is ma: Ma ...... Ma and our first word is mama (my): MaMa ...... The upper horizontal line is written at the end over both letters at once, and not over each letter separately. Since every consonant is already pronounced with an inherent a, the letter A a is only written at the beginning of a word: a-mama — ‘without [a sense of] my’, without egotism...... AMaMaa-mama — no ego For long , a vertical line is added to a consonant: ...... Maam — mother Reading exercise: A a AMa ama AaMa ma AMaa am AaMaa m MaMaa mam MaaMaa mm AaMaMa mama AMaaMa amma AMaMaa amam 36 Aacar–AaYaRTv–NYaaYa"===) cra-ryatva-nyyaƒ “The proverb (nyya) of good behaviour (cra) and being a gentleman (rya).” [email protected] 15 Devangar… has no hyphens, but we are using them sometimes to show the compounds of a word. The vertical line ‘=)=’ at the end indicates the full stop. 16 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 2 The next letters: A Aa ...... Na k== ...... k== Cutting the inherent a with a ‘plough’, so that ma becomes m: Ma( ...... Na m Ma A vowel may be followed by a nasalization, which is called anusvra (‘aftersound’) and marked with a dot: ...... k&= kaˆ Or it may be followed by an echo, which is called visarga and marked with a colon: ...... k==" kaƒ (in this example kaƒ is thus pronounced ‘kaha’) k==aMa ...... kma — desire k== ka k==a k k==Ma( kam k==aMa( km k==aMaMa( kmam k==aMaaNa( kmn AaNak== naka MaaMak==Ma( mmakam A& aˆ Ma& maˆ Na& naˆ Aa& ˆ Maa& mˆ Naa& nˆ ...... NaMa"namaƒ — salute MaNa" manaƒ (say ‘manaha’) k==aMa" kmaƒ (say ‘kmaha’) MaaMak==a" mmakƒ (say ‘mmakha’) [email protected] 17 Sanskrit — Writing 3 A Aa ...... r k== ...... Sa Ta Na ...... >a >a Ma r Sa Ta ...... ...... raMa rma raMa" rmaƒ Nar nara (man) k==rMa( karam Mak==r" makaraƒ Aak==r" karaƒ AaraMa" rmaƒ Saar ...... sra — essence SaMa sama (same) SaMaaSa samsa (compound) SarSaaMa( sarasm Sa&Saar saˆsra (rebirth) rSaNaMa( rasanam AaSaNa sana (seat) MaaSa msa (month) MaNaSaa manas MaaNaSaa" mnasƒ ...... >ar bhara — load >aaMa bhma >aaSa( bhs >aaSa" bhsaƒ >aak(== bhk Na>a" nabhaƒ Aa>aaSaMa( bhsam ...... >aarTa bhrata Bhrata is the actual name of the country which foreigners call India. 18 SANSKRIT READER COURSE TaTa" tataƒ (then) TaTaMa( tatam TaMa" tamaƒ (darkness) TaMaSaa tamas TaaTa tta MaTa" mataƒ rTa rata rTaa" ratƒ SaTa( sat (real, good) SaMaTaa samat SaTaTaMa( satatam SaNaaTaNa santana (eternal) ATa" ataƒ k==TarTa( katarat rÂu–SaPaR–NYa37 aYa"===) rajju-sarpa-nyyaƒ “The proverb (nyya) of the rope (rajju) and the snake (sarpa).” [email protected] 19 Sanskrit — Writing 4: Ligatures There are three ways of forming ligatures between consonants: (1) dropping the vertical line of the first component Na na + Ta ta >>> the vertical line of the first letter is dropped N n + Ta ta >>> NTa nta NTa ...... nta Ta ta + Ma ma >>> T t + Ma ma >>> TMa tma TMa ...... tma Sa sa + Ma ma >>> S s + Ma ma >>> SMa sma SMa ...... sma Ma ma + >a bha >>> M m + >a bha >>> M>a mbha M>a ...... mbha ANTa anta (end) ANTa" antaƒ ANTarMa( antaram SaNTa" santaƒ SaMaNTa samanta ANaNTa ananta (endless) AaTMak== tmaka AaTMaNa( tman AaTMaa tm (self, soul) ASMaaTa( asmt k==SMaaTa( kasmt TaSMaaTa( tasmt (therefore) >aSMa bhasma SMarNa( smaran AarM>a" rambhaƒ AM>aSaa ambhas Similarly: TSa tsa MaTSar matsara MNa mna SaaMNaaMa( smnm 20 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 5: Vowel Signs As we saw before, the letter A=a is written only in the beginning of a word, because every consonant is pronounced with an inherent a. When the inherent a is to be replaced by another vowel, the corresponding vowel sign is added. The vowel sign for a long is a vertical line and k== ka becomes k==a=k. vowel A a Aa w i wR … o u O ™ ‰ W e We ai Aae o AaE au vowel sign a i I u U * e E ae aE examples k== ka k==a k ik== ki k==I k… k*== k Ta ta Taa t iTa ti Taq t… Ta* t Na na Naa n iNa ni Naq n… Na* n >a bha >aa bh i>a bhi >aq bh… >a* bh Ma ma Maa m iMa mi Maq m… Ma* m r ra ra r ir ri rq r… Short i : ik== ...... Long … : k==I ...... ir ...... ri There is a Sanskrit vowel which is pronounced similar to the syllable ri. But we have to remember that is a vowel and r in ri a consonant (see introduction). In the following example this is in k (say ‘kri’): k*== ...... ik==Ma( ...... kim — what riTa rati SaiTa sati MaiTa" matiƒ TaMaiSa tamasi AiSaTa" asitaƒ NaaiSak==a nsik (nose) SMariTa smarati Ai>aMaaNa abhimna AaTMaiNa tmani AiMaTa amita [email protected] 21 After a ligature: STa sta iSTa sti AiSTa asti (he is) AiSMa asmi (I am) NaqiTa ...... n…ti — policy >aq bh… >aqMa bh…ma AMaq am… >aqTaMa( bh…tam AaSaqTa s…ta AaSaqNa s…na k==aMaq km… ATaqTa" at…taƒ TaaMaSaq tmas… AaSaqNa" s…naƒ AaSaqNaMa( s…nam ANaqk==Ma( an…kam AMa*Ta ...... amta — nectar k*==Ta kta (done) k*==TaaMa( ktm >a*Taa bht Ma*TaMa( mtam SMa*Ta smta SMa*iTa smti >a*Ta( bht >a*TaaMa( bhtm Sa*Taq st… AMa*TaMa( amtam Aak*==iTa kti Sa& saˆ Sk== ska Sk*== sk Sa&Sk*== saˆsk Sa&Sk*==Ta saˆskta (what we spell Sanskrit) Sa&Sk*==Ta ...... saˆskta Rarely the long (say ‘rii’ with long i), written , appears: k›== ...... k 38 AaYauga*RTa–NYaaYa"===) yur-ghta-nyyaƒ “The proverb (nyya) of long life (yur) and ghee (ghta).” 22 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 6 A Aa ...... Ga k== Ga ...... l Ta Qa Na ...... Pa Pa f== >a Ma Ya r l Sa f== ...... Ya ...... Qa ...... ...... GaTa gata — gone GaTaMa( gatam GaiTa gati GaaiMaNaa gmin GaqTaa g…t GaqTaMa( g…tam GaNTaaiSa gantsi iGaraMa( girm raGa rga AaGaTa gata >aaGaMa( bhgam SaaGar" sgaraƒ In ligature: GNa gna iGNa gni AiGNa agni iNariGNa" niragniƒ ...... k==al kla — time k==alMa( klam k==ill kalila k==Mal kamala (lotus) k==ral karla Mal mala la>a lbha (gain) Naql n…la lqla l…l (pastime) AMal amala (pure) ANal" analaƒ MalaNa( maln Maala ml (garland) In ligature: Ll lla MaLl malla (say ‘mal-la’; in double consonants, both letters are pronounced distinctly, as in the Italian ‘bel-lo’, beautiful) Ml mla AMl amla GlaiNa" glniƒ [email protected] 23 ...... Par para — beyond ParMaMa( paramam PaaNa pna Paal pla PaTaiNTa patanti PaiTa" patiƒ iPaTa* pit (father) APar apara APaaNa apna AiPa api k==iPal kapila k*==Paa kp (mercy) TaPa" tapaƒ TaPaaiMa tapmi iliPa lipi In ligature: PTa pta SaPTa sapta Ta*PTa tpta Ta*iá" tptiƒ APSara apsar k==LPa kalpa ALPa alpa (little) ...... f==l phala — fruit Remember that pha is pronounced as in ‘shepherd’: k==f== kapha (not ‘kafa’) f==lMa( phalam f==laiNa phalni ...... MaaYaamy — illusion MaYaq may… AYaNa ayana (path) AYaNaMa( ayanam AYaMa( ayam k==aYaMa( kyam k*==PaYaa kpay GarqYa" gar…yaƒ TaYaa tay NaYaNa nayana (eye) iNaYaTa niyata ParYaa paray In ligature: NYaaYa nyya (logic) k==aMYa kmya ParSYa parasya k*==TYa" ktyaƒ GaMYaMa( gamyam TaSYa tasya TYaaGa tyga (renunciation) iNaTYa nitya (regular) ...... PaQapatha — path AQa atha (now) TaQaa tath (and) ANYaQaa anyath k==QaYa kathaya k==QaYaTa( kathayat PaiQa pathi Pa*Qak(== pthak YaQaa yath rQa ratha (chariot) rQaMa( ratham k==QaMa( katham In ligature: QYa thya iMaQYaa mithy (false) SQaaiNa sthni SQaaPaYa sthpaya iSQaTa sthita iSQar" sthiraƒ ANDa–ParMPara39 –NYaaYa"===) andha-parampar-nyyaƒ “The proverb (nyya) of the succession (parampar) of blind men (andha).” 24 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 7: Vowel Signs ku== ...... kU== ...... Please note the special combinations ru and r™: å ...... æ ...... vowel A a Aa w i wR … o u O ™ ‰ W e We ai Aae o AaE au vowel sign a i I u U * e E ae aE examples k== ka k==a ik== k==I ku== ku kU== k™ k*== Ta ta Taa iTa Taq Tau tu TaU t™ Ta* Na na Naa iNa Naq Nau nu NaU n™ Na* >a bha >aa i>a >aq >au bhu >aU bh™ >a* Ma ma Maa iMa Maq Mau mu MaU m™ Ma* r ra ra ir rq å ru æ r™ ku==l ...... kula — family YauGa yuga (an age) TauLYa tulya PauNa" punaƒ (again) >a*Gau bhgu MaNau manu MauiNa muni (sage) Saul>a sulabha STauiTa stuti (praise) Maurair murri Naku==l nakula AaYau" yuƒ (life) ku==Maar kumra ku==SauMa kusuma TauMaul tumula MaUl ...... m™la — root [email protected] 25 MaUlaiNa m™lni PaUTa p™ta PaUr p™ra >aUTa bh™ta kU==Pa k™pa (well) >aUiMa bh™mi >aUYa" bh™yaƒ >aUTaaNaaMa( bh™tnm SaM>aUTaMa( sambh™tam ASaUYa" as™yaƒ ...... Gauå guru — teacher ku==å kuru MaåTa( marut MaaåTa" mrutaƒ NaMaSku==å namaskuru ...... æPa r™pa — form æPaMa( r™pam ANauæPaa anur™p ku==æNa( kur™n GauæNa( gur™n 40 kU==Pa–Ma<@Uk==–NYaaYa"===) k™pa-maŠ™ka-nyyaƒ “The proverb (nyya) of the frog (maŠ™ka) in the well (k™pa).” 26 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 8 A Aa ...... v rv Mark the difference between the combination rava and the single letter k== :a Ga :a==kha: :a ...... Ta Qa d Na Pa f== b >a Ma b ...... Ya r l v Sa d ...... ...... vNa vana — forest vr vara Tav tava >av bhava vSaUNa( vas™n vYaMa( vayam v*k== vka vaYau vyu (air) vqr v…ra iv>au vibhu >aviTa bhavati >aGavaNa( bhagavn (Lord) >auiv bhuvi Gaiv gavi k==iv kavi MaaNav mnava SaM>av sambhava In ligature: Sv sva SvaMaq svm… (master) SviSTa svasti SvYaMa( svayam TvaMa( tvm TviYa tvayi MaTva matv VYa vya VYaaSa vysa VYaQaa vyath VYaYa vyaya SaVYa savya ...... Mau:a mukha — mouth :aMa( kham Sa:aa sakh Sau:a sukha (happiness) Saui%Na" sukhinaƒ Sau:aq sukh… i:alMa( khilam Mau%aiNa mukhni In ligature: :Ya khya Mau:Ya mukhya ...... bl bala — strength blaTa( balt bTa bata b>aUv babh™va In ligature: Bd bda XaBd abda AMbr ambara AMbu ambu ...... daNa dna — donation [email protected] 27 dMa dama (control) dqPa d…pa (light) dYaa day (mercy) idVYa divya (divine) Aadr dara Aaid di (first) ividTa vidita Naard nrada Pad pada Sa&vad saˆvda Sada sad Tad( tad Tada tad Yaadv ydava Yada yad In ligature: Nd nda MaNdaNa( mandn Sk==Nd" skandaƒ AaNaNd nanda (bliss) With this new letter we can give an examples of visarga, the echo, inside a word. Then it is heard only as a scratching guttural sound, as in Loch Ness. du":a ...... duƒkha — distress Sau:a–du":a sukha-duƒkha (happiness and distress) 41 vaTa–Aaid–NYaaYa"===) vta-di-nyyaƒ “The proverb (nyya) of vta, etc. (the other doas or body types).” 28 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 9: Vowel Signs ke== ...... kE== ...... And a new consonant: h ...... Note that h is not written h* , as we would expect, but: ô ...... vowel A a Aa w i wR … o u O ™ ‰ W e We ai Aae o AaE au vowel sign a i I u U * e E ae aE examples k== ka k==a ik== k==I ku== kU== k*== ke== ke kE== kai Ta ta Taa iTa Taq Tau TaU Ta* Tae te TaE tai Na na Naa iNa Naq Nau NaU Na* Nae ne NaE nai >a bha >aa i>a >aq >au >aU >a* >ae bhe >aE bhai Ma ma Maa iMa Maq Mau MaU Ma* Mae me MaE mai r ra ra ir rq å æ re re rE rai ...... dev deva — god >aave bhve Mau%e mukhe AaSaNae sane ANTae ante ANYae anye bleNa balena daNaeNa dnena dqPaeNa d…pena f==le phale k==ale kle l>aTae labhate MauNae" muneƒ PlveNa plavena rMaTae ramate YaeNa yena ...... dEv daiva — godly [email protected] 29 dEvMa( daivam dEvq daiv… >aavE" bhvaiƒ (say ‘bhvaihi’) vedE" vedaiƒ (say ‘vedaihi’) vENaTaeYa vainateya vEraGYa vairgya k==aMaE" kmaiƒ (say ‘kmaihi’) f==lE" phalaiƒ (say ‘phalaihi’) SaENYaSYa sainyasya AhMa( ...... aham — I Aah ha Aahar hra deh deha Gaeh geha bhu bahu bhv" bahavaƒ Ga*h gha (home) h&Sa haˆsa (swan) hir hari hra har huTaMa( hutam ihTa hita (benefit) Maha mah (great) rhiSa rahasi Sah saha ...... ôd( hd — heart ôdYa hdaya ôid hdi APaôTa apahta Sauôd( suhd (friend) 30 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 10: Ligatures Before another consonant, r is written as a hook on top of that letter: kR== ...... After another consonant, r is written as a small stroke: k]== ...... A special combination with r : Ta ta + r ra >>> Ta] tra >>> }a tra }a ...... k==MaR ...... karma — action AaYaR rya AkR== arka AQaR artha dPaR darpa duGaR durga Ga>aR garbha iNaMaRMa" nirmamaƒ k==aYaR krya PaaQaR prtha PaUvR p™rva SaGaR sarga (creation) SaUYaR s™rya (sun) SavR sarva (all) vqYaR v…rya vTaRTae vartate AhRiTa arhati This r in ligature has to be read before the complete syllable: GaR rga GaeR rge SaGaeR sarge AQaeR arthe k==IiTaR k…rti MaUiTaR m™rti MaUTaeR m™rte SavaRNa( sarvn SaveR>Ya" sarvebhyaƒ SvGYaRMa( svargyam vTMaR vartma duGaaR durg k==TaaR kart >aTaaR bhart AiPaRTa arpita The dot of ˆ becomes part of the preceeding r : GaR rga Ga| rgaˆ SaGa| sargaˆ AQa| arthaˆ AaYa| ryaˆ k==aYa| kryaˆ SaUYa| s™ryaˆ AaPaUYa| p™ryaˆ v]Ta ...... vrata — holy vow v]Taa" vratƒ >a]aTaa bhrt A>a]Ma( abhram AaMa] mra AGa]e agre d]VYa dravya Ga]aMa grma (village) Ga]h graha Ga]qv gr…va Ga]STa grasta iMa]YaTae mriyate k]==Ma krama NaMa] namra Pa]k*==iTa prakti (nature) Pa]MaeYa prameya With a vowel sign: >a] bhra >a]U bhr™ b]Uih br™hi Mark the ligatures d] dra and ó sra (instead of Sa]=): d]VYa dravya ó&SaTae sraˆsate ...... i}a tri — three }aYa traya }aYaq tray… A}a atra (here) GaaYa}aq gyatr… iMa}a mitra (friend) ku==}a kutra Maa}aa mtr MaE}a maitra Nae}a netra (eye) Pa}a patra Paiv}a pavitra (sacred) Pau}a putra (child) rai}a rtri (night) SaU}a s™tra Yaa}aa ytr [email protected] 31 In ligature: N}a ntra MaN}a mantra (advice) MaN}aq mantr… (advisor) YaN}a yantra (instrument) ñq str… This sign for r (as in ó sra) should not be confused with one of the forms of n in ligature (as in ò sna): ó&SaTae sraˆsate but òaNa snna (bath), AaGa]h graha but >aGan bhagna, A}a atra but A‘a anna (=Na na + Na na >>> N n + Na na >>> NNa or ‘a nna) 42 SvPNa–MaN}a–la>a–NYaaYa"===) svapna-mantra-lbha-nyyaƒ “The proverb (nyya) of getting a mantra in a dream (svapna).” 32 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 11 A Aa ...... ga k== :a Ga ga ...... Da c ^ Ta Qa d Da Na c ...... Pa f== b >a Ma Ya r l v Sa h ^ ...... gaaSa ...... ghsa — grass Aga agha gaaTaYaiTa ghtayati lagavMa( lghavam In ligature: gNaaNaaMa( ghnnm gNaTa" ghnataƒ dqgaR d…rgha VYaaga] vyghra (tiger) ...... DaNa dhana — wealth DaaMa dhma DaaTau dhtu (element) DaMaR dharma (duty) Daqr dh…ra DaUMa dh™ma ADaMa adhama buDa budha dDaaiMa dadhmi iviDa vidhi (rule) MaaDav mdhava Pa]DaaNa pradhna SaaDau sdhu (saint) SaMaaiDa samdhi In ligature: DYa dhya DYaaNa dhyna (meditation) ADYaaTMa adhytma ADYaaYa adhyya ANDa andha (blind) bDNaaiTa badhnti bNDau bandhu (relative) Da]uv dhruva dDMau" dadhmuƒ GaNDavR gandharva BDv bdhva lBßa labdhv DNaR rdhna MaUiDNaR m™rdhni ...... ck[== cakra — wheel cl cala cilTa calita cTvar" catvraƒ ced( ced cEl caila ceTaNaa cetan icNTaa cint (worry) icr cira ke==icd( kecid Naqc n…ca PaircYaR paricarya SaceTa saceta vc" vacaƒ AacaYaR crya (professor) In ligature: CYa cya CYaviNTa cyavanti ACYauTa acyuta ivMauCYa vimucya vaCYa vcya [email protected] 33 ^aYa ...... chya — shade i^‘a chinna i^NdiNTa chindanti ^Nda&iSa chandˆsi ^lYaTa( chalayat In ligature: GaC^ gaccha iNaGaC^iTa nigacchati Yad*C^Yaa yadcchay Pa*C^aiMa pcchmi In ligature with with a few letters like ^ cha , ]ra takes the form of \ : ^\ chra C^\ cchra iC^\ cchri ATYauiC^\TaMa( atyucchritam vNa–VYaaga]–NYaaYa"====)43 vana-vyghra-nyyaƒ “The proverb (nyya) of the forest (vana) and the tiger (vyghra).” SvPNa–VYaaga]–NYaaYa"===)44 svapna-vyghra-nyyaƒ “The proverb (nyya) of a tiger (vyghra) in a dream (svapna).” 34 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 12: Vowel Signs k==ae ...... k==aE ...... vowel A a Aa w i wR … o u O ™ ‰ W e We ai Aae o AaE au vowel sign a i I u U * e E ae aE examples k== ka k==a ik== k==I ku== kU== k*== ke== kE== k==ae ko k==aE kau Ta ta Taa iTa Taq Tau TaU Ta* Tae TaE Taae to TaaE tau Na na Naa iNa Naq Nau NaU Na* Nae NaE Naae no NaaE nau >a bha >aa i>a >aq >au >aU >a* >ae >aE >aae bho >aaE bhau Ma ma Maa iMa Maq Mau MaU Ma* Mae MaE Maae mo MaaE mau r ra ra ir rq å æ re rE rae ro raE rau ...... YaaeGa yoga YaaeGaq yog… >aaeGa bhoga >aaeGaE" bhogaiƒ AQaae atho Gaae go (cow) GaaeivNd govinda heTaae" hetoƒ ivYaaeGa viyoga k==raeiMa karomi lae>a lobha (greed) laek== loka (world) Maaeh moha (illusion) MaaeihNaq mohin… SaaeMa soma (moon) ...... MaaENa mauna — silence MaaehaE mohau PaaE}a pautra PaaEvR paurva YaaEvNa yauvana (youth) SaaEMYa saumya AadaE dau AGNaaE agnau d]aEPadeYa draupadeya idVYaaE divyau k==aENTaeYa kaunteya k==raE karau la>aaE lbhau SaMaaDaaE samdhau SaMaaE samau With r : GaaE gau GaaER rgau SaGaaER sargau AhaŒ arhau k*==Tva–icNTaa–NYaaYa"===)45 ktv-cint-nyyaƒ “The proverb of thinking (cint) after acting (ktv).” [email protected] 35 Sanskrit — Writing 13 A Aa ...... Ja (as in ‘job’) k== :a Ga ga ...... z c ^ Ja a Ma Ya r l v (pronounced like na, but with the tip of the tongue touching the palate) Xa z Sa h Xa ...... (keep smiling ☺!) Jal ...... jala — water JaPa japa JaYa jaya (victory) JaaiTa jti JaGaTa( jagat (world) JaNMa janma (birth) Jaqv j…va >aJaNa bhajana (worship) GaJa gaja rJa" rajaƒ raJaa rj (king) TaeJa" tejaƒ v]Ja vraja >aaeJaNa bhojana In ligature: JYa jya raJYa rjya (kingdom) TYaaJYa tyjya vJa] vajra vJaRMa( varjam AJauRNa arjuna ...... >aaza bh — language daez doa gaaez" ghoaƒ iNaiMazNa( nimian ivzad vida ivzMa( viam ivzYa viaya k*==iz ki Pauåz purua (person) daNaezu dneu In ligature: ZYa ya >aivZYa bhaviya >aqZMa bh…ma PauZPa pupa (flower) MaNauZYa manuya (man) vzR vara hzR hara Gau A ...... iXav iva XaTa ata XaUr ™ra iXaZYa iya (disciple) deXa dea Pa[k==aXa praka YaXa" yaaƒ XaaiNTa nti (peace) Xar [email protected] 37 Sanskrit — Writing 14: Ligatures Two letters occure always in ligature — the x== ‰a as in ‘long’: A Aa ...... x== And the Ha ña as in ‘Canyon’: k== :a Ga ga x== Ha ...... c ^ Ja Ha >> N= Ta >>> NTa Ta Qa d Da Na nta. Another way is (2) putting the first letter on top of the second Pa f== b >a Ma component: Ya r l v ª ...... ‰ka Xa z Sa h Ä ...... ñca Xaªr ...... a‰kara — ®iva Saªr sa‰kara Ahªar aha‰kra (ego) SaªLPa sa‰kalpa XaXaaª a‰ka And with ga: ® ‰ga A® a‰ga Ga®a ga‰g il® li‰ga Pau®v pu‰gava Sa® sa‰ga Further ligature: ° ‰gra Sa°aMa sa‰grma, or Sax(==Ga]aMa PaÄ ...... pañca — five cÄl cañcala SaÄYa sañcaya k==aÄNa kñcana ik==iÄd( kiñcid ivMauÄiTa vimuñcati And with ja: Å ñja Sa“aYa sañjaya >auÅTae bhuñjate AÅil añjali DaNa“aYa dhanañjaya YauÅNa( yuñjan In ligature with another letter: “Ya ñjya Yau“YaaTa( yuñjyt Similarly: À cca k==iÀd( kaccid ’a jja Sa’aTae sajjate Following the same principle — ligatures with da: d da + Da dha >>> d + D below >>> Ö ddha Ö ...... ddha buÖ buddha (Lord Buddha) buiÖ buddhi (intelligence) iSaiÖ siddhi iviÖ viddhi XauiÖ uddhi d da + >a bha >>> d + > below >>> Ù dbha 38 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Ù ...... dbha SaMauÙv samudbhava AÙuTa adbhuta iÙ" dbhiƒ (say ‘dbhihi’) heTauMaiÙ" hetumadbhiƒ d da + v va >>> d + V below >>> Ü dva Ü ...... dva iÜ dvi (two) iÜJa dvija ivÜaNa( vidvn Üar dvra (door) ÜNÜ dvandva Üez dvea YaÜTa( yadvat Similarly: d da + b ba >>> Ø dba, d da + Ga ga >>> Ó dga, d da + d da >>> Õ dda kU==MaR–A®–NYaaYa"===)49 k™rma-a‰ga-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the limbs (a‰ga) of the tortoise (k™rma).” ANDa–Pa®u–NYaaYa"====)50 andha-pa‰gu-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the blind man (andha) and the lame man (pa‰gu).” ANDa–dPaR [email protected] 39 Sanskrit — Writing 15 The following consonants are all cerebral (pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the palate): A Aa ...... $= k== :a Ga ga x== ...... #= c ^ Ja Ha $= #= @ ! Ta Qa d Da Na ...... @ Pa f== b >a Ma x== Ya r l v (not to be confused with ‰a) Xa z Sa h ! ...... (not to be confused with d da) In ligature: z a + $= ˜a >>> Z + $= ˜a >>> Z$= or í=˜a ...... í ˜a And z a + #= ˜ha >>> Z#= or ï ˜ha ï ...... ˜ha ...... Ta$= ta˜a — beach, bank ik==rq$=q kir…˜… ivra$=" vir˜aƒ kU==$= k™˜a In ligature: Aí a˜a (eight) ceía ce˜ d*ií d˜i Sa*ií s˜i SaNTauí santu˜a In ligature with r : $=\ ˜ra (note the change of [ to \ under round letters, and the difference between $=\ ˜ra and d] dra) í\ ˜ra raí\ r˜ra Da*Taraí\ dhtar˜ra Similarly: ï ˜ha iTaïiTa ti˜hati iNaïa ni˜h YauiDaiïr yudhi˜hira AiDaïaNa adhi˜hna z@( ...... a — six Ga@ gaa d<@ daŠa iPa<@ piŠa Paa<@v pŠava Pai<@Ta paŠita (scholar) 40 SANSKRIT READER COURSE MaU! ...... m™ha — dull d*! dha VYaU! vy™ha ANDa–c$=k==–NYaaYa"===)52 andha-ca˜aka-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the blind man (andha) and the sparrow (ca˜aka).” ANDa–GaJa–NYaaYa"====)53 andha-gaja-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the blind men (andha) and the elephant (gaja).” 54 AaMa]–vNa–NYaaYa"===) mra-vana-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the mango (mra) grove (vana).” ga$=–Pa[dqPa–NYaaYa"===)55 gha˜a-prad…pa-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the lamp (prad…pa) in the pot (gha˜a).” 56 bhu–i^d]–ga$=–NYaaYa"===) bahu-chidra-gha˜a-nyyaƒ “The proverb of a pot (gha˜a) with many holes (chidra).” [email protected] 41 Sanskrit — Writing 16: Ligatures Now the third way of forming ligatures: (3) the two characters ‘merge’ into a new one: k== ka + z a >>> +a ka +a ...... k== ka + Ta ta >>> ¢== kta ¢== ...... Ja ja + Ha ña >>> j jña j ...... The double consonant j jña is nowadays widely pronounced and even written as ‘gya’, which is not correct. At least the nasalization should not be dropped — better say ‘gnya’. ...... +aMaa kam — tolerance +aa+au bhiku Maae+a moka (liberation) Pa+a paka ra+aSa rkasa Saa+aq sk… In further ligature: +Ma kma l+Maq lakm… SaU+Ma s™kma >aae+YaSae bhokyase ¿ ‰ka Aak==a¿ k‰ka ...... Mau¢== mukta — liberated >a¢== bhakta (devotee) >ai¢== bhakti (devotion) AaSa¢== sakta TYa¢== tyakta AVYa¢== avyakta VYai¢== vyakti Xai¢== akti (ability) Yau¢== yukta In further ligature: » ‰kta >au»e bhu‰kte Sometimes, ka in ligature is written K k : Kvicd( kvacid vaKYa vkya XaKYa akya }aElaeKYa trailokya In further ligature: >au¤a bhuktv MauKTva muktv TYa¤a tyaktv >aKTYaa bhakty ...... jaNa jñna — knowledge jaTa jñta (say ‘gnyaata’) AjaTa a-jñta ivjaNa vijñna jaNaq jñn… jeYa jñeya Pa]ja prajñ Yaj yajña 42 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Mai+ak==a–NYaaYa"===)57 makik-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the fly (makik).” >a]Mar–NYaaYa"===)58 bhramara-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the bee (bhramara).” bqJa–v*+a–NYaaYa"===)59 b…ja-vka-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the seed (b…ja) and the tree (vka).” ivz–>a+a [email protected] 43 Sanskrit — Writing 17: Ligatures The letter a often combines with other letters in the first way: Xa a + Ma ma >>> XMa ma AXMa ...... ama — stone But with certain letters X becomes é=, as in Xa a + r ra >>> é] ra. é] ...... ì ...... ...... é[q r… — fortune é[qMaTa( r…mat Aaé]Ma rama Aaé]Ya raya Aaié[Ta rita Aé]u aru é[eï re˜a é[eYa" reyaƒ é[Öa raddh (faith) é[uiTa ruti iMaé[ mira Similarly: ì va Aì ava AìTQa avattha ìeTa veta ivì viva ivìaSa vivsa XaaìTa vata ê ca AaêYaR carya iNaêl nicala iNaiêTa nicita k==êNa kacana k==iêd( kacid ë la ëaek== loka i>a+au–i>aYa"–SQaalq–ANaiDaé[Ya 44 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 18: Ligatures These are the most important ligatures. + Ya double r + + r others k== KYa kya ¡== kka kR== rka k]== kra +a ka ¢== kta ©== kla Ga GYa gya GGa gga GaR rga Ga] gra ga gYa ghya gaR rgha ga] ghra x== ª ‰ka ¿ ‰ka « ‰kha ® ‰ga º ‰gha c CYa cya À cca cR rca Ja JYa jya  jja JaR rja Ja] jra j jña Ha Ä ñca H^ ñcha “a ñja $= Æ ˜˜a $R= r˜a $\= ˜ra Now we will practice new ligatures, which are marked in bold in the table above. ta ...... dta datta icta citta iNaiMata nimitta Pa[v*ita pravtti SataMa sattama v*ita vtti Aav*ita vtti In further ligature: tv ttva Satv sattva (existence) Tatv tattva Saaitvk== sttvika Ligatures with da: Û ...... dya AaÛ dya ivÛa vidy (knowledge) Pa[PaÛe prapadye ÛuiTa dyuti veÛ vedya YaÛiPa yadyapi Similarly: Ú dma PaÚ padma (lotus) Ligatures with ha: ø ...... hma [email protected] 45 b]ø brahma b]aø Öy ddhya buÖya buddhy «y ‰khya Saa«y s‰khya óy srya SaahóyaMa( shasrym ADaR–ku==¡u==$=q–NYaaYa"===)66 ardha-kukku˜…-nyyaƒ “The proverb of a half (ardha) hen (kukku˜…).” PaÚ-–Pa}a–NYaaYa"====)67 padma-patra-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the lotus (padma) leaf (patra).” Ar 46 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Writing 19 Now the remaining letters, mainly vowels in the beginning of a word: A Aa w ...... w wR (not to be confused with @=a and x== ‰a) k== :a Ga ga x== ...... c ^ Ja ‡ Ha wR $= #= @ ! Similar to i looks the consonant jha: Ta Qa d Da Na ...... Pa f== b >a Ma ‡ Ya r l v Xa z Sa h wiTa ...... iti — thus wv iva wh iha (here) wí i˜a wC^a icch wdMa( idam wNd] indra wiNd]Ya indriya wRXa ...... …a — lord wRìr …vara wR+a 72 w+au–rSa–NYaaYa"===) iku-rasa-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the juice (rasa) of sugar-cane (iku).” 73 w+au–ivk==ar–NYaaYa"===) iku-vikra-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the transformations (vikra) of sugar-cane (iku).” 74 ku==Xa–k==aXa–AvlMbNa–NYaaYa"===) kua-ka-avalambana-nyyaƒ “The proverb of catching (avalambana) kua and ka [grass].” [email protected] 47 Sanskrit — Writing 20 A Aa ...... o w wR oO‰ k== :a Ga ga x== ...... O c ^ Ja ‡ Ha $= #= @ ! Ta Qa d Da Na ...... ‰ Pa f== b >a Ma Ya r l v Xa z Sa h oMaa ...... um — Durg o>a ubha o¢== ukta odk== udaka oGa] ugra oPaaSaNaa upsan oPadeXa upadea oPaiNazd( upaniad oPaaYa upya oPaMaa upam otaMa uttama oTSaah utsha ovac uvca oZ OßR ...... ™rdhva — above OJaR" ™rjaƒ OiJaRTa ™rjita ‰iz ...... i — sage ‰Ö ddha ‰Tae te ‰Tau tu ‰z>a abha ‰C^iTa cchati ‰Gved g-veda oí\–lGau@–NYaaYa"===)75 u˜ra-lagua-nyyaƒ “The proverb of camel (u˜ra) and stick (lagua).” oí\–k==<$=k==–>a+a upavsd varaˆ bhik iti nyyaƒ “The proverb that better (vara) than fasting (upavsa) is begging (bhik).” 79 AJaaTa–Pau}a–NaaMa–oTk==ITaRNa–NYaaYa"===) ajta-putra-nma-utk…rtana-nyyaƒ “The proverb of glorifying (utk…rtana) the name (nman) of the unborn (a-jta) child (putra).” [email protected] 49 Sanskrit — Writing 21 A Aa ...... W w wR o O ‰ W We Aae AaE k== :a Ga ga x== ...... We c ^ Ja ‡ Ha $= #= @ ! Ta Qa d Da Na ...... Aae Pa f== b >a Ma Ya r l v Xa z Sa h AaE ...... Wk== ...... eka — one Wk==da ekad WTad( etad Wv eva WvMa( evam WiTa eti Weìr ...... aivara — might WeìYaR aivarya WeravTa airvata AaeMa( ...... om AaeJaSaa ojas AaezDaq" oadh…ƒ AaEMa( ...... aum AaEPaMYa aupamya AaEzDa auadha k==<$=k==–NYaaYa"===)80 kaŠ˜aka-nyyaƒ “The proverb of the thorn (kaŠ˜aka).” 81 k==<#=–cMaqk==r–NYaaYa"===) kaŠ˜ha-cam…kara-nyyaƒ 50 SANSKRIT READER COURSE “The proverb of the necklace (cam…kara) on the neck (kaŠ˜ha).” k==f==aei AaeMa( The word p om (or aum) has an own symbol: The Indian numerals (with the important zero) were used in Arabia after A.D.700 as ‘Al-Arqan-Al- Hindu’. They spread further as ‘Arabic’, replacing the Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, etc.). 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 Flash cards: > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > [email protected] 51 A Aa W We k== k==a w wR Aae AaE ik== k==I o O ‰ k(== ku== kU== k*== k›== k&== k==" ¢== +a ke== kE== ¡== ©== :a Ga k==ae k==aE kR== k]== ga x== ª « c ^ Ha j ® º Ja ‡ Ä “a » ¿ À ’a $= $=\ 52 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 16 17 18 ka k e ai a day aisle as in ‘mother’ father ki k… o au i … ☺ ☺ go cow kiss ☺ peace ☺ ku k™ k u ™ ring (cerebral) good mood 13 14 15 kta ka kaˆ kaƒ k k pure nasal say ‘kaha’ cerebral cerebral kha ga kka kla ke kai gha ‰a rka kra ko kau as in ‘long’ r cerebral r cerebral 10 11 12 ña jña ca cha ‰ka ‰kha ☺ say ‘gnya’ ☺ ☺ ñca ñja ja jha ‰ga ‰gha ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ˜a ˜ra cca jja ‰kta ‰ka cerebral cerebral ☺ ☺ [email protected] 53 #= @ }a ‘a Ö Ú ! Ta ta Ó Õ Ü Ø Da Na v b r Sa Pa f== Ya y å æ Ma >a l ç ó ò Xa XMa z í ô ö é] ë í\ î ø ù ê ì ï h ” û 54 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 7 8 9 ddha dma tra nna ˜ha a cerebral cerebral dya dra tha da ha Ša cerebral cerebral dva dba dga dda ta tta 4 5 6 ra sa va ba dha na cerebral ru r™ ya -ya pa pha r cerebral r cerebral ☺ sra sna la lla ma bha r cerebral 1 2 3 h hna a ˜a a ma cerebral cerebral cerebral ☺ ☺ hma hya ˜ra ˜va ra la cerebral cerebral ☺ ☺ hra hva ˜ha ha ca va r cerebral cerebral ☺ ☺ [email protected] 55 4. Sanskrit — Declension Indeclinables Some words (nma), like conjunctions and interjections, that are indeclinable, are called avyaya (‘unchangeable’). Most important of these are the words ca (and), na (not), v (or), api (also, even), iva (like), tu / kintu (but), eva / hi (certainly), evam / iti (thus), yadi / ced (if), iha (here). Although some combinations of avyayas are very common and even written as one word, in our translations we mostly separate the two components, e.g., caiva is separated into ca and eva. Other examples are: (1) with eva or hi (which give emphasis) — ca eva (caiva), na eva (naiva), na hi (nahi), ataƒ eva (ataeva), iha eva (ihaiva), tatra eva (tatraiva), tath eva (tathaiva); (2) with api and ca (also) — ca api (cpi), tatra api (tatrpi), kva api (kvpi), tath api (tathpi), yadi api (yadyapi), hi api (hyapi), na ca (naca), kim ca (kiñca); (3) with tu (but) — na tu (natu), api tu (apitu), kim tu (kintu); and (4) with v (or) — kim v (kiˆv), yad v (yadv) Words (nma) other than indeclinables (avyaya) ... are either masculine, feminine or neuter. In a dictionary you will only find the undeclined form (prakti) of a word, however, in sentences the words are usually in their declined form. There are eight cases and three numbers (singular, dual and plural) The declined forms are obtained by adding suffixes to the undeclined form. The majority of words are masculine, ending in short a. As an example, look at the declension of the word deva (‘divine being’, a god): cases (1) singular (2) dual (3) plural (1) pratham subject devaƒ 〈1.1〉 devau 〈1.2〉 devƒ 〈1.3〉 (2) dvit…y to ... devam 〈2.1〉 devau 〈2.2〉 devn 〈2.3〉 (3) tt…y with ... devena 〈3.1〉 devbhym 〈3.2〉 devaiƒ 〈3.3〉 (4) caturth… for ... devya 〈4.1〉 devbhym 〈4.2〉 devebhyaƒ 〈4.3〉 (5) pañcam… from ... devt 〈5.1〉 devbhym 〈5.2〉 devebhyaƒ 〈5.3〉 (6) a˜h… of ... devasya 〈6.1〉 devayoƒ 〈6.2〉 devnm 〈6.3〉 (7) saptam… in ... deve 〈7.1〉 devayoƒ 〈7.2〉 deveu 〈7.3〉 (8) sambodhana O ... ! he deva 〈8.1〉 he devau 〈8.2〉 he devƒ 〈8.3〉 Just read line by line: devaƒ devau devƒ, devam devau devn, devena ... This is the only declension we will practice throughout the book. For other types of declension see the tables in 18. Tables. 56 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Explanation of the eight cases: (1) pratham — ‘first case’, nominative Pratham indicates the subject of a sentence. In an active sentence the kart (agent) is the subject. devaƒ 〈1.1〉 bhaktaˆ rakati — the Lord protects the devotee In a passive sentence the karma (object) is the subject. bhaktaƒ 〈1.1〉 devena rakyate — the devotee is protected by the Lord (2) dvit…y — ‘second case’, accusative The second case is used for the karma (object). bhaktaƒ devam 〈2.1〉 payati — the devotee sees the Lord (3) tt…y — ‘third case’, instrumental The third case is used for the karaŠa, the means of action. devena 〈3.1〉 saha — together with the Lord It is also used for the agent of a passive sentence, which is not the subject. bhaktaƒ devena 〈3.1〉 rakyate — the devotee is protected by the Lord (4) caturth… — ‘fourth case’, dative Caturth… is used for the sampradna, the beneficiary or purpose of action. devaƒ bhaktya 〈4.1〉 dadti — the Lord gives to the devotee It is also used in connection with words like namaƒ — to offer respect. devya 〈4.1〉 namaƒ — obeisance to the Lord (5) pañcam… — ‘fifth case’, ablative This case is used for the apdna, the source or cause. devaƒ vaikuŠ˜ht 〈5.1〉 gacchati — the Lord comes from VaikuŠ˜ha It is also used for comparison. devt 〈5.1〉 balavattaraƒ — stronger than the Lord (6) a˜h… — ‘sixth case’, genitive The sixth case is used for sambandha, or relationship, which is of different types: sva-svm… — property and proprietor: devasya bhaktaƒ — the Lord’s devotee janya-janaka — generated and generator: devasya putraƒ — the Lords’s child avayava-avayav… — part and whole: devasya padmbhujam — the Lord’s lotus feet Besides this sambandha-a˜h… there is also nirdhraŠa-a˜h…, used for taking out or specifying one out of many. sambandha-a˜h…: bh™tnm cetan asmi — of (in) the living beings (bh™ta) I am consciousness (cetan) nirdhraŠa-a˜h…: indriyŠm manaƒ asmi — among the senses (indriya) I am the mind (manas) (7) saptam… — ‘seventh case’, locative Saptam… is used for the adhikaraŠa or location, which is of two types — place and time. devaƒ vaikuŠ˜he 〈7.1〉 nivasati — the Lord lives in VaikuŠ˜ha There is another use, called sati-saptam… or locative absolute. k…Še 〈7.1〉 dine 〈7.1〉 — at the end (k…Ša) of the day (dina) (8) sambodhana — ‘address’, vocative Sambodhana is used for addressing or calling. he deva 〈8.1〉 — O Lord! [email protected] 57 Anvaya — word order In a sentence we find a variety of nmas with different case endings, but the core of a sentence is actually the verb (kriy), and the nmas are used in relation to it. According to this relationship of nmas and verbs, the kart (agent), karma (object), karaŠa (instrument), sampradna (beneficiary), apdna (source) and adhikaraŠa (location), are called krakas (factors of action). Since the grammatical value, as we have seen, is fixed in the case ending, the Sanskrit poet has full freedom to arrange the words in any order, because the meaning will not really change. In our translation we have made the Anvaya (regular prose word order) to show the syntax. An Anvaya can be approximated as: kart (agent) karma (object) kriy (verb) devaƒ bhaktam rakati the Lord the devotee protects Qualifiers come before the word they qualify: dayluƒ devaƒ uddham bhaktam nityam rakati the merciful Lord the pure devotee always protects The other krakas — karaŠa (instrument), sampradna (beneficiary), apdna (source) and adhikaraŠa (location) — can be placed wherever they best fit the intention of the speaker. Loka-pramŠa — ‘that which is established by usage’ According to loka-pramŠa we can determine rules for using Sanskrit words in an English sentence: (1) If the Sanskrit word ends in a vowel other than , write its prakti (undeclined) form: dharma, yoga, sana (2) If the word ends in or a consonant, usually the pratham (first case) form is used: kart >>> use kart 〈1.1〉; pit >>> use pit 〈1.1〉 bhagavat >>> bhagavn 〈1.1〉; hanumat >>> hanumn 〈1.1〉; tman >>> tm 〈1.1〉; karman >>> karma 〈1.1〉; svmin >>> svm… 〈1.1〉; sannysin >>> sannys… 〈1.1〉 The undeclined word brahman ends in a consonant and therefore rule (2) is applied. The word brahman has two forms which declensions differ — one is masculine, the other neuter. The masculine form is declined to brahm 〈1.1〉 (Lord Brahm) and the neuter form is declined to brahma 〈1.1〉 — but, everybody says ‘Brahman.’ This helps to distinguish more clearly the impersonal ‘Brahman’ from the person Brahm. But when you hear ‘Hanumat’ for Hanumn; ‘the tman’ for tm; ‘karman’ for karma; ‘a sannysin’ for sannys…, not considering loka-pramŠa, you can detect foreign influence. Exceptions: (1) In word lists where the gender of words is taught, all words are listed in pratham, so that the neuter gender can be easily recognized by its ending m: klaƒ 〈1.1〉, patram 〈1.1〉, pupam 〈1.1〉, lokaƒ 〈1.1〉, ... (2) Words ending in as are used in both ways (prakti and pratham): cetas or cetaƒ; manas or manaƒ; rajas or rajaƒ; tejas or tejaƒ (3) In the title of works we also see sometimes the prakti and sometimes the pratham: as prakti: Mahbhrata; in pratham: Bhgavatam 58 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Hinduism — Fables (Sequences from the first chapter of Hitopadea) 84 AJaraMarvTPa[ajae ivÛaMaQa| c icNTaYaeTa( ) Ga*hqTa wv ke==Xaezu Ma*TYauNaa DaMaRMaacreTa( )) a-jarmaravat prjño vidym arthaˆ ca cintayet, gh…ta iva keeu mtyun dharmam caret ivÛaMa( AQaRMa( c vidym artham ca — “For [the gain of] education (vidy) and wealth (artha) Pa[aj" prjñaƒ — an intelligent person AJar–AMarvTa( icNTaYaeTa( ajara-amaravat cintayet — should feel as if free from old age and death. Ma*TYauNaa ke==Xaezu Ga*hqTa" wv mtyun keeu gh…taƒ iva — [But] as if caught in the hairs (kea) by death (mtyu) DaMaRMa( AacreTa( dharmam caret — he should do virtue (dharma).” The declension of the word kea, as in the above keeu: (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ keaƒ keau keƒ (2) object devam devau devn keam keau ken (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ keena kebhym keaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ keya kebhym keebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ ket kebhym keebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm keasya keayoƒ kenm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu kee keayoƒ keeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he kea he keau he keƒ 85 SavRd]VYaezu ivÛEv d]VYaMaahurNautaMaMa( ) AhaYaRTvadNagaRTvad+aYYaTvaÀ SavRda )) sarva-dravyeu vidyaiva dravyam hur anuttamam, a-hryatvd an-arghatvd a-kayyatvc ca sarvad A–haYaRTvaTa( ANa(–AgaRTvaTa( a-hryatvt an-arghatvt — “Because it cannot be stolen and is priceless SavRda A–+aYYaTvaTa( c sarvad a-kayyatvt ca — and because it is always (sarvad) imperishable SavR–d]VYaezu ivÛa Wv sarva-dravyeu vidy eva — among all (sarva) kinds of wealth (dravya) education alone ANautaMaMa( d]VYaMa( Aahu" an-uttamam dravyam huƒ — they (sages) call the best wealth.” 86 Ya‘ave >aaJaNae lGan" Sa&Sk==arae NaaNYaQaa >aveTa( ) k==QaaC^leNa balaNaa& NaqiTaSTaidh k==QYaTae )) yan nave bhjane lagnaƒ saˆskro nnyath bhavet, kath-cchalena blnˆ n…tis tad iha kathyate Yad( Nave >aaJaNae lGan" yad nave bhjane lagnaƒ — “As, made on a new pot ... before firing Sa&Sk==ar" Na ANYaQaa >aveTa( saˆskraƒ na anyath bhavet — an impression (saˆskra) does not (na) change, Tad( wh k==Qaa–^leNa tad iha kath-chalena — so here (iha) on the pretext of a story (kath) [email protected] 59 balaNaaMa( NaqiTa" k==QYaTae blnm n…tiƒ kathyate — for (‘of’) children (bla) good conduct (n…ti) is described.” (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ blaƒ blau blƒ (2) object devam devau devn blam blau bln (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ blena blbhym blaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ blya blbhym blebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ blt blbhym blebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm blasya blayoƒ blnm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu ble blayoƒ bleu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he bla he blau he blƒ Level 1 AiSTa >aaGaqrQaq–Taqre asti bhg…rath…-t…re — There is on the bank (t…ra) of the Ga‰g (Bhg…rath…) Paa$=ilPau}a–NaaMa–DaeYaMa( NaGarMa( p˜aliputra-nma-dheyam nagaram — a city (nagara) by the name (nma- dheya) P˜aliputra (modern Patna). Ta}a SavR–SvaiMa–Gau AaTMaNa" Pau}aa Pa[STaav–§==Maeaae raJa–Pau}aa", Xa* Tad( >avTaaMa( ivNaaedaYa tad bhavatm vinodya — Therefore, for Your pleasure k==ak==–kU==MaR–AadqNaaMa( kka-k™rma-d…nm — of the crow (kka), tortoise (k™rma), and others ivic}aaMa( k==QaaMa( vicitrm kathm — a wonderful story k==QaiYaZYaaiMa kathayiymi — I will tell. raJa–Pau}aE" o¢==Ma( rja-putraiƒ uktam — The princes said: ‘by the princes it was said’ AaYaR k==QYaTaaMa( rya kathyatm — Sir (rya), please speak! ivZ 64 SANSKRIT READER COURSE (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ kaŠaƒ kaŠau kaŠƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn kaŠam kaŠau kaŠn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ kaŠena kaŠbhym kaŠaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ kaŠya kaŠbhym kaŠebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ kaŠt kaŠbhym kaŠebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm kaŠasya kaŠayoƒ kaŠnm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu kaŠe kaŠayoƒ kaŠeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he kaŠa he kaŠau he kaŠƒ Tad( iNaæPYaTaaMa( TaavTa( tad nir™pyatm tvat — That has first to be ascertained. >ad]Ma( wdMa( Na PaXYaaiMa bhadram idam na paymi — I do not see this as a fortune. ANaeNa Ta<@ul–k== 94 k==ª [email protected] 65 Level 3 Wk==da di+a 66 SANSKRIT READER COURSE (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ vyghraƒ vyghrau vyghrƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn vyghram vyghrau vyghrn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ vyghreŠa vyghrbhym vyghraiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ vyghrya vyghrbhym vyghrebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ vyghrt vyghrbhym vyghrebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm vyghrasya vyghrayoƒ vyghrŠm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu vyghre vyghrayoƒ vyghreu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he vyghra he vyghrau he vyghrƒ PaaNQa" AvdTa( pnthaƒ avadat — The traveller spoke: Maar–AaTMake== TviYa mra-tmake tvayi — In you, who are death personified k==QaMa( ivìaSa" katham vivsaƒ — how can there be confidence (vivsa)? VYaaga]" ovac vyghraƒ uvca — The tiger said: Xa* TaMa( Paªe PaiTaTaMa( d*îa tam pa‰ke patitam d˜v — Seeing him fallen in deep mud VYaaga]" AvdTa( vyghraƒ avadat — the tiger spoke: Ahh, Maha–Paªe PaiTaTa" AiSa ahaha, mah-pa‰ke patitaƒ asi — Oho, you are fallen in deep mud! ATa" TvaMa( AhMa( oTQaaPaYaaiMa ataƒ tvm aham utthpaymi — Therefore, I will lift you up. wiTa o¤a iti uktv — After speaking thus XaNaE" XaNaE" oPaGaMYa anaiƒ anaiƒ upagamya — who was very slowly (anaiƒ) approaching TaeNa VYaaga]ead]Ma( Na k*==TaMa( tad may bhadram na ktam — That was not done properly by me Yad( A}a Maar–AaTMake== yad atra mra-tmake — that in death personified ivìaSa" k*==Ta" vivsaƒ ktaƒ — faith was put. 96 SavRSYa ih Parq+YaNTae Sv>aava NaeTare Gau SavaRNa( Gau Level 2 ATa" AhMa( b]vqiMa ataƒ aham brav…mi — Therefore I say: ... Citragr…va speeking to his fellow pigeons k==ª Aa", ik==Ma( WvMa( oCYaTae ƒ, kim evam ucyate — Yes, as it is said: 97 v*ÖSYa vcNa& Ga]aùMaaPaTk==ale ùuPaiSQaTae ) SavR}aEv& ivcare Tau >aaeJaNae==_PYaPa[vTaRTaaMa( )) vddhasya vacanaˆ grhyam pat-kle hy upasthite, sarvatraivaˆ vicre tu bhojane ’py a-pravartatm AaPad(–k==ale oPaiSQaTae ih pad-kle upasthite hi — “Only when time of danger (pad) has come v*ÖSYa vcNaMa( Ga]aùMa( vddhasya vacanam grhyam — the word of an old man (vddha) is to be taken, SavR}a WvMa( ivcare Tau sarvatra evam vicre tu — but when there is such consideration in all matters >aaeJaNae AiPa A–Pa[vTaRTaaMa( bhojane api a-pravartatm — there is non-engagement even in eating (bhojana).” WTad( é]uTva etad rutv — [After] hearing this Ta<@ul–k== Na>a"–Ma<@laTa( AvTaqYaR nabhaƒ-maŠalt avat…rya — [after] descending from the sky SaveR k==PaaeTaa" Ta}a oPaivía" sarve kapotƒ tatra upavi˜ƒ — all pigeons landed there. ANaNTarMa( Tae SaveR anantaram te sarve — Thereafter, all of them Jaal–iNabÖa" b>aUvu" jla-nibaddhƒ babh™vuƒ — were bound in the net. TaTa" YaSYa vcNaaTa( Ta}a AvliMbTaa" tataƒ yasya vacant tatra avalambitƒ — Then, on whose word they had depended there TaMa( SaveR iTarSku==vRiNTa SMa tam sarve tiraskurvanti sma — that one they all criticized. YaTa" yataƒ — Because: 98 Na Ga TaSYa iTarSk==arMa( é[uTva tasya tiraskram rutv — [After] hearing his criticism ... hearing that the other pigeon was criticized ic}aGa]qv" ovac citragr…vaƒ uvca — Citragr…va said: Na AYaMa( ASYa daez" na ayam asya doaƒ — It is not his fault (doa). YaTa" yataƒ — Because: 99 AaPadaMaaPaTaNTaqNaa& ihTaae==_PYaaYaaiTa heTauTaaMa( ) MaaTa*Jaºa ih vTSaSYa STaM>aq>aviTa bNDaNae )) padm patant…nˆ hito ’py yti hetutm, mt-ja‰gh hi vatsasya stambh…-bhavati bandhane AaPaTaNTaqNaaMa( AaPadaMa( patant…nm padm — “For calamities (pad) which are approaching ihTa" AiPa heTauTaaMa( AaYaaiTa hitaƒ api hetutm yti — even a friend (hita) becomes the instrument (hetu). 70 SANSKRIT READER COURSE vTSaSYa MaaTa*–Jaºa ih vatsasya mt-ja‰gh hi — [As] the leg of the very mother (mt) of the calf (vatsa) bNDaNae STaM>aq–>aviTa bandhane stambh…-bhavati — becomes the pole for binding (bandhana).” ... while milking a cow, her calf is sometimes bound to her leg ivPad(–k==ale ivSMaYa" Wv vipad-kle vismayaƒ eva — Perplexity in times of danger k==aPauåz–l+a 102 Sa&hTaaSTau hrNTYaeTae MaMa Jaal& ivh®Maa" ) Yada Tau iNaPaiTaZYaiNTa vXaMaeZYaiNTa Mae Tada )) saˆhats tu haranty ete mama jlaˆ viha‰gamƒ, yad tu nipatiyanti vaam eyanti me tad Sa&hTaa" Tau WTae ivh®Maa" saˆhatƒ tu ete viha‰gamƒ — “These birds when united MaMa JaalMa( hriNTa mama jlam haranti — they take away my net (jla), Yada Tau iNaPaiTaZYaiNTa yad tu nipatiyanti — but when (yad) they will set down Tada Mae (=MaMa=) vXaMa( WZYaiNTa tad me (mama) vaam eyanti — then (tad) they will come under my control.” TaTa" tataƒ — Then Taezu c+au"–ivzYa–AiTa§==aNTaezu Pai+azu teu cakuƒ-viaya-atikrnteu pakiu — when those birds had passed the range of his vision Sa" VYaaDa" iNav*ta" saƒ vydhaƒ nivttaƒ — the hunter gave up. AQa luBDak==Ma( iNav*taMa( d*îa atha lubdhakam nivttam d˜v — Now seeing the hunter having stopped lubdhaka — ‘greedy man’, hunter k==PaaeTaa" Ocu" kapotƒ ™cuƒ — the pigeons said: SvaiMaNa( svmin — Master [Citragr…va], ik==Ma( wdaNaqMa( k==TauRMa( oicTaMa( kim idn…m kartum ucitam — what is now proper (ucita) to do? ic}aGa]qv" ovac citragr…vaƒ uvca — Citragr…va said: ASMaak==Ma( iMa}aMa( asmkam mitram — Our friend ihr 103 raeGaXaaek==ParqTaaPabNDaNaVYaSaNaaiNa c ) AaTMaaParaDav*+aa [email protected] 73 (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ paƒ pau pƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn pam pau pn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ pena pbhym paiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ pya pbhym pebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ pt pbhym pebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm pasya payoƒ pnm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu pe payoƒ peu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he pa he pau he pƒ YaTa" yataƒ — Because: 105 DaNaaiNa JaqivTa& cEv ParaQaeR Pa[aj oTSa*JaeTa( ) Sai‘aiMatae vr& TYaaGaae ivNaaXae iNaYaTae SaiTa )) dhanni j…vitaˆ caiva parrthe prjña utsjet, san-nimitte varaˆ tygo vine niyate sati DaNaaiNa JaqivTaMa( c Wv dhanni j…vitam ca eva — “Wealth (dhana) and even life (j…vita) Pa[aj" Par–AQaeR oTSa*JaeTa( prjñaƒ para-arthe utsjet — the wise should give up for another’s sake (artha). SaTa(–iNaiMatae TYaaGa" vrMa( sat-nimitte tygaƒ varam — Better to give [them] up for a good (sat) cause (nimitta) ivNaaXae iNaYaTae SaiTa vine niyate sati — [their] destruction (vina) being destined.” 106 Yaid iNaTYaMaiNaTYaeNa iNaMaRl& MalvaihNaa ) YaXa" k==aYaeNa l>YaeTa Ta‘a lBDa& >ave‘au ik==Ma( )) yadi nityam a-nityena nirmalaˆ mala-vhin, yaaƒ kyena labhyeta tan na labdhaˆ bhaven nu kim Yaid A–iNaTYaeNa Mal–vaihNaa k==aYaeNa yadi a-nityena mala-vhin kyena — “If with the temporary and impure body (kya) iNaTYaMa( iNaMaRlMa( YaXa" l>YaeTa nityam nirmalam yaaƒ labhyeta — one can achieve eternal and pure fame (yaa), Tad( Na lBDaMa( >aveTa( Nau ik==Ma( tad na labdham bhavet nu kim — should it not be obtained?” (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ kyaƒ kyau kyƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn kyam kyau kyn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ kyena kybhym kyaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ kyya kybhym kyebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ kyt kybhym kyebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm kyasya kyayoƒ kynm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu kye kyayoƒ kyeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he kya he kyau he kyƒ wiTa Aak== Paulik==Ta" SaNa( Ab]vqTa( pulakitaƒ san abrav…t — and with his hair standing, he spoke: SaaDau iMa}a SaaDau sdhu mitra sdhu — Noble (sdhu), friend, noble! ANaeNa Aaié[Ta–vaTSaLYaeNa anena rita-vtsalyena — By this love for your subjects }aElaeKYaSYa AiPa Pa[>auTvMa( trailokyasya api prabhutvam — even the lordship of the three worlds TviYa YauJYaTae tvayi yujyate — is worthy for you. WvMa( o¤a evam uktv — Speaking thus SaveRzaMa( k==PaaeTaaNaaMa( bNDaNaaiNa sarvem kapotnm bandhanni — the bonds of all the pigeons TaeNa i^‘aaiNa tena chinnni — were cut by him (HiraŠyaka). wiTa Pa[baeDYa iti prabodhya — [After] thus enlightening [each other] AaiTaQYaMa( k*==Tva Aail®y c tithyam ktv li‰gya ca — and hosting and embracing [each other] ic}aGa]qv" Sa–Pairvar" citragr…vaƒ sa-parivraƒ — Citragr…va with his family (parivra) YaQaa–wí–deXaaNa( YaYaaE yath-i˜a-den yayau — he went to places he liked to go. AQa lgauPaTaNak==–NaaMaa k==ak==" atha laghupatanaka-nm kkaƒ — Now the crow (kka) Laghupatanaka SavR–v*taaNTa–dXas sarva-vttnta-dar… — being witness to the whole affair ... from the very beginning, when the hunter spread his net Sa–AaêYaRMa( wdMa( Aah sa-caryam idam ha — said the following with wonder (carya): (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ kkaƒ kkau kkƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn kkam kkau kkn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ kkena kkbhym kkaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ kkya kkbhym kkebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ kkt kkbhym kkebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm kkasya kkayoƒ kknm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu kke kkayoƒ kkeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he kka he kkau he kkƒ Ahae ihr Level 4 AiSTa MaGaDa–deXae asti magadha-dee — There is in the country of Magadha cMPak==vTaq NaaMa Ar Sa" b]UTae saƒ br™te — He said: +aud]buiÖ–NaaMaa JaMbuk==" AhMa( kudrabuddhi-nm jambukaƒ aham — I am the jackal Kudrabuddhi (‘evil-minded’). A}a Ar [email protected] 77 (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ vsaƒ vsau vsƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn vsam vsau vsn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ vsena vsbhym vsaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ vsya vsbhym vsebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ vst vsbhym vsebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm vsasya vsayoƒ vsnm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu vse vsayoƒ vseu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he vsa he vsau he vsƒ TaaE AahTau" – k==QaMa( WTad( tau hatuƒ, katham etad — They both (deer and jackal) said: How was that? k==ak==" k==QaYaiTa kkaƒ kathayati — The crow says: Level 5 AiSTa >aaGaqrQaq–Taqre asti bhg…rath…-t…re — There is on the bank of the Ga‰g (Bhg…rath…) Ga*Da]kU==$=–NaaiMNa PavRTae gdhrak™˜a-nmni parvate — on the Gdhra-k™˜a (‘vulture-peak’) mountain (parvata) MahaNa( PakR==$=q–v*+a" mahn parka˜…-vkaƒ — a big Parka˜… tree. TaSYa k==ae$=re tasya ko˜are — In its hollow dEv–duivRPaak==aTa( GailTa–Na%–NaYaNa" daiva-durvipkt galita-nakha-nayanaƒ — as a bad result of fate with broken claws and eyesight JarÓv–NaaMaa Ga*Da]" Pa[iTavSaiTa jaradgava-nm gdhraƒ prativasati — the vulture Jaradgava (‘old bull’) lives. AQa k*==PaYaa Tad(–JaqvNaaYa atha kpay tad-j…vanya — Now, out of mercy (kp), for his living Tad(–v*+a–vaiSaNa" Pai+a Tad( é]uTva JarÓveNa o¢==Ma( tad rutv jaradgavena uktam — Hearing this [sound], it was said by Jaradgava: k==" AYaMa( AaYaaiTa kaƒ ayam yti — Who is this coming? Ga*Da]Ma( AvlaeKYa gdhram avalokya — Seeing the vulture dqgaRk== >avÙy" ivÛa–vYa"–v*Öe>Ya" bhavadbhyaƒ vidy-vayaƒ-vddhebhyaƒ — from You, senior (vddha) in knowledge and years DaMaRMa( é[aeTauMa( dharmam rotum — to hear about dharma wh AaGaTa" iha gataƒ — I have come here. (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ vddhaƒ vddhau vddhƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn vddham vddhau vddhn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ vddhena vddhbhym vddhaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ vddhya vddhbhym vddhebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ vddht vddhbhym vddhebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm vddhasya vddhayoƒ vddhnm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu vddhe vddhayoƒ vddheu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he vddha he vddhau he vddhƒ (vddha — senior; the plural is used here out of respect) >avNTa" c WTaad*Xaa" DaMaR–ja" bhavantaƒ ca etdƒ dharma-jñƒ — But You are so ‘well-versed’ in dharma Yad( MaaMa( AiTaiQaMa( yad mm atithim — that me, a guest (atithi) hNTauMa( oÛTaa" hantum udyatƒ — You are ready to kill. 110 AravPYauicTa& k==aYaRMaaiTaQYa& Ga*hMaaGaTae ) ^etauMaPYaaGaTae ^aYaa& NaaePaSa&hrTae d]uMa"====)) arv apy ucitaˆ kryam tithyaˆ gham gate, chettum apy gate chyˆ nopasaˆharate drumaƒ AraE AiPa Ga*hMa( AaGaTae arau api gham gate — “Even when an enemy has come to the house (gha) oicTaMa( AaiTaQYaMa( k==aYaRMa( ucitam tithyam kryam — fitting hospitality (tithya) should be shown. ^etauMa( AiPa AaGaTae chettum api gate — even when [someone has] come to cut [him] d]uMa" ^aYaaMa( Na oPaSa&hrTae drumaƒ chym na upasaˆharate — the tree (druma) does not withdraw its shade (chy).” But when an enemy comes to kill, it is certainly foolish to receive him as a guest. Ga*Da]" AvdTa( gdhraƒ avadat — The vulture said: MaaJaaRr" ih Maa&Sa–åic" mrjraƒ hi mˆsa-ruciƒ — A cat is fond of flesh, Pai+a–Xaavk==a" c A}a iNavSaiNTa paki-vakƒ ca atra nivasanti — and here are living the babies of the birds. TaeNa AhMa( WvMa( b]vqiMa tena aham evam brav…mi — Therefore I would speak so [before]. Tad( é]uTva tad rutv — Hearing that [excuse] MaaJaaRr" >aUiMaMa( SPa*îa mrjraƒ bh™mim sp˜v — the cat, after touching the earth (bh™mi) k== 80 SANSKRIT READER COURSE (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ karŠaƒ karŠau karŠƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn karŠam karŠau karŠn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ karŠena karŠbhym karŠaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ karŠya karŠbhym karŠebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ karŠt karŠbhym karŠebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm karŠasya karŠayoƒ karŠnm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu karŠe karŠayoƒ karŠeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he karŠa he karŠau he karŠƒ b]UTae c br™te ca — He also said: 111 SvC^NdvNaJaaTaeNa Xaake==NaaiPa Pa[PaUYaRTae ) ASYa dGDaaedrSYaaQaeR k==" ku==YaaRTPaaTak&== MahTa( )) svacchanda-vana-jtena kenpi prap™ryate, asya dagdhodarasyrthe kaƒ kuryt ptakaˆ mahat SvC^Nd–vNa–JaaTaeNa svacchanda-vana-jtena — “Grown by itself in the forest (vana) Xaake==Na AiPa kena api — even with [such] vegetable (ka) Pa[PaUYaRTae prap™ryate — [the belly which] is filled, ASYa dGDa–odrSYa AQaeR asya dagdha-udarasya arthe — for this hungry belly (udara) k==" MahTa( PaaTak==Ma( ku==YaaRTa( kaƒ mahat ptakam kuryt — who would do great sin (ptaka)?” WvMa( ivìaSYa evam vivsya — After thus creating confidence Sa" MaaJaaRr" Taå–k==ae$=re iSQaTa" saƒ mrjraƒ taru-ko˜are sthitaƒ — that cat would stay in the hollow of the tree. TaTa" idNaezu GaC^TSau tataƒ dineu gacchatsu — Then, as days (dina) were passing Pai+a–Xaavk==aNa( Aa§==MYa paki-vakn kramya — after overcoming baby-birds Sv–k==ae$=rMa( AaNaqYa sva-ko˜aram n…ya — and bringing them to his hollow ASaaE Pa[TYahMa( %adiTa asau pratyaham khdati — he (the cat) eats everyday. AQa YaezaMa( APaTYaaiNa %aidTaaiNa atha yem apatyni khditni — Now, those whose offsprings were eaten TaE" taiƒ — by those [parents] wTa" TaTa" iJajaSaa SaMaarBDaa itaƒ tataƒ jijñs samrabdh — here and there an enquiry (jijñs) was started. MaaJaaRr" Tad( PairjaYa mrjraƒ tad parijñya — The cat, on understanding this k==ae$=raTa( iNa"Sa*TYa bih" PalaiYaTa" ko˜art niƒstya bahiƒ palyitaƒ — left the hollow and fled out (bahis). PaêaTa( Ta}a Taå–k==ae$=re pact tatra taru-ko˜are — Later, there in the hollow of the tree wTa" TaTa" iNaæPaYaiÙ" Pai+ai>a" itaƒ tataƒ nir™payadbhiƒ pakibhiƒ — by the birds who were searching here and there Xaavk==–ASQaqiNa Pa]aPTaaiNa vaka-asth…ni prptni — the bones (asthi) of the babies were found. [email protected] 81 ANaNTarMa( anantaram — Then ANaeNa Wv Xaavk==a" :aaidTaa" anena eva vakƒ khditƒ — ‘by him (the vulture) alone the babies were eaten’ wiTa SavŒ" Pai+ai>a" iNaiêTYa iti sarvaiƒ pakibhiƒ nicitya — after this was concluded by all the birds Sa" Ga*Da]" VYaaPaaidTa" saƒ gdhraƒ vypditaƒ — that vulture was killed. Level 4 ATa" AhMa( b]vqiMa ataƒ aham brav…mi — Therefore I say: AjaTa–ku==l–XaqlSYa wTYaaid ajñta-kula-…lasya itydi — To one of unknown family and character etc. [residence should not be given]. (verse above) wiTa Aak== 82 SANSKRIT READER COURSE (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ lpaƒ lpau lpƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn lpam lpau lpn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ lpena lpbhym lpaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ lpya lpbhym lpebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ lpt lpbhym lpebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm lpasya lpayoƒ lpnm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu lpe lpayoƒ lpeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he lpa he lpau he lpƒ AQa Pa[aTa" atha prtaƒ — Then in the morning SaveR YaQaa–Ai>aMaTa–deXaMa( GaTaa" sarve yath-abhimata-deam gatƒ — they all went to places they liked. Wk==da iNa>a*TaMa( Xa*Gaal" b]UTae ekad nibhtam glaƒ br™te — Once secretly the jackal said [to the deer]: Sa%e Ma*Ga sakhe mga — Deer, my friend! WTaiSMaNa( Wv vNae Wk==–deXae etasmin eva vane eka-dee — In a place in this very forest SaSYa–PaU TaaiNa c bahuLYaeNa tni ca bhulyena — And they, plentifully MaMa >aaeJaNaaiNa >aivZYaiNTa mama bhojanni bhaviyanti — will be my meals. Sa" c Ma*Ga" saƒ ca mgaƒ — And that deer TaMa( d*îa oçaiSaTa" b]UTae tam d˜v ullsitaƒ br™te — delighted after seeing him (the jackal), said: Sa%e sakhe — Friend! i^iNDa TaavTa( MaMa bNDaNaMa( chindhi tvat mama bandhanam — Cut my bond now! Sa–TvrMa( }aaYaSv MaaMa( sa-tvaram tryasva mm — Quickly (‘with haste’) save me! YaTa" yataƒ — Because: 113 AaPaTSau iMa}a& JaaNaqYaad] 84 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 114 duJaRNaeNa SaMa& Sa:Ya& vEr& caiPa Na k==arYaeTa( ) oZ AQa Pa[>aaTae atha prabhte — Then in the morning Sa" +ae}a–PaiTa" lGau@–hSTa" saƒ ketra-patiƒ lagua-hastaƒ — that owner of the field, stick in hand TaMa( Pa[deXaMa( AaGaC^Na( tam pradeam gacchan — coming to that spot k==ake==Na Avlaeik==Ta" kkena avalokitaƒ — he was seen by the crow. TaMa( AvlaeKYa k==ake==Na o¢==Ma( tam avalokya kkena uktam — Seeing him, the crow said: Sa%e Ma*Ga sakhe mga — O friend deer! TvMa( AaTMaaNaMa( Ma*TavTa( SaNdXYaR tvam tmnam mtavat sandarya — Showing yourself as if dead vaTaeNa odrMa( PaUriYaTva vtena udaram p™rayitv — filling the belly with air (vta) PaadaNa( STaBDaqk*==TYa iTaï pdn stabdh…ktya ti˜ha — stiffening the legs (pda), be still! AhMa( Tav c+auzq cHCva aham tava caku… cañcv — I will move your eyes ik==Ma( AiPa ivil%aiMa kim api vilikhmi — as if scratching. Yada AhMa( XaBdMa( k==raeiMa yad aham abdam karomi — When I make a sound (abda) Tada oTQaaYa tad utthya — then, getting up TvMa( SaTvrMa( PalaiYaZYaSae tvam satvaram palyiyase — you should quickly flee. Ma*Ga" TaQaa Wv mgaƒ tath eva — The deer exactly k==ak==–vcNaeNa iSQaTa" kka-vacanena sthitaƒ — stayed by the words of the crow. TaTa" +ae}a–PaiTaNaa tataƒ ketra-patin — Then by the field-owner hzR–oTfu==ç–laecNaeNa hara-utphulla-locanena — with eyes opened by joy (hara) TaQaa–ivDa" Ma*Ga" Aalaeik==Ta" tath-vidhaƒ mgaƒ lokitaƒ — the deer was seen in that state. AQa ASaaE atha asau — Then he [email protected] 85 Aa" SvYaMa( Ma*Ta" AiSa ƒ svayam mtaƒ asi — ‘Ah, you are dead of yourself!’ wiTa o¤a iti uktv — After thus saying Ma*GaMa( bNDaNaaTa( MaaeciYaTva mgam bandhant mocayitv — freeing the deer from the snare PaaXaaNa( Sa&vrqTauMa( SaYaTNa" b>aUv pn saˆvar…tum sayatnaƒ babh™va — he was bussy to collect the nets. TaTa" tataƒ — Then ik==YaTa( dUre ANTairTae +ae}a–PaTaaE kiyat d™re antarite ketra-patau — when the field-owner was in some far distance Sa" Ma*Ga" k==ak==SYa XaBdMa( é[uTva saƒ mgaƒ kkasya abdam rutv — that deer, hearing the sound of the crow SaTvrMa( oTQaaYa PalaiYaTa" satvaram utthya palyitaƒ — quickly getting up, fled. TaMa( oiÕXYa tam uddiya — Seeing him (the deer) TaeNa +ae}a–PaiTaNaa tena ketra-patin — by that field-owner Pa[k==aePaaTa( i+aáeNa prakopt kiptena — thrown in anger lGau@eNa Xa*Gaal" VYaaPaaidTa" laguena glaƒ vypditaƒ — by a stick the jackal was killed. Level 2 ATa" AhMa( b]vqiMa ataƒ aham brav…mi — Therefore I (the mouse HiraŠyaka) say: >a+Ya–>a+ak==Yaae" Pa[qiTa" wTYaaid bhakya-bhakakayoƒ pr…tiƒ itydi — Love between the food and its eater, etc. [causes misfortune]. (verse above) lgauPaTaNak==" b]UTae laghupatanakaƒ br™te — [The crow] Laghupatanaka said: é[uTaMa( MaYaa SavRMa( rutam may sarvam — I have heard all. TaQaaiPa tathpi — Still MaMa WTaavaNa( Wv SaªLPa" mama etvn eva sa‰kalpaƒ — my resolution (sa‰kalpa) is so great Yad( TvYaa Sah SaaEôÛMa( yad tvay saha sauhdyam — that friendship with you AvXYaMa( k==r 86 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Tad(–vcNaMa( Aak== Ta}a Wv iNaDaNaMa( YaaiNTa tatra eva nidhanam ynti — meet [rather] death in their place.” (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ gajaƒ gajau gajƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn gajam gajau gajn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ gajena gajbhym gajaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ gajya gajbhym gajebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ gajt gajbhym gajebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm gajasya gajayoƒ gajnm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu gaje gajayoƒ gajeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he gaja he gajau he gajƒ ihr 88 SANSKRIT READER COURSE (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ k™rmaƒ k™rmau k™rmƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn k™rmam k™rmau k™rmn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ k™rmeŠa k™rmbhym k™rmaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ k™rmya k™rmbhym k™rmebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ k™rmt k™rmbhym k™rmebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm k™rmasya k™rmayoƒ k™rmŠm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu k™rme k™rmayoƒ k™rmeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he k™rma he k™rmau he k™rmƒ Sa" c >aaeJaNa–ivXaezE" saƒ ca bhojana-vieaiƒ — And he, with varieties of food MaaMa( Sa&vDaRiYaZYaiTa mm saˆvardhayiyati — will nourish me. ihr 90 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 5. Sanskrit — Chandas Sanskrit composition may be in the form of prose (gadya) or verse (padya). A regular verse consists of two lines, and each line of two quarters (pda). E.g., line 1 line 2 pda 1 pda 2 pda 3 pda 4 AaTMaMaaTaa Gaurae" PaTNaq b]aø A long verse may be arranged in its two lines ... AaTMaMaaTaa Gaurae" PaTNaq b]aø DaeNauDaaR}aq TaQaa Pa*Qvq SaáETaa MaaTar" SMa*Taa" )) ... or its four pdas: pda 1 AaTMaMaaTaa Gaurae" PaTNaq pda 2 b]aø pda 3 DaeNauDaaR}aq TaQaa Pa*Qvq pda 4 SaáETaa MaaTar" SMa*Taa" )) Pdas are regulated by their meter, which is defined in Chandas (‘that which covers poetry’). The earliest and most important work on Chandas is the Pi‰gala-chanda-stra by the sage Pi‰gala. The smallest unit of a language is a letter, called a-kara (‘that which cannot be further divided’). In writing, the smallest units are ligatures, also called a-kara. In order to distinguish them from single letters, we will call them ‘syllables.’ Here we have divided the verse under discussion: Aa TMa Maa Taa Gau rae" Pa TNaq b]a ø Dae Nau DaaR }aq Ta Qaa Pa* Qvq Sa áE Taa Maa Ta r" SMa* Taa" )) dhe nu rdh tr… ta th p thv… sa ptai t m ta raƒ sm tƒ [email protected] 91 A syllable with one time unit (mtr) is called laghu (small, light) and marked with a dot (‘•’). A syllable with two time units (mtr) is called guru (great, heavy) and marked with a line (‘—’). A syllable is guru if it fulfills one of the following two conditions: — • (1) the syllable has a long vowel … ™ r-ma — • (2) or a combined vowel e ai o au de-va — — (3) The syllable is followed by ˆ ƒ haˆ-saƒ — • (4) or a double consonant bra-hma (5) The last syllable of a pda is also optionally guru. Please check carefully the mtr of every single syllable. The respective rule(s) are on top of each syllable: (1,4) (1) (1) (2,3) (4) (1,5) (1,4) (1) (1) (4) (1,5) — • — — • — — — — • — — • — • — Aa TMa Maa Taa Gau rae" Pa TNaq b]a ø (2) (4) (1,4) (1) (1) (4) (1,5) (4) (2) (1) (1) (3) (1,5) — — — — • — — — — — — — • — • — Dae Nau DaaR }aq Ta Qaa Pa* Qvq Sa áE Taa Maa Ta r" SMa* Taa" )) dhe nu rdh tr… ta th p thv… sa ptai t m ta raƒ sm tƒ The meter of this verse is called anu˜up, or loka, and has eight syllables in each pda. The fifth syllable of each pda should be laghu (‘•’), the sixth guru (‘—’), the seventh guru in the first and third pda, and laghu in the second and fourth pda. The other syllables are free, either laghu or guru. 92 SANSKRIT READER COURSE The story continues: TaTa" MaNQar" Aah tataƒ mantharaƒ ha — Then Manthara said [to HiraŠyaka]: >ad] bhadra — O friend [mouse]! AaTMaNa" iNaJaRNa–vNa–AaGaMaNa–k==ar Level 6 AiSTa cMPak==–Ai>aDaaNaaYaaMa( NaGaYaaRMa( asti campaka-abhidhnym nagarym — There is in the city known as Campaka Pairv]aJak==–AvSaQa" parivrjaka-avasathaƒ — a hermitage for mendicants. Ta}a cU@ak== [email protected] 93 (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ m™ikaƒ m™ikau m™ikƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn m™ikam m™ikau m™ikn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ m™ikeŠa m™ikbhym m™ikaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ m™ikya m™ikbhym m™ikebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ m™ikt m™ikbhym m™ikebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm m™ikasya m™ikayoƒ m™ikŠm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu m™ike m™ikayoƒ m™ikeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he m™ika he m™ikau he m™ikƒ NaaGa–dNTak==Ma( AvlaeKYa nga-dantakam avalokya — Seeing the peg [so high in the wall] vq Level 7 AiSTa GaaE@–ivzYae asti gaua-viaye — There is in the land of Gaua k==aEXaaMbq NaaMa NaGarq kaumb… nma nagar… — the city of Kaumb…. cNdNa–daSa–NaaMaa candana-dsa-nm — By name Candana-dsa Maha–DaNa" vi TaeNa Pair A–li+aTa–oPaiSQaTaMa( a-lakita-upasthitam — unnoticed present ... coming unexpectedly TaMa( PaiTaMa( AvlaeKYa tam patim avalokya — seeing that her husband SahSaa oTQaaYa ke==Xaezu Aak*==ZYa sahas utthya keeu kya — immediately getting up, drawing him by the hair Gaa!Ma( Aail®y cuiMbTavTaq gham li‰gya cumbitavat… — and tightly embracing him, she kissed him. TaeNa AvSareaaveNaEv TaC^aS}a& S}aqbuÖaE SauPa]iTaiïTaMa(====)) • • — — • — — — — • — • • — • — u a n ve da ya cch straˆ ya cca ve da b ha spa tiƒ • — — — • — — — — — — — • — • — sva bh ve nai va ta cch straˆ str… bu ddhau su pra ti ˜hi tam Yad( XaaS}aMa( oXaNaa ved yad stram uan veda — “The scripture (stra) which ®ukrcrya knows Yad( c b*hSPaiTa" ved yad ca bhaspatiƒ veda — and that which Bhaspati knows, ®ukrcrya and Bhaspati are the teachers of higher beings. Tad( XaaS}aMa( Sv–>aaveNa Wv tad stram sva-bhvena eva — that scripture is naturally S}aq–buÖaE SauPa]iTaiïTaMa( str…-buddhau suprati˜hitam — well-established in the intelligence (buddhi) of women (str…).” Tad( Aail®NaMa( AvlaeKYa tad li‰ganam avalokya — Witnessing that embrace SaMaqPa–viTaRNaq ku==ÆNaq AicNTaYaTa( sam…pa-vartin… ku˜˜an… acintayat — a neighboring bawd thought: Ak==SMaaTa( akasmt — For what reason wYaMa( WNaMa( oPaGaU!vTaq wiTa iyam enam upag™havat… iti — does she embrace him? TaTa" TaYaa ku==ÆNYaa tataƒ tay ku˜˜any — Then by that bawd Tad( k==ar Level 6 ATa" AhMa( b]vqiMa ataƒ aham brav…mi — Therefore I say: Ak==SMaaTa( YauvTaq v*ÖMa( wTYaaid akasmt yuvat… vddham itydi — Why does the young woman [kiss] the old man, etc. (verse above) MaUizk==–bl–oPaSTaM>aeNa m™ika-bala-upastambhena — Supporting the strength of the mouse ke==NaaiPa k==ar 96 SANSKRIT READER COURSE (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ kaŠaƒ kaŠau kaŠƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn kaŠam kaŠau kaŠn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ kaŠena kaŠbhym kaŠaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ kaŠya kaŠbhym kaŠebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ kaŠt kaŠbhym kaŠebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm kaŠasya kaŠayoƒ kaŠnm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu kaŠe kaŠayoƒ kaŠeu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he kaŠa he kaŠau he kaŠƒ k==ar — — • — • • • — • • — • — — t n… ndri y Šya vi ka l ni ta de va n ma — — • — • • • — • • — • — — s bu ddhi ra pra ti ha t va ca naˆ ta de va — — • — • • • — • • — • — — a rtho ma Š vi ra hi taƒ pu ru aƒ sa e va — — • — • • • — • • — • — — a nyaƒ ka Še na bha va t… ti vi ci tra me tat The verse meter is vasanta-tilak. TaaiNa A–ivk==laiNa wiNd]YaaiaviTa kaŠena anyaƒ bhavati — becomes different within a moment (kaŠa) — [email protected] 97 wiTa WTad( ivic}aMa( iti etad vicitram — this is amazing.” WTad( SavRMa( Aak== 98 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 126 SavaR" SaMPataYaSTaSYa SaNTauí& YaSYa MaaNaSaMa( ) oPaaNaÓU!PaadSYa NaNau cMaaRv*Taev >aU" )) — — — — • — — — — — — — • — • — sa rvƒ sa mpa tta ya sta sya sa ntu ˜aˆ ya sya m na sam • — — — • — — — • • — — • — • — u p na dg™ ha p da sya na nu ca rm v te va bh™ƒ YaSYa MaaNaSaMa( SaNTauíMa( yasya mnasam santu˜am — “One who has mental satisfaction TaSYa SavaR" SaMPataYa" tasya sarvƒ sampattayaƒ — he has all opulences (sampatti). oPaaNad(–GaU!–PaadSYa upnad-g™ha-pdasya — For one whose feet (pda) are covered (g™ha) with shoes Na Nau cMaR–Aav*Ta–wv >aU" na nu carma-vta-iva bh™ƒ — is not the world as if covered with leather (carma)?” wiTa AalaeCYa iti locya — Considering thus AhMa( iNaJaRNa–vNaMa( AaGaTa" aham nirjana-vanam gataƒ — I came to a lonely forest. Level 2 TaTa" ASMad(–Pau The fifth syllable of the first pda should actually be short (laghu •) according to the rule of this verse meter anu˜up. Such Exceptions are called ra — license ‘of a sage’. oPaaiJaRTaaNaaMa( ivtaaNaaMa( uprjitnm vittnm — “For earned riches (vitta) TYaaGa" Wv ih r+a Level 8 AaSaqTa( k==LYaa 100 SANSKRIT READER COURSE (1) subject devaƒ devau devƒ ™karaƒ ™karau ™karƒ (2) ‘to’ devam devau devn ™karam ™karau ™karn (3) ‘with / by’ devena devbhym devaiƒ ™kareŠa ™karbhym ™karaiƒ (4) ‘for’ devya devbhym devebhyaƒ ™karya ™karbhym ™karebhyaƒ (5) ‘from’ devt devbhym devebhyaƒ ™kart ™karbhym ™karebhyaƒ (6) ‘of’ devasya devayoƒ devnm ™karasya ™karayoƒ ™karŠm (7) ‘in / at’ deve devayoƒ deveu ™kare ™karayoƒ ™kareu (8) address he deva he devau he devƒ he ™kara he ™karau he ™karƒ AQa TaYaae" Paad–AaSf==alNaeNa atha tayoƒ pda-sphlanena — Now, by their both foot-trampling Wk==" SaPaR" AiPa Ma*Ta" ekaƒ sarpaƒ api mtaƒ — one snake (sarpa) also died. A}a ANTare atra antare — Thereafter dqgaRrav" NaaMa JaMbuk==" d…rgharvaƒ nma jambukaƒ — a jackal named D…rgha-rva (‘long-howl’) Pair>a]MaNa( Aahar–AQaqR paribhraman hra-arth… — roaming and searching for food TaaNa( Ma*TaaNa( Ma*Ga–VYaaDa–SaPaR–XaUk==raNa( tn mtn mga-vydha-sarpa-™karn — those dead deer, hunter, snake and boar APaXYaTa( apayat — he saw. AalaeKYa AicNTaYaTa( c lokya acintayat ca — Seeing them he thought: Ahae >aaGYaMa( aho bhgyam — What good fortune! AÛ MahTa(–>aaeJYaMa( adya mahat-bhojyam — Today a great feast Mae SaMauPaiSQaTaMa( me samupasthitam — has come to me. Pa[QaMa–bu>au+aaYaaMa( prathama-bubhukym — In the first hunger wdMa( iNa"Svadu òaYau–bNDaNaMa( idam niƒsvdu snyu-bandhanam — this tasteless sinew-string (bandhana) k==aed<@–lGanMa( %adaiMa kodaŠa-lagnam khdmi — which is fixed to the bow I eat. ... why should I leave it for someone else to eat? wiTa o¤a TaQaa Ak==raeTa( iti uktv tath akarot — Speaking thus, he did so. TaTa" i^‘ae òaYau–bNDaNae tataƒ, chinne snyu-bandhane — Then, when the sinew-string was cut d]uTaMa( oTPaiTaTaeNa DaNauza drutam utpatitena dhanu — by the bow who was quickly jumping up ôid iNai>aR‘a" hdi nirbhinnaƒ — being pierced in the heart (hd) Sa" dqgaRrav" PaÄTvMa( GaTa" saƒ d…rgharvaƒ pañcatvam gataƒ — that jackal D…rgharava attained death. pañcatva — the ‘fivefold state’, when the body is dissolved into the five elements Level 2 ATa" AhMa( b]vqiMa ataƒ aham brav…mi — Therefore I say: k==TaRVYa" SaÄYa" iNaTYaMa( wTYaaid kartavyaƒ sañcayaƒ nityam itydi — Accumulation (sañcaya) should always be done, etc. [but no overaccumulation]. Sa%e sakhe — O friend [mouse]! [email protected] 101 dXaa–ivXaeze XaaiNTa" k==r 102 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 132 YaÛdev ih vaH^eTa TaTaae vaH^a Pa[vTaRTae ) Pa[aá WvaQaRTa" Saae==_QaaeR YaTaae vaH^a iNavTaRTae )) — • — • • — — — • — — — • — • — ya dya de va hi v ñche ta ta to v ñch pra va rta te — • — — • — — — • — — — • — • — pr pta e v rtha taƒ so ’rtho ya to v ñch ni va rta te Yad( Yad( Wv ih vaH^eTa yad yad eva hi vñcheta — “Whatever [object] one may desire TaTa" vaH^a Pa[vTaRTae tataƒ vñch pravartate — from that [achievement] the desire (vñch) proceeds. ... even after obtaining a desired object, the same desire increases, i.e., the desire is actually not ‘fulfilled’, the object not obtained, like a mirage in the desert which only increases our thirst YaTa" vaH^a iNavTaRTae yataƒ vñch nivartate — That from which our desire turns back Sa" AQaRTa" Pa[aá" AQaR" saƒ arthataƒ prptaƒ arthaƒ — that is an actually obtained object (artha).” wiTa é[uTva lgauPaTaNak==" b]UTae iti rutv laghupatanakaƒ br™te — Hearing this, [the crow] Laghupatanaka said: DaNYa" AiSa MaNQar dhanyaƒ asi manthara — Manthara, you are blessed! SavRQaa Aaé[Ya Level 1 AQa raJa–Pau}aE" Sa–AaNaNdMa( o¢==Ma( atha rja-putraiƒ sa-nandam uktam — Now the princes spoke with delight: SaveR é[uTavNTa" Saui%Na" vYaMa( sarve rutavantaƒ sukhinaƒ vayam — Hearing it, we are all happy. iSaÖMa( Na" SaMaqihTaMa( siddham naƒ sam…hitam — Our (naƒ) aspiration has been fulfilled. [email protected] 103 The Sage and The Mouse MauiNa–MaUizk==–k==Qaa muni-m™ika-kath — “The story of the muni and the mouse.” PauraTaNa–k==ale TaPaaevNae purtana-kle tapovane — In old times in the Tapovana [forest] k==iêd( MauiNa" AaSaqTa( kacid muniƒ s…t — some muni was living. TaSYa NaaMa MahaTaPaa" tasya nma mahtapƒ — His name was Mahtapƒ. k==daicd( Sa" MauiNa" kadcid saƒ muniƒ — Once this muni Aaé[MaSYa SaMaqPae ramasya sam…pe — near (sam…pa) the rama k==ak==–Mau%aTa( Pair>a]íMa( kka-mukht paribhra˜am — from a crow’s beak (kka-mukha) fallen Wk==Ma( MaUizk==–Xaavk==Ma( d*ívaNa( ekam m™ika-vakam d˜avn — a baby (vaka) mouse he saw. k==å MaaMa( r+aTau >avaNa( wiTa mm rakatu bhavn iti — You must protect me. MauiNa" – icNTaa Maa ASTau muniƒ, cint m astu — The muni [said] : Do not worry! >avNTaMa( AiPa bhavantam api — You also AhMa( XauNak==Ma( k==raeiMa aham unakam karomi — I make a dog. wiTa oKTVaa iti uktv— Speaking thus TaMa( MaaJaaRlMa( XauNak==Ma( k*==TavaNa( tam mrjlam unakam ktavn — he made that cat a dog. PauNa" k==daicd( punaƒ kadcid — Again, once k==êNa VYaaga[" Ta}a AaGaTavaNa( kacana vyghraƒ tatra gatavn — some tiger (vyghra) came there. VYaaga[aTa( >aqTa" XauNak==" vyghrt bh…taƒ unakaƒ — The dog, afraid of the tiger PauNa" AiPa MauNae" SaMaqPaMa( Wv punaƒ api muneƒ sam…pam eva — again near to the muni Xar TaMa( MaUizk==Ma( VYaaga[Ma( k*==TavaNa(====AiSTa tam m™ikam vyghram ktavn asti — made that mouse a tiger. ATa" Wz" ataƒ eaƒ — Therefore, this is VYaaga[–æPa" MaUizk==" Wv wiTa vyghra-r™paƒ m™ikaƒ eva iti — just a mouse in the shape of a tiger. Tad( é[uTva VYaaga[" iciNTaTavaNa( tad rutv vyghraƒ cintitavn — Hearing this, the tiger thought: YaavTa(–PaYaRNTaMa( Wz" MauiNa" JaqviTa yvat-paryantam eaƒ muniƒ j…vati — As long as this muni lives TaavTa(–PaYaRNTaMa( tvat-paryantam — so long JaNaa" WvMa( Wv vdiNTa janƒ evam eva vadanti — people will speak in this way. Tae MaaMa( MaUizk==Ma( Wv MaNYaNTae te mm m™ikam eva manyante — They consider me just a mouse Na Tau VYaaga[Ma( na tu vyghram — and not a tiger. Wza APak==IiTaR" dUrq–k==r 106 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Hinduism — Dharma 133 — • — — • — — — — — • • • — • — — — — • • — — — • — • • • — • — Daar [email protected] 107 135 • — • — — — — — — • — — • — • — Sa Wv DaMaR" Saae==_DaMaaeR deXak==ale Pa]iTaiïTa" ) sa eva dharmaƒ so ’dharmo dea-kle prati˜hitaƒ Sa" Wv DaMaR" Sa" A–DaMaR" “That this is dharma, and this is not dharma (a-dharma) deXa–k==ale Pa]iTaiïTa" is established according to (‘in’) place (dea) and time (kla).” 136 — — — — • — — — — — — — • — • — — — — • • — — — — — — — • — • — SaveR DaMaaR" k*==Tae JaaTaa" SaveR Naía" k==laE YauGae ) caTauvR XaaEc–AacarMa( Na icNTaYaeTa( one need not consider purity (auca) and good manner (cra). SvYaMa( SaMauÖreTa( One should lift up himself PaêaTa( SvSQa" and later, when healthy DaMaRMa( SaMaacreTa( one can perform dharma.” 138 — • — • • — — — — • — • • — • — — — • • • — — — • • — — • — • — JaqivTaaTYaYaMaaPa‘aae Yaae==_‘aMaita TaTaSTaTa" ) Aak==aXaiMav PaªeNa Na Sa PaaPaeNa ilPYaTae )) j…vittyayam panno yo ’nnam atti tatas tataƒ, kam iva pa‰kena na sa ppena lipyate JaqivTa–ATYaYaMa( AaPa‘a" “When a risk of life (j…vita) has come atyaya — ‘passing’, danger Ya" TaTa" TaTa" A‘aMa( Aita one who eats food (anna) from anywhere ... just to survive Sa" PaaPaeNa Na ilPYaTae he is not tainted by sin (ppa), Aak==aXaMa( wv PaªeNa as the space (ka) [is not tainted] by mud (pa‰ka).” 139 • — • — — • • — — — — — • — • — • — — • • — — — — — — • • — • — YaQaa ùk==SMaaÙviTa >aUMaaE Paa&SauivRlaeilTa" ) TaQaEveh >aveÖMaR" SaU+Ma" SaU+MaTarSTaQaa )) yath hy akasmd bhavati bh™mau pˆsur vilolitaƒ, tathaiveha bhaved dharmaƒ s™kmaƒ s™kmataras tath YaQaa ih Ak==SMaaTa( “As for some reason >aUMaaE ivlaeilTa" Paa&Sau" sand (pˆsu), which is tossed (vilolita) on earth (bh™mi), ... becomes pounded TaQaa Wv wh in the same way, here ... in our discussion DaMaR" SaU+Ma" TaQaa SaU+MaTar" >aveTa( dharma becomes fine (s™kma) and finer.” 140 — • — — • — — — • — • • • — • — k==ar 143 — — • — — • • — • — — — — • — — • • — • — — AahariNad]a>aYaMaEQauNa& c SaaMaaNYaMaeTaTPaXaui>aNaRra — — • — — • • — • — — — — • — — • • — • — — DaMaaeR ih TaezaMaiDak==ae ivXaezae DaMaeRa" SaMaaNaa" )) hra-nidr-bhaya-maithunaˆ ca smnyam etat paubhir narŠm dharmo hi tem adhiko vieo dharmeŠa h…nƒ paubhiƒ samnƒ Aahar–iNad]a–>aYa–MaEQauNaMa( c “Eating (hra), sleeping (nidr), defending (bhaya — ‘fear’) and mating (maithuna) Naara Tad( idvSaeNa Wv ku==YaaRTa( that one should do by day (divas). YaeNa vzaR" Sau:aMa( vSaeTa( That by which one can live happily during the rainy season (var) ... the equivalent to the rainy season is the winter of the North Tad( Aí–MaaSaeNa ku==YaaRTa( that one should do during [the other] eight (a˜a) months (msa). YaeNa v*Ö" Sau:aMa( vSaeTa( That by which an old man (vddha) can live happily Tad( PaUveR vYaiSa ku==YaaRTa( that he should do during the first part (p™rva) of life. YaeNa Pa]eTYa Sau:aMa( vSaeTa( That by which one can life happily after death (pretya), pretya — ‘after departing’ Tad( YaavTa( JaqveNa ku==YaaRTa( that one should do as long as one lives. Jaq 149 — • — • • — — — — • — — • — • — — • — • • — — — • — — — • — • — Wk== Wv creÖMa| NaaiSTa DaMaeR SahaYaTaa ) ke==vl& iviDaMaaSaaÛ SahaYa" ik&== k==irZYaiTa )) eka eva cared dharmaˆ nsti dharme sahyat kevalaˆ vidhim sdya sahyaƒ kiˆ kariyati DaMaRMa( Wk==" Wv creTa( “One can practice dharma himself alone (eka). DaMaeR SahaYaTaa Na AiSTa In [practicing] dharma there is no [need of any] help (sahyat). ke==vlMa( iviDaMa( AaSaaÛ Just following the injunction / law (vidhi) SahaYa" ik==Ma( k==irZYaiTa what will a companion (sahya) do?” 150 — • — • • — — — • — — • • — • — — • — • • — — — — — • • • — • — Wk== Wv creÖMa| Na DaMaRDviJak==ae >aveTa( ) DaMaRvai [email protected] 113 Hinduism — Self-Preservation 154 • — — — • — — — — • — — • — • — • — — • • — — — — • — • • — • — Xarqr& DaMaRSavRSv& r+a The verse meter is not regular. AiTaMaaNaaTa( AiTak]==aeDaaTa( “Out of pride (atimna) or anger (krodha) òehaTa( va Yaid va >aYaaTa( out of love (sneha) or fear (bhaya) S}aq PauMaaNa( va oØDNaqYaaTa( when a woman (str…) or man (puˆs) will hang [himself] Wza GaiTa" ivDaqYaTae this is the destiny (gati) ordained: PaUYa–Xaaei Xaaek==–PaYaaRku==l–AaTMaNa" and full of lamentation (oka) and confusion (pari.kula) SavR–AQaaR" VYavSaqdiNTa all purposes (artha) [of life] are frustrated (‘sink down’) VYaSaNaMa( c AiDaGaC^iTa and he attains ruin (vyasana).” 163 • • — — • — — — — — — — • — • — • — • — • — — — — — — — • — • — iÜivDae JaaYaTae VYaaiDa" Xaarqrae MaaNaSaSTaQaa ) ParSPar& TaYaaeJaRNMa iNaÜRNÜ& NaaePaPaÛTae )) dvi-vidhe jyate vydhiƒ r…ro mnasas tath, parasparaˆ tayor janma nirdvandvaˆ nopapadyate Xaarqr" MaaNaSa" “Bodily and mentally — VYaaiDa" iÜ–ivDae JaaYaTae disease (vydhi) comes two-fold. TaYaae" JaNMa ParSParMa( Their origin (janman) is mutual. ... by interaction of body and mind iNaÜRNÜMa( Na oPaPaÛTae It (disease) does not come without interaction (nirdvandva) [of these two].” 164 — • — • • — — — • — • • • — • — • — — — • — — — — • — • • — • — MaaNaSaeNa ih du":aeNa XarqrMauPaTaaPYaTae ) AYa"iPa<@eNa TaPTaeNa ku==M>aSa&SQaiMavaedk==Ma( )) mnasena hi duƒkhena ar…ram upatpyate, ayaƒ-piŠena taptena kumbha-saˆstham ivodakam MaaNaSaeNa ih du":aeNa “By mental suffering (duƒkha) XarqrMa( oPaTaaPYaTae the body (ar…ra) is heated, ku==M>a–Sa&SQaMa( odk==Ma( wv as water (udaka) [is heated] in a pot (kumbha) TaPTaeNa AYa"–iPa<@eNa by a hot (tapta) lump (piŠa) of iron.” 165 — • — — • — — — — — — — • — • — Pa]jYaa MaaNaSa& du":a& hNYaaC^arqrMaaEzDaE" ) prajñay mnasaˆ duƒkhaˆ hanyc chr…ram auadhaiƒ Pa]jYaa MaaNaSaMa( du":aMa( hNYaaTa( “By wisdom (prajñ) one should remove mental distress (duƒkha) AaEzDaE" XaarqrMa( and by medicines (auadha) bodily [distress].” 166 • • — — • — — — • — — — • — • — — • — — • — — — — — — • • — • — MaiTaMaNTaae ùTaae vEÛa" XaMa& Pa]aGaev ku==vRTae ) MaaNaSaSYa iPa]Yaa:YaaNaE" SaM>aaeGaaePaNaYaENa*R ATaqTaMa( for what is gone Ya" ANauXaaeciTa one who laments, du":aeNa du":aMa( l>aTae by [that] sorrow (duƒkha) he gets [another] sorrow ÜaE ANaQaaER Pa]PaÛTae and [thus] two evils (anartha) occur. ... Yad( WTad( Na ANauicNTaYaeTa( That one should not think of it WTad( du":aSYa >aEzJYaMa( this is the remedy (bhaiajya) for sorrow, icNTYaMaaNaMa( ih because when being thought of Na VYaeiTa it does not go >aUYa" c AiPa Pa]vDaRTae but increases more (bh™yas).” 168 — • — • • — — — • — — • • — • — — • — — • — — — — — — • • — • — Ya}a NaEv XarE" k==aYa| Na >a*TYaENaR c bNDaui>a" ) AaTMaNaEke==Na YaaeÖVYa& Tatae YauÖMauPaiSQaTaMa( )) yatra naiva araiƒ kryaˆ na bhtyair na ca bandhubhiƒ, tmanaikena yoddhavyaˆ tat te yuddham upasthitam Ya}a NaEv XarE" k==aYaRMa( “In which [fight] there is no use of arrows (ara) Na >a*TYaE" Na c bNDaui>a" nor of attendants (bhtya), nor of friends (bandhu) AaTMaNaa Wke==Na YaaeÖVYaMa( and which is to be fought by oneself alone (eka), Tad( YauÖMa( Tae oPaiSQaTaMa( that fight (yuddha) has arrived for you.” ... the struggle against sorrow 169 • • — — • — — — — — • • • — • — — — — — • — — — — • — • • — • — dMaMaev Pa]Xa&SaiNTa v*Öa" é]uiTaSaMaaDaYa" ) SaveRzaMaev v YaMaMa( wiTa Aahu" they (the wise) call ‘controller’ (yama) [of destiny], AaTMaa vE YaMa" oCYaTae the mind (tman) alone is called controller. YaeNa AaTMaa Sa&YaiMaTa" By whom the mind (tman) is controlled (saˆyamita) TaMa( YaMa" ik==Ma( k==irZYaiTa what can Yamarja do to him? Taq+ — — • — • • • — • • — • — — — — • — • • • — • • — • — — ga]a jihvaikato ’cyuta vikarati mvitpt ino ’nyatas tvag udaraˆ ravaŠaˆ kutacit ghrŠo ’nyata capala-dk kva ca karma-aktir bahvyaƒ sapatnya iva geha-patiˆ lunanti The verse meter is vasanta-tilak. ACYauTa “O Lord (Acyuta)! A–ivTa*áa iJaûa The unsatiable (a-vitpta) tongue (jihv) Wk==Ta" Maa ivk==zRiTa pulls me (m) from one (ekatas) [side] iXaXNa" ANYaTa" the genital (ina) from another Tvk(== odrMa( é[v SaUYaR" iv>aJaTae the sun (s™rya) divides. rai}a" >aUTaaNaaMa( SvPNaaYa The night (rtri) is for the sleep (svapna) of [all] beings (bh™ta) Ah" k==MaR MaU%RSYa c idXa" XaUNYaa" for a fool (m™rkha) [all] directions are void dird]Taa SavR–XaUNYaa [but] poverty (daritra.t) means all is void.” 189 — • — — • — — — • • — • • — • — — • — — • • • — • — • • • — • — Ya‘a vedDviNaDvaNTa& Na c Gaaei>arlx(==k*==TaMa( ) Ya‘a balE" Pairv*Ta& XMaXaaNaiMav Tad( Ga*hMa( )) yan na veda-dhvani-dhvntaˆ na ca gobhir ala‰ktam, yan na blaiƒ parivtaˆ manam iva tad gham Yad( Na ved–DviNa–DvaNTaMa( “[The house] which does not resound with Vedic sound (dhvani) Gaaei>a" Na c Alx(==k*==TaMa( which is not adorned (ala‰kta) with cows (go) Yad( balE" Na Pairv*TaMa( and which is not filled with children (bla), Tad( Ga*hMa( XMaXaaNaMa( wv that house (gha) is like a cremation-ground (mana).” 190 • — — — • — — — • — • • • — • — • — — — • — — — — — — — • — • — i}avGa| NaaiTak*==C^\eaJaeTa Ga*hMaeDYaiPa ) YaQaadeXa& YaQaak==al& YaavÕEvaePaPaaidTaMa( )) tri-vargaˆ ntikcchreŠa bhajeta gha-medhy api, yath-deaˆ yath-klaˆ yvad daivopapditam Ga*h–MaeDaq AiPa “Even a strict householder (gha-medh…) i}a–vGaRMa( Na AiTak*==C^\eaJaeTa should perform tri-varga not too hardly YaQaa–deXaMa( YaQaa–k==alMa( [but] according to place (dea) and time (kla) YaavTa( dEv–oPaPaaidTaMa( and as much is effected by daiva.” 122 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Hinduism — Non-Violence 191 — — • • • — — — — — • • • — • — — • — — • • • — — — • • • — • — oÜeGaJaNaNa& ih&Saa SaNTaaPak==r TaeNa JaqvaiMa By that [mode] I live.” 194 — — — — • — — — — • — — • — • — AaTMaaEPaMYaeNa MaNTaVYa& buiÖMaiÙ" k*==TaaTMai>a" ) tmaupamyena mantavyaˆ buddhimadbhiƒ kttmabhiƒ buiÖMaiÙ" k*==TaaTMai>a" “By men with intelligence (buddhi) and merit (kta-tma) AaTMa–oPaMYaeNa MaNTaVYaMa( [everything] is to be considered by comparison (upamya) with oneself.” 195 • — — • • — — — — • — — • — • — • — • — • — — — — — — • • — • — YadNYaEivRihTa& NaeC^edaTMaNa" k==MaR PaUåz" ) Na TaTParezu ku==vqRTa JaaNa‘aiPa]YaYaaTMaNa" )) yad anyair vihitaˆ necched tmanaƒ karma p™ruaƒ, na tat pareu kurv…ta jnann a-priyaytmanaƒ Yad( k==MaR “An activity (karman) which ANYaE" AaTMaNa" ivihTaMa( [if] by others (anya) done to himself PaUåz" Na wC^eTa( a person (p™rua) would not like, Tad( Parezu Na ku==vqRTa that [activity] he should not do to others (para) AaTMaNa" A–iPa]YaYaa JaaNaNa( knowing (jnan) [it] to be unpleasing for himself.” 196 — • — • • — — — • — — — • — • — — • — — • — — — — — • • • — • — MaaTa*vTPardarezu Pard]VYaezu laeí\vTa( ) AaTMavTSavR>aUTaezu Ya" PaXYaiTa Sa Pai<@Ta" )) mtvat para-dreu para-dravyeu lo˜ravat, tmavat sarva-bh™teu yaƒ payati sa paŠitaƒ Ya" Par–darezu MaaTa*vTa( PaXYaiTa “One who sees in other’s (para) wives (dra) a mother Par–d]VYaezu laeí\vTa( in other’s wealth (dravya) stones SavR–>aUTaezu AaTMavTa( in all beings (bh™ta) himself, Sa" Pai<@Ta" he is a learned man (paŠita).” 197 • — — — • — — — — — — — • — • — Na >aUTaaNaaMaih&SaaYaa JYaaYaaNDaMaaeR==_iSTa k==êNa ) na bh™tnm a-hiˆsy jyyn dharmo ’sti kacana >aUTaaNaaMa( A–ih&SaaYaaMa( “Compared to harmlessness (a-hiˆs) to all beings k==êNa JYaaYaaNa( DaMaR" any higher (jyyas) dharma Na AiSTa does not exist.” 198 • — — • • — — — • — — • • — • — Aih&Saa ParMa& iMa}aMaih&Saa ParMa& Sau:aMa( ) a-hiˆs paramaˆ mitram a-hiˆs paramaˆ sukham A–ih&Saa ParMaMa( iMa}aMa( “Non-violence (a-hiˆs) is the best friend (mitra) A–ih&Saa ParMaMa( Sau:aMa( non-violence is the greatest happiness (sukha).” 199 — • — — • — — — — • — — • — • — • — • — — — — — — — — — • — • — NaaiSTa===SaTYaaTParae===DaMaaeR===NaaNa*TaaTPaaTak&=====ParMa(===)===iSQaiTaihR===SaTYa&===DaMaRSYa===TaSMaaTSaTYa&===Na===laePaYaeTa( )) nsti satyt paro dharmo nntt ptakaˆ param, sthitir hi satyaˆ dharmasya tasmt satyaˆ na lopayet SaTYaaTa( Par" DaMaR" Na AiSTa “There is no higher (para) virtue (dharma) than truth (satya) Na ANa*TaaTa( ParMa( PaaTak==Ma( nor a greater (para) sin (ptaka) than untruth (an-ta). 124 SANSKRIT READER COURSE SaTYaMa( DaMaRSYa iSQaiTa" ih Truth (satya) is the very basis (sthiti) of dharma TaSMaaTa( SaTYaMa( Na laePaYaeTa( therefore truth one should not give up.” 200 — — • • • — — — — — • • • — • — — — • • • — — — — — — — • — • — SaTYaSYa vcNa& é]eYa" SaTYaadiPa ihTa& vdeTa( ) YaÙUTaihTaMaTYaNTaMaeTaTSaTYa& MaTa& MaMa )) satyasya vacanaˆ reyaƒ satyd api hitaˆ vadet, yad bh™ta-hitam atyantam etat satyaˆ mataˆ mama SaTYaSYa vcNaMa( é]eYa" “A word of truth (satya) is best (reyas) SaTYaaTa( AiPa ihTaMa( vdeTa( [but] even more than truth (satya) one should speak what is beneficial (hita). Yad( >aUTa–ihTaMa( ATYaNTaMa( That which is of the greatest (atyanta) benefit (hita) for all creatures (bh™ta), WTad( SaTYaMa( MaMa MaTaMa( that is satya in my opinion.” 201 — — — — • — — — — — • • • — • — — — • — • — — — — — — • • — • — SavRSvSYaaPahare Tau v¢==VYaMaNa*Ta& >aveTa( ) Ta}aaNa*Ta& >aveTSaTYa& SaTYa& caPYaNa*Ta& >aveTa( )) sarva-svasypahre tu vaktavyam an-taˆ bhavet, tatrntaˆ bhavet satyaˆ satyaˆ cpy an-taˆ bhavet — — — — • • • — — — — • • — • — ... TaSMaaÖMaaRQaRMaNa*TaMauKTva NaaNa*Ta>aaG>aveTa( ) tasmd dharmrtham an-tam uktv nnta-bhg bhavet SavR–SvSYa APahare Tau “But when one’s entire (sarva) possession (sva) is taken away (apahra) ANa*TaMa( v¢==VYaMa( >aveTa( untruth (an-ta) becomes utterable (vaktavya). Ta}a ANa*TaMa( SaTYaMa( >aveTa( Then untruth becomes truth (satya) SaTYaMa( c AiPa ANa*TaMa( >aveTa( and even truth becomes untruth. ... TaSMaaTa( DaMaR–AQaRMa( ANa*TaMa( oKTva Therefore, [after] speaking untruth (an-ta) for the course of dharma ... for the course of a-hiˆs Na ANa*Ta–>aak(== >aveTa( one does not become liable to falsehood.” 202 — — — • • — — — — — • • — — • — — — — — • — — — — • — — • — • — wRXaavaSYaiMad& Sav| YaiTk==Ä JaGaTYaa& JaGaTa( ) TaeNa TYa¢e==Na >auÅqQaa Maa Ga*Da" k==SYaiSvÖNaMa( )) …vsyam idaˆ sarvaˆ yat kiñca jagatyˆ jagat, tena tyaktena bhuñj…th m gdhaƒ kasyasvid dhanam The second pda is not regular. Yad( ik==Ä JaGaTYaaMa( JaGaTa( “Whatever is moving (jagat) on earth (jagat…) wdMa( SavRMa( wRXa–AavaSYaMa( all this is pervaded (vsya) by the Lord (…a). TaeNa TYa¢e==Na >auÅqQaa With what is allotted (tyakta) by Him, you may enjoy. k==SYaiSvd( DaNaMa( The wealth (dhana) of anyone [else] Maa Ga*Da" do not take.” 203 — — • — • • • — • • — • — — — — • — • • • — • • — • — — Yae Mae TaNaUiÜRJavraNduhTaqMaRdqYaa >aUTaaNYalBDaXar — — • — • • • — • • — • — — — — • — • • • — • • — • — — d]+YaNTYaga+aTad*Xaae ùihMaNYavSTaaNGa*Da]a åza MaMa ku==zNTYaiDad<@NaeTau" )) ye me tan™r dvija-varn duhat…r mad…y bh™tny a-labdha-araŠni ca bheda-buddhy drakyanty agha-kata-do hy ahi-manyavas tn gdhr ru mama kuanty adhidaŠa-netuƒ [email protected] 125 iÜJa–vraNa( “The brhmaŠas dvija-vara — ‘best of the twice-born (dvija)’, brhmaŠa MadqYaa" duhTaq" my daughters (i.e., cows) A–lBDa–Xar — — • — — • • — • — — — — • — — • • — • — — A>YaCYaR PaadaE ih iÜJaSYa MaUiDNaR d]uùi‘avajae Nark&== Pa[YaaiTa )) abhyarcayitv pratimsu viŠuˆ nindan jane sarva-gataˆ tam eva abhyarcya pdau hi dvijasya m™rdhni druhyann ivjño narakaˆ prayti ivZ rja-putra ciraˆ j…va m j…va muni-putraka, j…va v mara v sdho vydha m j…va m mara raJa–Pau}a icrMa( Jaqv “O prince, live long (cira)! rja-putra — ‘son of a king’ MauiNa–Pau}ak== Maa Jaqv O brahmacr…, do not live! muni-putraka — ‘son of a sage’ SaaDaae Jaqv va Mar va O saint (sdhu), either live or die! VYaaDa Maa Jaqv Maa Mar O butcher (vydha), do neither live nor die!” 206 • • — — • • • — • — — • • — • — — — — — • — — — — • — — • — • — ANauMaNTaa ivXaiSaTaa iNahNTaa §==Yaiv§==Yaq ) Sa&Sk==TaaR caePahTaaR c %adk==êeiTa gaaTak==a" )) anumant viasit nihant kraya-vikray…, saˆskart copahart ca khdaka ceti ghtakƒ ANauMaNTaa iNahNTaa “The permitter (anumant), killer (nihant) 126 SANSKRIT READER COURSE ivXaiSaTaa §==Ya–iv§==Yaq cutter (viasit), dealer (‘buyer and seller’) Sa&Sk==TaaR c oPahTaaR c cook (saˆskart — ‘preparer’), offerer (upahart) %adk==" c and the eater (khdaka) — wiTa gaaTak==a" these are the [seven] killers (ghtaka).” 207 — • — — • — • — Naae dYaa Maa&Sa>aaeiJaNa" ) no day mˆsa-bhojinaƒ Maa&Sa–>aaeiJaNa" Naae dYaa “Of a meat-eater (mˆsa-bhojin) there is no (no) mercy (day).” 208 — • — — • — — — — — • • • — • — • — — — • — — — — • — — • — • — Yae===TvNaev&ivdae==_SaNTa"===STaBDaa"===Sadi>aMaaiNaNa"===)===PaXaUNd]uùiNTa===ivé[BDaa"===Pa[eTYa===%adiNTa===Tae===c===TaaNa( )) ye tv an-evaˆ-vido ’santaƒ stabdhƒ sad-abhimninaƒ, pa™n druhyanti virabdhƒ pretya khdanti te ca tn Yae Tau ANa(–WvMa(–ivd" “But those who do not know this A–SaNTa" STaBDaa" the unholy (a-sat), stubborn (stabdha) SaTa(–Ai>aMaaiNaNa" thinking themselves to be saintly (sat) ivé[BDaa" PaXaUNa( d]uùiNTa who harm the animals (pau), being trusted [by them] Pa[eTYa Tae c TaaNa( %adiNTa next life (pretya) those [animals] also eat them.” 209 — • — • • — — — — • — • • — • — — — — — • — — — • • — • • — • — Maa& Sa >a+aiYaTaaMau}a YaSYa Maa&SaiMahaÚyhMa( ) WTaNMaa&SaSYa Maa&SaTv& Pa[vdiNTa MaNaqiz 214 — — • — — — — — — • — — • — • — • — • — • — — — — • — • • — • — YajaYa JaiGDaMaa|SaSYaeTYaez dEvae iviDa" SMa*Ta" ) ATaae==_NYaQaa Pa[v*itaSTau ra+aSaae iviDaåCYaTae )) yajñya jagdhir mˆsasyety ea daivo vidhiƒ smtaƒ, ato ’nyath pravttis tu rkaso vidhir ucyate — — • • • — — — — — — — • — • — • — • — — — — — — • — • • — • — YaaviNTa PaXauraeMaaia" SaurYaa va Saurak*==TaMa( ) >aUTahTYaa& TaQaEvEk==a& Na YajEMaaRíuRMahRiTa )) yath pa‰kena pa‰kmbhaƒ suray v surktam, bh™ta-hatyˆ tathaivaikˆ na yajñair mr˜um arhati YaQaa PaªeNa “As by mud (pa‰ka) ... by filtering it through mud Paª–AM>a" MaaíuRMa( Na AhRiTa one is not able to purify muddy water mr˜um (√mj[™] — to wash, purify) — to wash, purify SaurYaa Saura–k*==TaMa( va or by wine (sur) wine-stain, ... as one is not able to purify wine-stain by wine TaQaa Wv YajE" even so by [animal] sacrifices (yajña) ... one is not able to purify Wk==aMa( >aUTa–hTYaaMa( the killing of [even] one creature (bh™ta).” 216 • — — • • — — — • • — • • — • — — — • — • • • — — — — — • — • — AhSTaaiNa SahSTaaNaaMaPadaiNa cTauZPadaMa( ) f==LGaUiNa Ta}a MahTaa& Jaqvae JaqvSYa JaqvNaMa( )) a-hastni sa-hastnm a-padni catu-padm, phalg™ni tatra mahatˆ j…vo j…vasya j…vanam A–hSTaaiNa Sa–hSTaaNaaMa( “Those without hands (a-hasta) for those with hands (sa-hasta) A–PadaiNa cTauZPadaMa( those without legs (a-pada) for the four-legged (catu-pada) [email protected] 129 Ta}a f==LGaUiNa MahTaaMa( and there (in each group) those who are small (phalgu) for those who are big (mahat) — Jaqv" JaqvSYa JaqvNaMa( one being (j…va) is the subsistence (j…vana) of [another] being.” 217 • — — — • — — — — • — — • — • — — • — • • — — — — • — • • — • — TaTaSTaa>Yaae ddav‘aMaaezDaq" SQaavraiaUTaaiNa dubRlaiNa blqYaSaaMa( )) tatas tbhyo dadv annam oadh…ƒ sthvarŠi ca, ja‰gamni ca bh™tni durbalni bal…yasm AaezDaq" SQaavraiaUTaaiNa c and moving creatures (ja‰gama) — dubRlaiNa blqYaSaaMa( the weak (durbala) for the strong (bal…yas) — TaTa" Taa>Ya" A‘aMa( ddaE he (Brahm) then gave as their (men’s) food (anna).” 218 — — — — • — — — • • — • • — • — — — • — — — — — — • — — • — • — AaezDYaae vqåDaêEv PaXavae Ma*GaPai+a 130 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 219 — • — — • — — — — — — — • — • — — • — — • — — — — • — — • — • — PaÄ SaUNaa Ga*hSQaSYa cuçq Paez na mˆst paramaˆ kiñcid rasato vidyate bhuvi • — — — • — — — — • — • • — • — — • — — • — — — • — — — • — • — +aTa+aq rasa-v…rya-vipk hi va-mˆsasypi vaidyake, k…rtit iti tat kiˆ syd bhakaŠ…yaˆ vicakaŠaiƒ ì–Maa&SaSYa AiPa “Even of the flesh (mˆsa) of dogs (van) rSa–vqYaR–ivPaak==a" ih the taste (rasa), energy (v…rya) and digestive quality (vipka) vEÛke== k==IiTaRTaa" are glorified in medicine (vaidyaka). wiTa ik==Ma( But does it follow Tad( ivc+a 132 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Hinduism — Mother Cow 224 • • — • • — — — • • — — • — • — — • — — • — — — — — — — • — • — PaYaSaa hivza dDNaa Xak*==Taa caQa cMaR ... we should not disrespect you Xau>ae O goddess [Lakm…]! TvMa( Na" Xak*==Ta(–MaU}ae iNavSa You please reside in our (naƒ) dung (akt) and urine (m™tra) WTad( Pau ASYa PaaPaMa( c APak==zRiTa and all its sin (ppa) it removes.” 230 • — — • — — — — — • — — • — • — — — — • • — — — • • — — • — • — SauæPaa bhuæPaaê ivìæPaaê MaaTar" ) Gaavae MaaMauPaiTaïNTaaiMaiTa iNaTYa& Pa]k==ITaRYaeTa( )) sur™p bahu-r™p ca viva-r™p ca mtaraƒ, gvo mm upati˜hantm iti nityaˆ prak…rtayet SauæPaa" bhu–æPaa" c “[Cows are] of a beautiful form (su.r™pa) and of various forms ivì–æPaa" c MaaTar" of a universal form and the mothers (mt) [of all]. Gaav" MaaMa( oPaiTaïNTaaMa( ‘Let cows come to me.’ wiTa iNaTYaMa( Pa]k==ITaRYaeTa( Thus one should always (nityam) glorify.” 231 — — — — • — — — — — — — • — • — — — — — • — — — • — — — • — • — Gaa===vE===PaXYaaMYah&===iNaTYa&===Gaav"===PaXYaNTau===Maa&===Sada===)===Gaavae==_SMaak&=====vYa&===TaaSaa&===YaTaae===GaavSTaTaae===vYaMa( )) g vai paymy ahaˆ nityaˆ gvaƒ payantu mˆ sad, gvo ’smkaˆ vayaˆ tsˆ yato gvas tato vayam Gaa" vE AhMa( iNaTYaMa( PaXYaaiMa “At cows (go) I always look. Gaav" MaaMa( Sada PaXYaNTau Let cows always look at me. Gaav" ASMaak==Ma( vYaMa( TaaSaaMa( Cows are ours and we are theirs. YaTa" Gaav" TaTa" vYaMa( Where there are cows there are we.” 232 — — • — — — — — — • — — • — • — — — • • • — — — — • — • • — • — A®uíMaa}a" SQaUlae va bahuMaa}a" Pa]Maa TaTa" Gaae–vDaMa( Pa]aPNaaeiTa then one attains [the sin of] cow-killing (go-vadha). ... Gaae–v*za 136 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Hinduism — Virtue 235 • — — — • — — — • • — — • — • — • — — — • — — — • • — • • — • — TaPa" XaaEc& dYaa SaTYaiMaiTa Paada" k*==Tae k*==Taa" ) ADaMaa|XaEñYaae >aGNaa" SMaYaSa®MadESTav )) tapaƒ aucaˆ day satyam iti pdƒ kte ktƒ, a-dharmˆais trayo bhagnƒ smaya-sa‰ga-madais tava TaPa" XaaEcMa( dYaa SaTYaMa( “(4) Austerity (tapas), (2) purity (auca), (3) mercy (day) and (1) truthfulness (satya) — Tapas includes fasting and silence (mauna). wiTa Paada" k*==Tae k*==Taa" these your legs (pda) were established in kta-yuga. Sometimes, charity (dna) is mentioned in place of purity (auca). SMaYa–Sa®–MadE" By (4) intoxication (mada), (2) womanizing and (3) pride (smaya) sa‰ga — ‘association’ A–DaMaR–A&XaE" by [these] limbs (aˆa) of a-dharma Tav }aYa" >aGNaa" three of your [legs] are [already] broken (bhagna).” ... tapas by mada, day by smaya, and auca by sa‰ga 236 — — • — • — — — — — • • • — • — — — — — • — — — — — — — • — • — A>YaiQaRTaSTada TaSMaE SQaaNaaiNa k==lYae ddaE ) ÛUTa& PaaNa& iñYa" SaUNaa Ya}aaDaMaRêTauivRDa" )) abhyarthitas tad tasmai sthnni kalaye dadau, dy™taˆ pnaˆ striyaƒ s™n yatrdharma catur-vidhaƒ • — • — • — — — — • — • • — • — • — • — • — — — • — — — • — • — PauNaê YaacMaaNaaYa JaaTaæPaMadaTPa[>au" ) TaTaae==_Na*Ta& Mad& k==aMa& rJaae vEr& c PaÄMaMa( )) puna ca ycamnya jta-r™pam adt prabhuƒ, tato ’n-taˆ madaˆ kmaˆ rajo vairaˆ ca pañcamam A>YaiQaRTa" [King Par…kit,] being solicited (abhyarthita) [by Kali] ... Kali, the personified sin TaSMaE k==lYae to that Kali Tada SQaaNaaiNa ddaE he then gave places (sthna) ... as residence Ya}a cTauivRDa" A–DaMaR" where there is the fourfold a-dharma — [namely] ÛUTaMa( PaaNaMa( (1) gambling (dy™ta), (4) drinking (pna) iñYa" SaUNaa (2) prostitution (striya — womanizing) and (3) slaughter (s™n). PauNa" c YaacMaaNaaYa To the again (punas) begging (ycamna) [Kali] Pa[>au" JaaTa–æPaMa( AdaTa( King [Par…kit] gave gold (jta-r™pa), TaTa" [because] from that come ANa*TaMa( MadMa( k==aMaMa( (1) falsehood (an-ta), (4) intoxication (mada), (2) lust (kma) rJa" vErMa( c PaÄMaMa( (3) passion (rajas) and as fifth enmity (vaira).” 237 — — — • • — — — — — — • • — • — • — — • • — — — — — — • • — • — vedSYaaePaiNazTSaTYa& SaTYaSYaaePaiNazÕMa" ) dMaSYaaePaiNazÕaNa& daNaSYaaePaiNaztaPa" ) vedasyopaniat satyaˆ satyasyopaniad damaƒ, damasyopaniad dnaˆ dnasyopaniat tapaƒ • • — • • — — — — — — • • — • — TaPaSaaePaiNaztYaaGaSTYaaGaSYaaePaiNazTSau:aMa( )) tapasopaniat tygas tygasyopaniat sukham [email protected] 137 The sandhi between tapasaƒ and upaniad should be tapasa upaniad, but further sandhi was made to tapasopaniad. (?) vedSYa oPaiNazd( SaTYaMa( “The purpose of the Veda is (1) truth (satya) upaniad — secret meaning, purpose SaTYaSYa oPaiNazd( dMa" the purpose of satya is (2) sense-control (dama) dMaSYa oPaiNazd( daNaMa( the purpose of dama is (3) charity (dna) daNaSYa oPaiNazd( TaPa" the purpose of dna is (4) penance (tapas) TaPaSa" oPaiNazd( TYaaGa" the purpose of tapas renunciation (tyga) TYaaGaSYa oPaiNazd( Sau:aMa( and the purpose of tyga is happiness (sukha).” 238 — — — — • — — — • — — — • — • — — — — — • — — — — — — — • — • — iNaTYa& k]==aeDaataPaae r+aeiC^\Ya& r+aeÀ MaTSaraTa( ) ivÛa& MaaNaavMaaNaa>YaaMaaTMaaNa& Tau Pa]MaadTa" )) nityaˆ krodht tapo rakec chriyaˆ rakec ca matsart, vidyˆ mnvamnbhym tmnaˆ tu pramdataƒ — • — — • — — — • — • • • — • — — — — — • — — — • — — — • — • — AaNa*Xa&SYa& Parae DaMaR" +aMaa c ParMa& blMa( ) AaTMajaNa& Par& jaNa& Na SaTYaaiÜÛTae ParMa( )) naˆsyaˆ paro dharmaƒ kam ca paramaˆ balam, tma-jñnaˆ paraˆ jñnaˆ na satyd vidyate param TaPa" iNaTYaMa( k]==aeDaaTa( r+aeTa( “One should always (nityam) protect penance (tapas) from anger (krodha) ié]YaMa( c MaTSaraTa( r+aeTa( one should protect prosperity (r…) from pride (matsara — envy) ivÛaMa( MaaNa–AvMaaNaa>YaaMa( education (vidy) from honor (mna) and dishonor (avamna) AaTMaaNaMa( Tau Pa]MaadTa" and oneself (tman) from illusion (pramda). AaNa*Xa&SYaMa( Par" DaMaR" Mercy (naˆsya) is the supreme virtue (dharma) +aMaa c ParMaMa( blMa( forgiveness (kam) the supreme strength (bala) AaTMa–jaNaMa( ParMa( jaNaMa( and self-realization (tma-jñna) the supreme knowledge (jñna). SaTYaaTa( ParMa( Na ivÛTae [But] there exists nothing higher (para) than truthfulness (satya).” 239 — — • • • — — — • — — — • — • — — — • • • — — — — — — — • — • — SaTYaSYa vcNa& SaaDau Na SaTYaaiÜÛTae ParMa( ) SaTYaeNa ivDa*Ta& Sav| Sav| SaTYae Pa]iTaiïTaMa( )) satyasya vacanaˆ sdhu na satyd vidyate param satyena vidhtaˆ sarvaˆ sarvaˆ satye prati˜hitam • • — • • — — — — — — — • — • — — — • • • — — — • — — — • — • — AiPa PaaPak*==Taae raEd]a" SaTYa& k*==Tva Pa*QaKPa*Qak(== ) Ad]aehMaivSa&vad& Pa]vTaRNTae Tadaé]Yaa" )) api ppa-kto raudrƒ satyaˆ ktv pthak pthak, a-droham a-visaˆvdaˆ pravartante tad-rayƒ SaTYaSYa vcNaMa( SaaDau “Speaking (vacana) of the truth (satya) is virtuous (sdhu). SaTYaaTa( ParMa( Na ivÛTae There exists nothing superior (para) to truth. SavRMa( SaTYaeNa ivDa*TaMa( Everything (sarva) is supported by truth. SavRMa( SaTYae Pa]iTaiïTaMa( Everything depends (‘is based’) on truth. PaaPa–k*==Ta" raEd]a" AiPa Even sinful (ppa-kt) and dreadful (raudra) persons SaTYaMa( k*==Tva Pa*Qak(== Pa*Qak(== after swearing [to keep] (‘doing’) truth amongst each other (pthak pthak) Tad(–Aaé]Yaa" relying on that [truth] A–d]aehMa( A–ivSa&vadMa( Pa]vTaRNTae act without injury and lying.” droha — injury; visaˆvda — ‘false assertion’ 138 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 240 — — • — — — • — — — — — • • — SaTYa& vd====) DaMa| cr====) SvaDYaaYaaNMaa Pa]Mad" ) satyaˆ vada, dharmaˆ cara, svdhyyn m pramadaƒ — • — — • — • • — — • — — — • — — • — • • • — — • — MaaTa*devae >av====) iPaTa*devae >av====) AacaYaRdevae >av====) AiTaiQadevae >av ) mt-devo bhava, pit-devo bhava, crya-devo bhava, atithi-devo bhava SaTYaMa( vd “Speak the truth (satya). DaMaRMa( cr Practice virtue (dharma). SvaDYaaYaaNa( Maa Pa]Mad" Do not neglect your daily recitations (svdhyya). MaaTa*–dev" >av Worship your mother (mt). iPaTa*–dev" >av Worship your father (pit). AacaYaR–dev" >av Worship your teacher (crya). AiTaiQa–dev" >av Worship your guests (atithi).” 241 — • — — • — — — — • — • • — • — — — — — • — — — • — — — • — • — luBDaMaQaeRNa Ga*õqYaaTSTaBDaMaÅilk==MaR na hy a-satyt paro ’dharma iti hovca bh™r iyam, sarvaˆ sohum alaˆ manye te ’l…ka-paraˆ naram A–SaTYaaTa( Na ih Par" A–DaMaR" “There is no greater sin (a-dharma) than untruthfulness (a-satya). Alqk==–ParMa( NarMa( ‰Tae ‘Except for a person (nara) who is given to falsehood (al…ka) SavRMa( Saae!uMa( AlMa( MaNYae I consider [myself] able (alam) to tolerate everything.’ — ... to bear the greatest mountains wiTa wYaMa( >aU" h ovac This the earth (bh™) [once] said.” 244 • — • — • — — — — — — — • — • — — — • • • — — — • — — — • — • — Aih&SaYaEv===>aUTaaNaa&===k==aYa|===é[eYaae==_NauXaaSaNaMa(===)===vaKcEv===MaDaura===ë+ [email protected] 139 a-hiˆsayaiva bh™tnˆ kryaˆ reyo ’nusanam, vk caiva madhur lakŠ prayojy dharmam icchat A–ih&SaYaa Wv “Without giving any pain (a-hiˆs) >aUTaaNaaMa( to all beings (bh™ta) é[eYa" ANauXaaSaNaMa( k==aYaRMa( good (reya) instruction (anusana) must be given. DaMaRMa( wC^Taa By one desiring (icchat) virtue (dharma) MaDaura ë+ satyaˆ br™yt priyaˆ br™yn na br™yt satyam a-priyam, priyaˆ ca nntaˆ br™yd ea dharmaƒ santanaƒ SaTYaMa( b]UYaaTa( “One should say (br™yt) the truth (satya) iPa[YaMa( b]UYaaTa( and one should say what is pleasing (priya). A–iPa]YaMa( SaTYaMa( Na b]UYaaTa( One should not say unpleasing (a-priya) truth Na c iPa[YaMa( ANa*TaMa( b]UYaaTa( nor should one say pleasing untruth (an-ta). Wz" SaNaaTaNa" DaMaR" This is eternal (santana) law (dharma).” 246 — • — • • — — — — — • • • — • — • — • — — • • — — • — — • — • — DaaiMaRk==a Gau dhrmik guŠa-sampannƒ satyrjava-samanvitƒ, durukta-vcbhihitaiƒ prpnuvant…ha duktam • — • — — — — — — — — — • — • — — — • — • • • — • • — — • — • — ivMa*XYa TaSMaaTPa]ajeNa v¢==VYa& DaMaRiMaC^Taa ) SaTYaaNa*TaeNa ih k*==Ta oPadeXaae ihNaiSTa ih )) vimya tasmt prjñena vaktavyaˆ dharmam icchat, satyntena hi kta upadeo hinasti hi Gau np˜aƒ kasyacid br™yn npy a-nyyena pcchataƒ, jñnavn api medhv… jaavat samupviet A–Pa*í" “Without being asked k==SYaicd( Na b]UYaaTa( one should not speak to anyone 140 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Na AiPa A–NYaaYaeNa Pa*C^Ta" nor to one who is asking improperly (a-nyyena). jaNavaNa( AiPa MaeDaavq An intelligent man, even when knowledgeable (jñnavat) Ja@vTa( SaMauPaaivXaeTa( should [then] sit like dumb (jaavat).” 248 • — — — • — — — — • — • • — • — • • — — • — — — • — — • • — • — PaYa"PaaNa& >auJa®aNaa& ke==vl& ivzvDaRNaMa( ) oPadeXaae ih MaU%aR payaƒ-pnaˆ bhuja‰gnˆ kevalaˆ via-vardhanam, upadeo hi m™rkhŠˆ prakopya na ntaye >auJa®aNaaMa( PaYa"–PaaNaMa( “Giving milk to snakes payaƒ-pna — ‘milk-drink’, milk; bhuja‰ga (bhujam.ga) — ‘curved-going’, a snake ke==vlMa( ivz–vDaRNaMa( is just enhancing (vardhana) their poison (via). MaU%aR sulabhƒ puru rjan satataˆ priya-vdinaƒ, a-priyasya ca pathyasya vakt rot ca durlabhaƒ raJaNa( “O King! SaTaTaMa( iPa]Ya–vaidNa" Pauåza" Persons (purua) who always (satatam) speek pleasing (priya) words Saul>aa" are easy to find. A–iPa]YaSYa c PaQYaSYa Of something unpalatable but suitable (pathya) v¢==a é]aeTaa c dulR>a" [both] a speaker (vakt) and a hearer (rot) is rare.” 250 — — • • • — — — — — — • • — • — — • — — • — — — — • — • • — • — Pa*í" iPa]YaihTa& b]UYaa‘a b]UYaadihTa& iPa]YaMa( ) AiPa]Ya& va ihTa& b]UYaaC^* p˜aƒ priya-hitaˆ br™yn na br™yd a-hitaˆ priyam, a-priyaˆ v hitaˆ br™yc chŠvato ’numato mithaƒ Pa*í" “When asked [by the king] iPa]Ya–ihTaMa( b]UYaaTa( he (the courtier) should say the pleasing (priya) truth (hita — ‘what is beneficial’). iPa]YaMa( A–ihTaMa( Na b]UYaaTa( He should not say the pleasing untruth. ANauMaTa" [Only when] allowed, iMaQa" Xa* Ma*d(–Jala>YaaMa( baùMa( SMa*TaMa( [Purity] with earth (md) and water (jala) is said to be external TaQaa >aav–XauiÖ" ANTarMa( and purity of thought (bhva) is internal (antara). AaXaaEcaTa( ih baùMa( vrMa( Better (vara) than impurity (auca) is external [purity] TaSMaaTa( Aa>YaNTarMa( vrMa( and better than that is internal [purity]. Ya" Tau o>aa>YaaMa( c Xauic" One who is pure (uci) by both (ubha) Sa" Xauic" [only] he is pure, Na wTar" Xauic" no one else (itara) is pure.” 252 • • — • • — • • — • — • • — • — • — — — • — — — — • — — • — • — :aNaNaaÕhNaaÜzaRÓaei>arak]==Ma medhya — ‘fit for an offering’, pure Na oiC^íaNa( MaNau" Ab]vqTa( [but] Manu did not call them impure. ... ucchi˜a — ‘left’, to be rejected, impure SaNTaTaa" Daara" [Continually] flowing (santata) rivers vaTa–oÖUTaa" re TaQaa Wv i}a" iÜ" PauNa" PairMaaJaRYaeTa( one should similarly wash [the mouth] thrice and again twice (dvi).” 257 — — • • • — — — valeNa Tau Na >au“aqTa ) vlena tu na bhuñj…ta valeNa Tau “But [food] with hair (vla) [in it] Na >au“aqTa one should not eat.” 144 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Hinduism — Charity 258 • — • • • — — — • — — — • — • — — — • — • — — — — • — • • — • — AhNYahiNa daTaVYaMadqNaeNaaNTaraTMaNaa ) STaaek==adiPa Pa]YaTNaeNa daNaiMaTYai>aDaqYaTae )) ahany ahani dtavyam a-d…nenntartman, stokd api prayatnena dnam ity abhidh…yate AhiNa AhiNa Pa]YaTNaeNa “Carefully, every day (ahan) A–dqNaeNa ANTaraTMaNaa with a liberal (a-d…na — ‘non-wretched’) mind STaaek==aTa( AiPa daTaVYaMa( even from a little (stoka) [income something] one should give — daNaMa( wiTa Ai>aDaqYaTae this is called charity (dna).” 259 — — — • • — — — • • — — • — • — • — • — • — — — — — — • • — • — Wk==a& Gaa& dXaGaudRÛaÕXa dÛaÀ GaaeXaTaq ) XaTa& SahóGaudRÛaTSaveR TauLYaf==la ih Tae )) ekˆ gˆ daa-gur dadyd daa dadyc ca go-at…, ataˆ sahasra-gur dadyt sarve tulya-phal hi te dXa–Gau" Wk==aMa( GaaMa( dÛaTa( “The owner of ten (daa) cows (gu = go) should give one cow Gaae–XaTaq dXa dÛaTa( c the owner of a hundred should give ten Sahó–Gau" XaTaMa( dÛaTa( the owner of a thousand (sahasra) cows should give a hundred (ata) — Tae SaveR TauLYa–f==la" ih they all get an equal merit (phala — ‘fruit’, result).” 260 — • — • • — — — — • — • • — • — — • — • • — — — — — — — • — • — YaÕdaiTa iviXaíe>Yaae Ya’auhaeiTa idNae idNae ) Tatau ivtaMah& MaNYae Xaez& k==SYaaiPa r+aiTa )) yad dadti vii˜ebhyo yaj juhoti dine dine, tat tu vittam ahaˆ manye eaˆ kasypi rakati Yad( iviXaíe>Ya" ddaiTa “Whatever one gives to worthy persons Yad( idNae idNae JauhaeiTa and whatever one offers daily [as a homa], Tad( Tau AhMa( ivtaMa( MaNYae that I consider as [true] wealth (vitta). ... because this goes to our credit in the next life XaezMa( k==SYa AiPa r+aiTa The rest one keeps for someone else.” 261 • — — • • — — — — — • • • — • — — — — • • — — — — — • • • — • — Na Tae>Yaae==_iPa DaNa& deYa& XaKYae SaiTa k==QaÄNa ) PaaPae>Yaae ih DaNa& dta& daTaarMaiPa Paq@YaeTa( )) na tebhyo ’pi dhanaˆ deyaˆ akye sati kathañcana, ppebhyo hi dhanaˆ dattaˆ dtram api p…ayet k==QaÄNa XaKYae SaiTa “If somehow able Tae>Ya" AiPa DaNaMa( Na deYaMa( one should not give them wealth (dhana), ... even when one is attacked by robbers, which is the context of this verse PaaPae>Ya" ih dtaMa( DaNaMa( because wealth given (datta) to sinners daTaarMa( AiPa Paq@YaeTa( will afflict also the giver (dt).” 262 — — • — • • • — — • — — • — • — — — • — • — — — — • — — • — • — k==" k==SYa caePaku==åTae k==ê k==SMaE Pa]YaC^iTa ) Pa]a AaTMaNaa AaTMa–AQaRMa( by himself [only] for himself Pa]a ateu jyate ™raƒ sahasreu ca paŠitaƒ, vakt ata-sahasreu dt bhavati v na v • • — • • — — — • • — • • — • — • — — — • — — — • — — — • — • — Na r ... charity is given 269 • — • — — — — — — • — — • — • — — — — — • — — — • — • • • — • — ihr XaSYae XaSYae Pa]raehiTa grows with (‘in’) every grain (asya).” ... of every harvest 273 — — — — • — — — — • — — • — • — SavaRNk==aMaaNPa]YaC^iNTa Yae Pa]YaC^iNTa k==aÄNaMa( ) sarvn kmn prayacchanti ye prayacchanti kñcanam Yae k==aÄNaMa( Pa]YaC^iNTa “Those who make a gift of gold (kñcana) SavaRNa( k==aMaaNa( Pa]YaC^iNTa make a gift of everything desirable (kma).” 274 — — • — — • • — • — — — — • — — • • — • — — AGNaerPaTYa& Pa]QaMa& Sauv — — • — — • • — • — — — — • — — • • — • — — laek==aS}aYaSTaeNa >aviNTa dtaa Ya" k==aÄNa& Gaa& c Mahq& c dÛaTa( )) agner apatyaˆ prathamaˆ suvarŠo bh™r vaiŠav… s™rya-sut ca gvaƒ loks trayas tena bhavanti datt yaƒ kñcanaˆ gˆ ca mah…ˆ ca dadyt Sauv annena sadaˆ dnaˆ na bh™taˆ na bhaviyati A‘aeNa Sad*XaMa( daNaMa( “A gift (dna) equal to food (anna) Na >aUTaMa( Na >aivZYaiTa has not been (bh™ta) nor will it be.” 278 — • — — • — — — — — — — • — • — — • — • • — — — — — — • • — • — AaEzDa& PaQYaMaahar& òeha>Ya®& Pa]iTaé]YaMa( ) Ya" Pa]YaC^iTa raeiGa>Ya" SavRVYaaiDaivviJaRTa" )) auadhaˆ pathyam hraˆ snehbhya‰gaˆ pratirayam, yaƒ prayacchati rogibhyaƒ sarva-vydhi-vivarjitaƒ — — — — • — — — • — • • • — • — — — • • • — — — — — — — • — • — ... daNaaNYaeTaaiNa deYaaiNa ùNYaaiNa c ivXaezTa" ) dqNaaNDak*==Pa katriyo ’haˆ na jnmi deh…ti vacanaˆ kvacit, prayaccha yuddham ity evaˆ-vdinaƒ smo dvijottama iÜJa–otaMa, AhMa( +ai}aYa" “O brhmaŠa! I am a katriya. deih wiTa vcNaMa( The word ‘give (dehi) [me]’ Kvicd( Na JaaNaaiMa I do not know whatsoever. Pa]YaC^ YauÖMa( wiTa ‘Give (prayaccha) me battle (yuddha)!’ WvMa(–vaidNa" SMa" We are (smaƒ) those who say [this].” 284 — • — — • — • — b]aø brhmaŠo ’n-arthan-dhtiƒ b]aø [email protected] 151 285 • • — • • — — — • • — — • — • — — — — — • — — — • — — — • — • — Na Tau PaaPak*==Taa& raja& Pa]iTaGa*õiNTa SaaDav" ) WTaSMaaTk==ar ya udyatam an-dtya k…nam abhiycate, k…yate tad-yaaƒ sph…taˆ mna cvajñay hataƒ oÛTaMa( ANa(–Aad*TYa “[After] not accepting what is offered (udyata) Ya" k==INaaXaMa( Ai>aYaacTae one who [later] asks a miser (k…na), Sf==ITaMa( Tad(–YaXa" +aqYaTae his great (sph…ta) reputation (yaas) [of being self-satisfied] is ruined MaaNa" c AvjYaa hTa" and his pride is humbled by insult (avajñ).” 287 — • — — • — — — • • — • • — • — — — — • • — — — • — — — • — • — PaaNaMa+aa" iñYaêEv Ma*GaYaa c YaQaa§==MaMa( ) WTaTk==íTaMa& ivÛaÀTauZk&== k==aMaJae Ga PaaåZYaMa( ANa*TaMa( c Wv Harshness (pruya), untruth (an-ta) SavRXa" PaEXauNYaMa( c AiPa and also faultfinding (paiunya) everywhere A–SaMbÖ–Pa[laPa" c and incoherent (a-sambaddha — ‘unconnected’) speech (pralpa) ..., i.e., talking idly cTauivRDaMa( vax(==MaYaMa( SYaaTa( will be the fourfold [sinful] verbal [action]. A–dtaaNaaMa( oPaadaNaMa( Taking what has not been given (a-datta) A–ivDaaNaTa" ih&Saa c Wv and violence (hiˆs) not sanctioned (a-vidhnatas) Par–dar–oPaSaeva c and intercourse with another’s wife (para-dra) i}a–ivDaMa( XaarqrMa( SMa*TaMa( are declared to be the threefold [sinful] bodily [action].” 289 • — — — • — — — — • — — • — • — — • — — • — — — — — • • • — • — Ga*haSa¢==SYa Naae ivÛa Naae dYaa Maa&Sa>aaeiJaNa" ) d]VYaluBDaSYa Naae SaTYa& ñE SaMaaNak==MaaRcr [email protected] 153 293 • — • — • — — — • — — • • — • — • — • — — — — — • — — • • — • — Na Maa&Sa>a+a 154 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 6. Sanskrit — Sandhi 1 The word sandhi means junction, connection, combination, union. In grammar, sandhi is made between two immediate sounds, either inside a word or between words. The rules of sandhi reflect the natural change of sounds when joined. In this way, words can be joined as a natural flow of sounds, which has given to Sanskrit a great fluidity and an aesthetically pleasing and melodious sound. For example, the words sat, cit and nanda (eternity, knowledge and bliss) combine to sac-cid-nanda. In English too, ‘in-pure’ and ‘in-regular’ become ‘impure’, ‘irregular’, and ‘he is’ becomes ‘he’s.’ We have selected and simplified a few prominent rules, giving them the name of a well-known example. Rules 1-7 describe sandhi between vowels, rules 8-9 sandhi between consonants, and rules 10-12 sandhi after visarga (the ‘echo’ ƒ). There is a practical list of sandhi rules in 17. Summary Grammar. (1) paramtm Rule: Vowels of the same class (like a-, i-…, ...) combine into a long vowel. a + a, a + , + a, + all combine into . parama-_tm >>> ParMaaTMaa paramtm — ‘supreme soul’, Supersoul nitya-_nanda >>> iNaTYaaNaNd nitynanda — ‘everlasting bliss (nanda)’ The same is with i-… and u-™: r…-_…a >>> é]qXa r…a — ‘the lord (…a) of ®r… (Lakm…)’, ViŠu bahu-_udara >>> bhUdr bah™dara — ‘one who has many bellies (udara)’ [email protected] 155 Hinduism — Karma 1 294 YaSMaaÀ YaeNa c YaQaa c Yada c YaÀ YaavÀ Ya}a c Xau>aaXau>aMaaTMak==MaR ) TaSMaaÀ TaeNa c TaQaa c Tada c TaÀ TaavÀ Ta}a c ivDaaTa*vXaaduPaEiTa )) yasmc ca yena ca yath ca yad ca yac ca yvac ca yatra ca ubhubham tma-karma tasmc ca tena ca tath ca tad ca tac ca tvac ca tatra ca vidht-vad upaiti sandhi: ubha-_aubham YaSMaaTa( c YaeNa c “From which [cause] and by which [means] YaQaa c Yada c Yad( c how, when and of what kind YaavTa( c Ya}a c in which amount and where Xau>a–AXau>aMa( AaTMa–k==MaR one’s good or bad action (karman) [is performed], TaSMaaTa( c TaeNa c from that [same cause] and by that [means] TaQaa c Tada c Tad( c in that way, at that time and of that kind TaavTa( c Ta}a c in that amount and in that place ivDaaTa*–vXaaTa( by the will of the Lord (vidht) oPaEiTa one attains [such reaction].” 295 balae Yauva c v*Öê YaTk==raeiTa Xau>aaXau>aMa( ) TaSYaa& TaSYaaMavSQaaYaa& TaTf==l& Pa]iTaPaÛTae====)) blo yuv ca vddha ca yat karoti ubhubham, tasyˆ tasym avasthyˆ tat-phalaˆ pratipadyate sandhi: ubha-_aubham YaQaa DaeNauSahóezu vTSaae ivNdiTa MaaTarMa( ) TaQaa PaUvRk*==Ta& k==MaR k==TaaRrMaNauGaC^iTa====)) yath dhenu-sahasreu vatso vindati mtaram, tath p™rva-ktaˆ karma kartram anugacchati bal" Yauva c v*Ö" c “A boy (bla), youth (yuvan) or old man (vddha) Yad( Xau>a–A–Xau>aMa( k==raeiTa whatever good (ubha) or bad (a-ubha) he does, TaSYaaMa( TaSYaaMa( AvSQaaYaaMa( in that same particular stage (avasth) [of life] Tad(–f==lMa( Pa]iTaPaÛTae one attains its result [in the next life]. YaQaa DaeNau–Sahóezu As among thousands (sahasra) of cows (dhenu) vTSa" MaaTarMa( ivNdiTa a calf (vatsa) finds (‘obtains’) its mother (mt), TaQaa PaUvR–k*==TaMa( k==MaR so does a previously done (p™rva-kta) activity (karman) k==TaaRrMa( ANauGaC^iTa follow the doer (kart).” 296 k==MaR 297 MaaNauzezu MaharaJaNDaMaaRDaMaaER Pa]vTaRTa" ) Na TaQaaNYaezu >aUTaezu MaNauZYarihTaeiZvh====)) mnueu mah-rjan dharmdharmau pravartataƒ, na tathnyeu bh™teu manuya-rahitev iha sandhi: dharma-_adharmau, tath_anyeu Maha–raJaNa( wh “O King [Janaka]! In this world DaMaR–A–DaMaaER virtue (dharma) and sin (a-dharma) MaaNauzezu Pa]vTaRTa" exist [only] among men (mnua), Na TaQaa ANYaezu >aUTaezu and not so among other beings (bh™ta) MaNauZYa–rihTaezu who are not humans (manuya).” 298 DaMaRk==aYa|===YaTaNa(===XaKTYaa===Naae===ceTPa]aPNaaeiTa===MaaNav"===)===Pa]aPTaae===>aviTa===TaTPau >a]U [email protected] 159 Sanskrit — Sandhi 2 (1) paramtm (2) gaŠea Rule: a- and i-… combine into e. gaŠa-_…a >>> Ga (3) om Rule: a- and u-™ combine into o. a-_um >>> AaeMa( om, that is how, according to some authorities, the sacred syllable om is derived purua-_uttama >>> PauåzaetaMa puruottama — supreme person (purua) (4) naiva Rule: a- and e-ai combine into ai. na_eva >>> NaEv naiva — never sad_eva >>> SadEv sadaiva — always 160 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Hinduism — Karma 2 307 AaDYaaiTMak==ae vE iÜivDa" Xaarqrae MaaNaSaSTaQaa====) dhytmiko vai dvi-vidhaƒ r…ro mnasas tath AaDYaaiTMak==" vE iÜ–ivDa" “šdhytmika is of two kinds (vidha) — Xaarqr" MaaNaSa" TaQaa bodily and mental.” 308 Wv& Sa >aaEiTak&== du"%& dEivk&== dEihk&== c YaTa( ) >aae¢==VYaMaaTMaNaae idí& Pa[aá& Pa[aáMabuDYaTa====)) evaˆ sa bhautikaˆ duƒkhaˆ daivikaˆ daihikaˆ ca yat, bhoktavyam tmano di˜aˆ prptaˆ prptam abudhyata dEihk==Ma( >aaEiTak==Ma( dEivk==Ma( c “(1) Daihika, (2) bhautika and (3) daivika Yad( Pa[aáMa( Pa[aáMa( du"%Ma( whatever suffering is achieved, AaTMaNa" idíMa( >aae¢==VYaMa( one’s own destiny is to be enjoyed — di˜a — ‘directed’, destiny WvMa( Sa" AbuDYaTa thus he (the Avant… brhmaŠa) understood.” 309 du"%eZvek==Tare nprpta-klo mriyate viddhaƒ ara-atair api, kugreŠpi saˆsp˜aƒ prpta-klo na j…vati sandhi: (1) na_aprpta-, kua-_agreŠa_api Xar–XaTaE" AiPa ivÖ" “Even if pierced with a hundred (ata) of arrows (ara) A–Pa[aá–k==al" Na iMa]YaTae one whose time (kla) [of death] has not come, does not die. ku==Xa–AGa]eaRveTa( ) TaQaa Pauåzk==areaveTa( there is no movement of a chariot (ratha), TaQaa Pauåz–k==areaveTa( ) TaQaa k==MaRSaMaaYau¢&== dEv& SaaDau ivvDaRTae====)) yathgniƒ pavanoddh™taƒ sus™kmo ’pi mahn bhavet, tath karma-samyuktaˆ daivaˆ sdhu vivardhate sandhi: (1) yath_agniƒ, (3) pavana-_uddh™taƒ YaQaa TaEl+aYaaÕqPa" Pa]”aSaMauPaGaC^iTa ) TaQaa k==MaR+aYaaÕEv& Pa]”aSaMauPaGaC^iTa====)) yath taila-kayd d…paƒ prahrsam upagacchati, tath karma-kayd daivaˆ prahrsam upagacchati YaQaa SauSaU+Ma" AiPa AiGNa" “As even a very small (su.s™kma) fire (agni) PavNa–oÖUTa" when excited (uddh™ta) by the wind (pavana) MahaNa( >aveTa( it becomes big (mahat), TaQaa dEvMa( so does destiny (daiva) k==MaR–SaMaaYau¢==Ma( when joined by exertion (karman) SaaDau ivvDaRTae grow powerful (sdhu — efficient). 162 SANSKRIT READER COURSE YaQaa dqPa" As a light (d…pa) TaEl–+aYaaTa( after the oil (taila) is finished Pa]”aSaMa( oPaGaC^iTa undergoes diminution (prahrsa), TaQaa dEvMa( so does destiny k==MaR–+aYaaTa( after the exertion (karman) is stopped Pa]”aSaMa( oPaGaC^iTa undergo diminution (prahrsa).” 316 dEve Pauåzk==are c k==MaRiSaiÖVYaRviSQaTaa ) Ta}a dEvMai>aVYa¢&== PaaEåz& PaaEvRdeihk==Ma(====)) daive purua-kre ca karma-siddhir vyavasthit, tatra daivam abhivyaktaˆ pauruaˆ paurva-dehikam dEve Pauåz–k==are c “In [both] destiny (daiva) and a man’s action (kra) k==MaR–iSaiÖ" VYaviSQaTaa the success (siddhi) of work (karman) rests. Ta}a And there (among both) PaaEvR–deihk==Ma( PaaEåzMa( of a deed (paurua — ‘manliness’) in a previous body (paurva-dehika) dEvMa( Ai>aVYa¢==Ma( daiva [again] is the manifestation.” [email protected] 163 Sanskrit — Sandhi 3 (1) paramtm (2) gaŠea (3) om (4) naiva (5) yady api Rule: i-… becomes y before another vowel. yadi_api >>> YaÛiPa yady api (say ‘yadyapi’) — although Although, for clarity, in the transcription there is still the space between yady and api, but now, after making sandhi they are spoken as one word — ‘yadyapi.’ vahmi_aham >>> vhaMYahMa( vahmy aham (say ‘vahmyaham’) — I carry mayi_sakta >>> MaYYaaSa¢== mayy sakta (say ‘mayysakta’) — attached to Me (6) manvantara Rule: u-™ becomes v before another vowel. manu-antara >>> MaNvNTar manvantara — the ruling period of Manu tu_antagatam >>> TvNTaGaTaMa( tv antagatam (say ‘tvantagatam’) — finished (7) vande ’ham Rule: After words ending in e and o, a is dropped. vande_aham >>> vNde==_hMa( vande ’ham — I praise dehe_asmin >>> dehe==_iSMaNa( dehe ’smin — in this body Examples for words ending in o are given under rule (12). 164 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Hinduism — Penance 317 k==alae==_iGNa" k==MaR Ma*ÜaYauMaRNaae jaNa& TaPaae JalMa( ) PaêataaPaae iNarahar" SaveR==_Maq XauiÖheTav"====)) klo ’gniƒ karma md vyur mano jñnaˆ tapo jalam, pacttpo nirhraƒ sarve ’m… uddhi-hetavaƒ sandhi: (7) klo_agniƒ, sarve_am… k==al" AiGNa" “Time (kla), fire (agni) k==MaR Ma*d( vaYau" rituals (karman), earth (md), air (vyu) MaNa" jaNaMa( mind (manas), spiritual knowledge (jñna) TaPa" JalMa( penance (tapas), water (jala) PaêataaPa" iNarahar" atonement (pact-tpa) and fasting (nirhra) — SaveR AMaq XauiÖ–heTav" all these are means to purity (uddhi).” am… 〈1.3〉 of adas, hetu — ‘cause’, means 318 AiGNahae}a& TaPa" SaTYa& vedaNaa& cEv PaalNaMa( ) AaiTaQYa& vEìdev& c wíiMaTYai>aDaqYaTae====)) agni-hotraˆ tapaƒ satyaˆ vednˆ caiva planam, tithyaˆ vaivadevaˆ ca i˜am ity abhidh…yate sandhi: (4) ca_eva, (5) iti_abhidh…yate AiGNa–hae}aMa( TaPa" SaTYaMa( “Fire sacrifice (agni-hotra), penance (tapas) and truthfulness (satya) vedaNaaMa( c Wv PaalNaMa( protection (plana) of the Vedas AaiTaQYaMa( vEìdevMa( c hospitality (tithya) and [worship (p™j) of] the gods wíMa( wiTa Ai>aDaqYaTae are designated as rites (i˜a).” 319 SaTaa& v*taMaiDaïaYa iNahqNaa oiÕDaqzRv" ) MaN}avJa| Na duZYaiNTa ku==vaR SaMaarM>aaNa( wRhMaaNa" “When attempting works samrambha — ‘undertaking’, work Yaid DaNaMa( Na AaSaadYaeTa( if one can not achieve wealth (dhana) oGa]Ma( TaPa" SaMaaraeheTa( [then] one should begin (‘ascend’) severe (ugra) austerity (tapas), ANa(–oPTaMa( Na ih Pa]raehiTa [because] what is unsown (an-upta) does never (na hi) grow.” 322 v]Ta& ih k==Ta*RSaNTaaPaataPa wTYai>aDaqYaTae====) vrataˆ hi kart-santpt tapa ity abhidh…yate sandhi: (5) iti_abhidh…yate v]TaMa( ih k==Ta*R–SaNTaaPaaTa( “A vow (vrata) taken by a doer out of repentance (santpa) TaPa" wiTa Ai>aDaqYaTae is called tapas.” 323 XarqrPaaTaNaaÀEv TaPaSaaDYaYaNaeNa c ) MauCYaTae PaaPak*==TPaaPaaÕaNaaÀaiPa Pa]MauCYaTae====)) ar…ra-ptanc caiva tapasdhyayanena ca, mucyate ppa-kt ppd dnc cpi pramucyate sandhi: (4) ca_eva, (1) tapas_adhyayanena, ca_api Xarqr–PaaTaNaaTa( c Wv “By punishment ar…ra-ptana — ‘falling of the body’, death, corporal punishment TaPaSaa ADYaYaNaeNa c penance (tapas) and study (adhyayana) PaaPa–k*==Ta( PaaPaaTa( MauCYaTae a sinner (ppa-kt) is freed from sin (ppa); daNaaTa( c AiPa Pa]MauCYaTae he is also freed by charity (dna).” 324 SaMau‘aMaGa]Taae vS}a& PaêaC^uDYaiTa k==MaR TaPaSaa k==MaR ... between sunrise and sunset oPavaSaq TaQaa >aveTa( one is also [like] fasting.” 332 iTaYaRGYaaeiNavDa& k*==Tva d]uMaaNa( i^tveTaraNbhUNa( ) i}ara}a& vaYau>a+a" SYaaTk==MaR c Pa]QaYa‘ar"====)) tiryag-yoni-vadhaˆ ktv drumn chittvetarn bah™n, tri-rtraˆ vyu-bhakaƒ syt karma ca prathayan naraƒ sandhi: (2) chittv_itarn iTaYaRk(==–YaaeiNa–vDaMa( k*==Tva “[After] doing the killing (vadha) of animal-species d]uMaaNa( bhUNa( wTaraNa( i^tva [after] cutting trees (druma), or many other [plants] Nar" a person (nara) k==MaR c Pa]QaYaNa( [while] declaring the deed (karman) also [publicly] prathayat — ‘spreading’, declaring i}a–ra}aMa( vaYau–>a+a" SYaaTa( he should fast for three days.” tri-rtra — ‘three nights’, i.e., (here) for three days; vyu-bhaka — ‘who eats air’ 333 }Yah& SaaYa& }Yah& Pa]aTaS}Yah& >au»e TvYaaicTaMa( ) }Yah& Par& c NaaXNaqYaaTPa]aJaaPaTYaae==iviDa" SMa*Ta"====)) try-ahaˆ syaˆ try-ahaˆ prtas try-ahaˆ bhu‰kte tv aycitam, try-ahaˆ paraˆ ca nn…yt prjpatyo vidhiƒ smtaƒ sandhi: (5) tri-_ahaˆ, (6) tu_aycitam, (1) na_an…yt i}a–AhMa( SaaYaMa( >au»e “Three days one eats in the evening (sya) try-aha (tri-_aha) — three days i}a–AhMa( Pa]aTa" three days in the early morning (prtar) i}a–AhMa( Tau A–YaaicTaMa( three days only what is unsolicited (a-ycita) ParMa( i}a–AhMa( c Na AXNaqYaaTa( and the last three days one should not eat (na an…yt) — Pa]aJaaPaTYa" iviDa" SMa*Ta" this is described as prjpatya rule (vidhi).” 334 }YahMauZ Wz" caNd]aYa ... sma-dna-bheda-daŠa — conciliation, gift, dissention and punishment PaÄ iJaTva [After] conquering the ‘five’ [senses] z$(= ividTva knowing the ‘six’ [faults] ... the six anarthas (an-artha — ‘which is useless’, fault; misery): kma-krodha-lobha- moha-mada-mtsarya — lust, anger, greed, illusion, fantasy and envy (ViŠu-smti 96.50) SaPTa ihTva and avoiding the ‘seven’ [sinful activities] ... dy™ta-striya-mgay-mada — gambling, womanizing, hunting and intoxication; plus harshness of speech, severity of punishment and misuse of wealth Sau:aq >av be happy (sukhin)!” 340 oPad]va&STaQaa raeGaaiNhTaJaq ghyƒ devatƒ 〈2.3〉 of ghy devat PaUJaiYaTva [after] honoring [them], TaTa" PaêaTa( Ga*hSQa" afterwards the householder (ghastha) Xaez–>auk(== >aveTa( shall partake of what remains (ea).” 345 NaaiSTa MaaTa*SaMa& dEv& NaaiSTa iPaTa*SaMaae Gauå"====) nsti mt-samaˆ daivaˆ nsti pit-samo guruƒ sandhi: (1) na_asti MaaTa*–SaMaMa( dEvMa( “A divinity (daiva) equal to the mother (mt) Na AiSTa does not exist. iPaTa*–SaMa" Gauå" An authority (guru) equal to the father (pit) Na AiSTa does not exist.” 346 >a*Taae v*Öae Yaae Na ib>aiTaR Pau}a" SvYaaeiNaJa" iPaTar& MaaTar& c ) TaÜE PaaPa& >a]U bhto vddho yo na bibharti putraƒ sva-yoni-jaƒ pitaraˆ mtaraˆ ca tad vai ppaˆ bhr™Ša-haty-vii˜aˆ tasmn nnyaƒ ppa-kd asti loke sandhi: (1) na-_anyaƒ >a*Ta" v*Ö" “Having been maintained (bhta) and brought up (vddha) Sv–YaaeiNa–Ja" Pau}a" the inborn child (putra) sva-yoni-ja — ‘born from the own yoni or womb’ Ya" iPaTarMa( MaaTarMa( c Na ib>aiTaR who does not maintain his father (pit) and mother (mt), TaSMaaTa( ANYa" PaaPa–k*==Ta( another (greater) sinner (ppa-kt) than him laeke== Na AiSTa does not exist in this world (loka). Tad( vE PaaPaMa( That sin (ppa) >a]U ÜaE wMaaE PauåzaE These two persons (purua) SvGaRSYa oPair iTaïTa" are placed above heaven (svarga) — +aMaYaa Yau¢==" Pa]>au" c the master (prabhu) graced with forgiveness (kam) Pa]daNavaNa( dird]" c and the poor man (daridra) who is charitable.” 353 buiÖ" Pa] 174 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Hinduism — Punishment 355 GauåraTMavTaa& XaaSTaa raJaa XaaSTaa duraTMaNaaMa( ) wh Pa]C^‘aPaaPaaNaa& XaaSTaa vEvSvTaae YaMa"====)) gurur tmavatˆ st rj st durtmanm, iha pracchanna-ppnˆ st vaivasvato yamaƒ Gauå" AaTMavTaaMa( XaaSTaa “The priest (guru) is the ruler (st) of the learned raJaa duraTMaNaaMa( XaaSTaa the king (rjan) is the ruler of the evil-minded (dur.tman) vEvSvTa" YaMa" and Yama, the son of Vivasvn wh Pa]C^‘a–PaaPaaNaaMa( XaaSTaa is the ruler of those whose sin (ppa) is hidden in this world.” 356 DaNa& Tau YaSYaaPahretaSMaE dÛaTSaMa& vSau ) ivivDaeNaa>YauPaaYaeNa Tada MauCYaeTa ik==iLbzaTa(====)) dhanaˆ tu yasypaharet tasmai dadyt samaˆ vasu, vividhenbhyupyena tad mucyeta kilbit sandhi: (1) yasya_apaharet, vividhena_abhyupyena YaSYa DaNaMa( Tau APahreTa( “Whose wealth (dhana) one might steal, TaSMaE SaMaMa( vSau dÛaTa( to him an equal (sama) value (vasu) one should give ivivDaeNa A>YauPaaYaeNa by diverse means (abhyupya). Tada ik==iLbzaTa( MauCYaeTa Then one is freed from sin (kilbia).” 357 Ga*hqTaaNSaMaahTaaR PaaErJaaNaPadaNaa& dXaRYaeTa(====) caerGa]h [email protected] 175 iS}aYaSTvaXaiªTaa" PaaPaa NaaePaGaMYaa ivJaaNaTaa ) rJaSaa Taa ivXauDYaNTae >aSMaNaa >aaJaNa& YaQaa====)) striyas tv a‰kitƒ pp nopagamy vijnat, rajas t viudhyante bhasman bhjanaˆ yath sandhi: (6) tu_a‰kitƒ, (3) na_upagamy Sa&vTSarMa( Yataa" iS}aYa" “Women (str…) who lead a regular life (yatta) for one year (saˆvatsara) k==MaR>Ya" ivPa]MauCYaNTae are completely freed from karma. ... AaXaiªTaa" Tau PaaPaa" iS}aYa" Sinful women who are afraid (a‰kita) Na oPaGaMYaa" are not to be attacked (upagamya — ‘aproached’) ivJaaNaTaa by one who is understanding (vijnat). Taa" rJaSaa ivXauDYaNTae They are purified by their menstrual flow (rajas) YaQaa >aaJaNaMa( >aSMaNaa as a metallic plate (bhjana) [is purified] with ashes (bhasman).” 360 Paura iDaGd<@ WvaSaqÜaGd<@STadNaNTarMa( ) AaSaqdadaNad<@ae==_iPa vDad<@ae==_Û vTaRTae====)) pur dhig-daŠa evs…d vg-daŠas tad-anantaram, s…d dna-daŠo ’pi vadha-daŠo ’dya vartate sandhi: (1) eva_s…d, (7) daŠo_api, daŠo_adya Paura “First (pur) iDaGa(–d<@" Wv AaSaqTa( there was (s…t) only (1) dhig-daŠa Tad(–ANaNTarMa( vaGa(–d<@" thereafter (2) vg-daŠa AadaNa–d<@" AiPa AaSaqTa( [then] there was also (3) dna-daŠa (= dhana-daŠa) AÛ vDa–d<@" vTaRTae and today (adya) (4) vadha-daŠa is practiced.” 361 MaNauZYaa DaNa–APah" steals wealth (dhana) +ae}a–dar–hr" c Wv steals land (ketra) or [abducts another’s] wife (dra) — z@( WTae AaTaTaaiYaNa" these six are aggressors (tatyin).” 364 NaaTaTaaiYavDae daezae hNTau>aRviTa k==êNa ) ntatyi-vadhe doo hantur bhavati kacana sandhi: (1) na_tatyi AaTaTaaiYa–vDae “In killing an aggressor (tatyin) hNTau" Na k==êNa daez" >aviTa there is not any sin (doa — fault) for a killer (hant).” 365 iNak*==TYaa iNak*==iTaPa]ja hNTaVYaa wiTa iNaêYa" ) Na ih NaEk*==iTak&== hTva iNak*==TYaa PaaPaMauCYaTae====)) nikty nikti-prajñ hantavy iti nicayaƒ, na hi naiktikaˆ hatv nikty ppam ucyate iNak*==iTa–Pa]ja" “Those whose intention (prajñ) is full of deceit (nikti) iNak*==TYaa hNTaVYaa" are to be killed (hantavya) by deceit wiTa iNaêYa" this is sanctioned (nicaya — certainty). iNak*==TYaa NaEk*==iTak==Ma( hTva Killing a deceitful person (naiktika) with deceit Na ih PaaPaMa( oCYaTae is never called a sin (ppa).” 366 SvPa[a 369 dSYaUi‘ahiNTa vE raJaa >aUYaSaae vaPYaNaaGaSa" ) >aaYaaR MaaTaa iPaTaa Pau}aae hNYaNTae PauåzeaTae XaqlMaek==da ) SaaDaaeêaiPa ùSaaDau>Ya" Xaae>aNaa JaaYaTae Pa]Jaa====)) a-sdhu caiva puruo labhate …lam ekad, sdho cpi hy a-sdhubhyaƒ obhan jyate praj sandhi: (4) ca_eva, (1) ca_api, (5) hi_a-sdhubhyaƒ ... Yada PauraeihTa& va Tae PaYaeRYau" Xar 178 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Sanskrit — Sandhi 4 (1) paramtm (2) gaŠea (3) om (4) naiva (5) yady api (6) manvantara (7) vande ’ham (8) bhagavad-g…t Rule: ‘Hard’ consonants change to ‘soft’ consonants, before soft consonants and vowels. When you examine the alphabet you can easily understand or just feel the difference between ‘hard’ (unvoiced) and ‘soft’ (voiced) consonants. The soft consonants are marked in bold type: ka kha ga gha ‰a ca cha ja jha ña ˜a ˜ha a ha Ša ta tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma ya ra la va a a sa ha This rule applies mainly to t, and occasionally to k. bhagavat-_g…t >>> >aGavÓqTaa bhagavad-g…t — the song of the Lord jagat-_…a >>> JaGadqXa jagad-…a — Lord of the universe (jagat) On the other hand, ‘soft’ consonants become ‘hard’ before hard consonants. This rule applies mainly to d. suhd_satm >>> SazôTSaTaaMa( suƒrt satm — the friend (suhd) of His devotees tad_tad_prpya >>> TataTPa]aPYa tat tat prpya — after achieving that (9) ahaˆ bhajmi Rule: m becomes ˆ (the pure nasal) before a consonant. You will find examples in almost every verse of Bhagavad-g…t. tam aham_bhajmi >>> TaMah& >aJaaiMa tam ahaˆ bhajmi — I worship Him [email protected] 179 Hinduism — Society 370 bl& ivÛa c ivPa[a 180 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 374 XaUd]e cETaÙveç+Ya& iÜJae TaÀ Na ivÛTae ) Na vE XaUd]ae >aveC^Ud]ae b]aø [email protected] 181 377 AadaE k*==TaYauGae v 381 ATa" PauiM>aiÜRJaé[eïa v [email protected] 183 Hinduism — Sacraments 383 Ga>aaRDaaNa& Tau Pa[QaMa& TaTa" Pau&SavNa& SMa*TaMa( ) SaqMaNTaae‘aYaNa& JaaTak==MaR NaaMaaNauXaaSaNaMa(====) garbhdhnaˆ tu prathamaˆ tataƒ puˆsavanaˆ smtam, s…mantonnayanaˆ jta-karma nmnusanam cU@ak*==iTa& v]TabNDa& vedv]TaaNYaXaezTa"====)) c™-ktiˆ vrata-bandhaˆ veda-vratny aeataƒ Ga>aaRDaaNaMa( Tau Pa[QaMaMa( SMa*TaMa( “The [saˆskra of] (1) garbhdhna is said to be the first ... for explanations see the list below TaTa" Pau&SavNaMa( SaqMaNTaae‘aYaNaMa( then come (2) puˆsavana, (3) s…mantonnayana JaaTa–k==MaR NaaMa–ANauXaaSaNaMa( (5) jta-karma, (7) nma-karaŠa (nma-anusana) cU@a–k*==iTaMa( v]Ta–bNDaMa( (11) c™-karaŠa (c™-kti), (14) upanayana (vrata-bandha) ved–v]TaaiNa AXaezTa" and completely the [four] Vedic observances.” veda-vrata — ‘a rite performed during the acquirement of the Vedas’ 384 YaSYaETae==_ícTvair&XaTSa&Sk==ara" Sa b]aø 184 SANSKRIT READER COURSE 387 Ta}a Yad( b]øJaNMaaSYa MaaEiÅbNDaNaiciöTaMa( ) Ta}aaSYa MaaTaa Saaiv}aq iPaTaa TvacaYaR oCYaTae )) tatra yad brahma-janmsya mauñji-bandhana-cihnitam, tatrsya mt svitr… pit tv crya ucyate sandhi: (1) janma_asya, tatra_asya, (6) tu_crya Ta}a Yad( ASYa b]ø–JaNMa “His brahma-janma (birth for the Veda) MaaEiÅ–bNDaNa–iciöTaMa( is symbolised by the mauñji-bandhana mauñji- or mauñj…-bandhana — ‘binding the girdle of muñja grass’ Ta}a ASYa MaaTaa Saaiv}aq where his mother (mt) is said to be Gyatr… (Svitr…) iPaTaa Tau AacaYaR" oCYaTae and the father (pit) the guru (crya).” 388 b]aø [email protected] 185 Hinduism — BrhmaŠa 389 SaTYa& daNa& +aMaa XaqlMaaNa*Xa&SYa& TaPaae ga* A–b]aø 398 SadaePavqTaq cEv SYaaTSada bÖiXa:aae iÜJa"====) sadopav…t… caiva syt sad baddha-ikho dvijaƒ sandhi: (3) sad_upav…t…, (4) ca_eva iÜJa" “A brhmaŠa (dvija) Sada oPavqTaq c Wv SYaaTa( should always (sad) wear sacred thread (upav…ta) Sada bÖ–iXa:a" and have his hair-tuft (ikh) always tied (baddha).” 399 ADaqYaqr&ñYaae v vidy ha vai brhmaŠam jagma gopya m evadhis te ’ham asmi as™yakynjave ’vratya na m br™y v…ryavat… tath sym sandhi: (7) te_aham, (1,7) as™yakya_anjave_avratya ivÛa h vE “Learning (vidy) herself b]aø 402 k==MaR ivPa]SYa YaJaNa& daNaMaDYaYaNa& TaPa"====) Pa]iTaGa]hae==_DYaaPaNa& c YaaJaNa& ceiTa v*taYa"====) karma viprasya yajanaˆ dnam adhyayanaˆ tapaƒ, pratigraho ’dhypanaˆ ca yjanaˆ ceti vttayaƒ sandhi: (9) yajanam_dnam etc., (7) pratigraho_adhypanam, (2) ca_iti YaJaNaMa( daNaMa( ADYaYaNaMa( TaPa" “(3) Yajana, (5) dna, (1) adhyayana, and penance (tapas) ivPa]SYa k==MaR are the duty of a brhmaŠa (vipra); Pa]iTaGa]h" ADYaaPaNaMa( c YaaJaNaMa( c (6) pratigraha, (2) adhypana, and (4) yjana wiTa v*taYa" these are his means of livelihood (vtti).” 403 Yaa}aaMaa}aPa[iSaÖyQa| SvE" k==MaRi>arGaihRTaE" ) A©e==XaeNa XarqrSYa ku==vsTa DaNaSaÄYaMa( )) ytr-mtra-prasiddhy-arthaˆ svaiƒ karmabhir a-garhitaiƒ, a-kleena ar…rasya kurv…ta dhana-sañcayam sandhi: (5,9) prasiddhi-_artham_svaiƒ ‰TaaMa*Taa>Yaa& Jaqvetau Ma*TaeNa Pa[Ma*TaeNa va ) SaTYaaNa*Taa>YaaMaiPa va Na ìv*tYaa k==dacNa )) tmtbhym j…vet tu mtena pramtena v, satyntbhym api v na va-vtty kadcana sandhi: (1) ta-_amtbhym, satya-_antbhym XarqrSYa Yaa}aa–Maa}a–Pa[iSaiÖ–AQaRMa( “For accomplishing (prasiddhi) the bare subsistence (ytr) of the body SvE" A–GaihRTaE" k==MaRi>a" by his prescribed (sva — own) blameless (a-garhita) duties (karman) A–©e==XaeNa without fatique (a-klea) DaNa–SaÄYaMa( ku==vsTa he should do accumulation (sañcaya) of wealth (dhana). ‰Ta–AMa*Taa>YaaMa( Tau JaqveTa( He should live by gleaning grain and by donations ta — ‘truth’, gleaning grain, i.e., gather leftover grain after a harvest; amta — ‘ambrosia’, what is given unasked Ma*TaeNa Pa[Ma*TaeNa va or by begging and agriculture mta — ‘[like] death’, begging; pra.mta — ‘what causes the death of many beings’, agriculture SaTYa–ANa*Taa>YaaMa( AiPa va or even by commerce satya-anta — ‘truth and falsehood’, commerce and money-lending ì–v*tYaa Na k==dacNa but never by paid service.” va-vtti — ‘dog-subsistence’, paid service 404 AXa¢==" +a}aDaMaeR brhmaŠaƒ katriyatvaˆ hi yti astra-samudyamt sandhi: (9) katriyatvam_hi XaS}a–SaMauÛMaaTa( “By taking up arms (astra) [to attack others] b]aø sandhi: (9) svam_vaste svam_dadti, varŠnm_jye˜haƒ b]aø ... vPaNa& d]iv [email protected] 193 Hinduism — Katriya 419 k]==VYaaÙy wv >aUTaaNaaMadaNTae>Ya" Sada >aYaMa( ) Taeza& ivPa]iTazeDaaQa| raJaa Sa*í" SvYaM>auva====)) kravydbhya iva bh™tnm a-dntebhyaƒ sad bhayam, teˆ vipratiedhrthaˆ rj s˜aƒ svayambhuv sandhi: (1) kravya-_adbhya, (9,1) tem_vipratiedha-_artham_rj k]==VYa–AÙy" wv A–daNTae>Ya" “From uncontrolled men (a-dnta) who are like carnivorous animals kravya-ad — ‘meat-eater’, a meat-eating animal >aUTaaNaaMa( Sada >aYaMa( there is constant (sad) danger (bhaya) for all beings (bh™ta). TaezaMa( ivPa]iTazeDa–AQaRMa( For their protection (vipratiedha) SvYaM>auva raJaa Sa*í" the king (rjan) was created by Brahm (svayam-bh™ — ‘the self-born one’).” 420 b]aø YauiDaiïr “O Yudhi˜hira! oNMaYaaRde Pa]v*tae Tau But when upheaval (unmaryda) prevails dSYaui>a" Saªre k*==Tae and chaos (sa‰kara) is done by robbers (dasyu), XaS}avNTa" SaveR v [email protected] 195 429 Ya}aad*í& >aYa& b]ø Pa]JaaNaa& XaMaYaTYauTa ) d*í& c raJaa bahu>Yaa& Tad]aJYa& Sau:aMaeDaTae====)) yatrd˜aˆ bhayaˆ brahma prajnˆ amayaty uta, d˜aˆ ca rj bhubhyˆ tad rjyaˆ sukham edhate sandhi: (1,9) yatra_ad˜am_bhayam_brahma, (9,5) prajnm_amayati_uta, (9) d˜am_ca etc. Ya}a Pa]JaaNaaMa( A–d*íMa( >aYaMa( “Where the invisible danger (bhaya) for the inhabitants (praj) a-d˜a — ‘unseen’, invisible b]ø XaMaYaiTa oTa the brhmaŠa (brahma) pacifies d*íMa( c and the visible [danger] raJaa bahu>YaaMa( the king [pacifies] with his arms (bhu), Tad( raJYaMa( Sau:aMa( WDaTae that kingdom (rjya) enjoys happiness (sukha).” 430 k==alae===va===k==ar 433 bilzïeNa XauLke==Na d<@eNaaQaaParaiDaNaaMa( ) XaaS}aNaqTaeNa ilPSaeQaa veTaNaeNa DaNaaGaMaMa(====)) bali-a˜hena ulkena daŠenthpardhinm, stra-n…tena lipseth vetanena dhangamam sandhi: (1) daŠena_atha_apardhinm, dhana-_gamam bil–zïeNa XauLke==Na “With (1) a sixth [of the produce] as tax (bali), with (2) toll (ulka) AQa AParaiDaNaaMa( d<@eNa and with (3) the fine (daŠa) for offenders — XaaS}a–NaqTaeNa veTaNaeNa with [such] an income (vetana) according to the scriptures DaNa–AaGaMaMa( ilPSaeQaa" you should long for accession of wealth (dhana).” 434 ODaiX^NÛatau Yaae DaeNva" +aqraQaqR Na l>aeTPaYa" ) Wv& raí\MaYaaeGaeNa Paqi@Ta& Na ivvDaRTae====)) ™dha chindyt tu yo dhenvƒ k…rrth… na labhet payaƒ, evaˆ r˜ram a-yogena p…itaˆ na vivardhate sandhi: (1) k…ra-_arth…, (9) evam_r˜ram, p…itam_na Ya" Tau +aqr–AQaqR “If one who desires milk (k…ra) DaeNva" ODa" i^NÛaTa( would cut off the udder (™dhas) of the cow (dhenu), PaYa" Na l>aeTa( he would not get milk (payas). WvMa( Similarly A–YaaeGaeNa Paqi@TaMa( raí\Ma( a kingdom (r˜ra) when afflicted (p…ita) improperly (a-yogena) Na ivvDaRTae does not flourish.” 435 k==aåk==aNa( iXaiLPaNaêEv XaUd]a&êaTMaaePaJaqivNa" ) WkE==k&== k==arYaeTk==MaR MaaiSa MaaiSa MahqPaiTa" )) krukn ilpina caiva ™drˆ ctmopaj…vinaƒ ekaikaˆ krayet karma msi msi mah…-patiƒ sandhi: (4) ca_eva, (1,3) ca_tma-_upaj…vinaƒ, (4,9) eka-_ekam_krayet k==aåk==aNa( iXaiLPaNa" c Wv “Mechanics, craftsmen (ilpin) AaTMa–oPaJaqivNa" XaUd]aNa( c and workers (™dra) who live by their own [work] Wk==–Wk==Ma( MaaiSa MaaiSa once every month (ms = msa) Mahq–PaiTa" k==MaR k==arYaeTa( the king (mah…-pati) should engage them in [his own] work.” [email protected] 197 Hinduism — Government 436 SvaMYaMaaTYaaE Paur& raí\& k==aeXad<@aE SauôtaQaa ) Saá Pa[k*==TaYaae ùeTaa" Saáa®& raJYaMauCYaTae )) svmy-amtyau puraˆ r˜raˆ koa-daŠau suht tath, sapta praktayo hy etƒ sapt‰gaˆ rjyam ucyate sandhi: (5) svmi-_amtyau, (9) puram_r˜ram_koa, (8) suhd_tath, (5) hi_etƒ, (1,9) sapta-_a‰gam_rjyam SaáaNaa& Pa[k*==TaqNaa& Tau raJYaSYaaSaa& YaQaa§==MaMa( ) PaUv| PaUv| GauåTar& JaaNaqYaad( VYaSaNa& MahTa( )) saptnˆ prakt…nˆ tu rjyasysˆ yath-kramam, p™rvaˆ p™rvaˆ gurutaraˆ jn…yd vyasanaˆ mahat sandhi: (9) saptnm_prakt…nm_tu, (1,9) rjyasya_asm_yath, (9,8) p™rvam_p™rvam_gurutaram_jn…yt_vyasanam mahat SvaiMa–AMaaTYaaE PaurMa( raí\Ma( “(1) King (svmin), (2) minister (amtya), (3) capital (pura), (4) province r˜ra — ‘kingdom’ k==aeXa–d<@aE Sauôd( TaQaa (5) treasury (koa), (6) army (daŠa) and (7) the ally (suhd) — WTaa" ih Saá Pa[k*==TaYa" these are the seven (sapta) constituents (prakti), raJYaMa( Saá–A®Ma( oCYaTae [hence] a kingdom (rjya) is called ‘of seven (sapta) limbs (a‰ga)’. AaSaaMa( SaáaNaaMa( Among these (sm) seven (sapta) raJYaSYa Pa[k*==TaqNaaMa( Tau constituents (prakti) of a kingdom (rjya) YaQaa–§==MaMa( PaUvRMa( PaUvRMa( in this order each earlier (p™rva) GauåTarMa( JaaNaqYaaTa( one should know to be more important (guru.tara) MahTa( VYaSaNaMa( and [its destruction] a great danger (vyasana).” 437 Ga]aMaSYaaiDaPaiTa" k==aYaaeR dXaGa]aMYaaSTaQaa Par" ) iÜGau SaiNDa–ivGa]h–AaSaNa–YaaNa–Sa&é]Ya–ÜEDaq–>aava" “Truce (sandhi), war (vigraha), maintaining a position (sana — ‘halting’), preparing for an attack (yna — ‘marching’), allience (saˆraya — ‘surrender’) and dividing one’s force (dvaidh…-bhva) za@(Gau