Konsep Ketuhanan Dan Kemanusiaan Dalam Hindu

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Konsep Ketuhanan Dan Kemanusiaan Dalam Hindu KONSEP KETUHANAN DAN KEMANUSIAAN DALAM HINDU Oleh: IBG Yudha Triguna Pascasarjana Universitas Hindu Indonesia Denpasar [email protected] Abstract This article discusses the concept of theology and humanity in Hinduism of its implications for human relationships. Hindus believe in one God personified into many names, attributes, and functions. The belief in the personification of God in many varieties is based on the idea of the Saguna Brahman. The belief in God with His plural manifestations has inspired the whole series of ceremonies in Hinduism, both in relation to the life of the individual, the ceremony of preserving nature, the salvation and the happiness. The consistency of mind, speech, and deed determines man to hell, heaven and moksa as the world after death, as well as the measure of salvation in life. Keywords: Theology, Humanity, Hindu Abstrak Artikel ini membahas tentang konsep ketuhanan dan kemanusiaan dalam Hindu implikasinya ragam,terhadap dilandasioleh hubungan antar paham manusia.Saguna HinduBrahman percaya. Keyakinan kepada terhadap satu Tuhan Tuhan yang dengan dipersonifikasi manifestasiNya ke dalam yangbanyak jamak, nama, telah atribut, menginspirasi dan tugas-fungsi. seluruh Kepercyaanrangkaian upacara terhadap dalam personifikasi Hindu, baik Tuhan dalam dalam kaitannya banyak dengan sepanjang hidup individu, upacara menjaga kelestarian alam, keselamatan dan kebahagiaan. Konsistensi pikiran, perkataan, dan perbuatan menentukan manusia mencapai neraka, sorga, dan moksa sebagai dunia setelah kematian, sekaligus menjadi ukuran keselamatan dalam hidup. Kata Kunci: Ketuhanan, Kemanusiaan, Hindu I. PENDAHULUAN pohon besar akan ditemukan tempat pemujaan dan pohon itu sendiri dibungkus kain kotak- Dalam pergaulan antarpemeluk agama, kotak hitam putih], sungai, danau, laut dan acapkali Agama Hindu dianggap oleh outsider lembah [dilaksanakannya berbagai upacara sebagai agama politeisme, agama yang memuja danu kertih, segara kertih, wana ], kertihdan banyak Tuhan. Tidak hanya itu, Hindu juga tempat sejenis. Keyakinan dan pemujaan kepada identik dengan agama yang memberi ruang roh para leluhur yang di-istanakan di masing- untuk berkembangnya kepercayaan dan masing sanggah atau merajan, semakin ritualisme kepada mahluk yang lebih ‘rendah’ memperkaya keunikan agama Hindu bagi dari Tuhan, seperti para butha, kepercayaan pemeluknya.Sebaliknya bagi outsider, kondisi kepada para roh penghuni pohon [di setiap ini dianggap semakin tidak mudah dijelaskan KONSEP KETUHANAN DAN KEMANUSIAAN DALAM HINDU 71 IBG Yudha Triguna dan dipahami dalam satu uraian singkat. ketidakseragaman dalam konsepsi ketuhanan. Kompleksitas kedudukan Tuhan dalam Variasi itu semakin komples jika diamati konsepsi Hindu [terlebih di Bali dan Indonesia upacara stages along the life cycle dan upacara pada umumnya] semakin tidak mudah setelah kematian. Hindu [di Bali atau komunitas dijelaskan dan dipahami oleh pihak lain dengan Hindu di berbagai daerah di Indonesia beretnis diberikannya ruang bagi konsepsi desa, kala, Bali] mengenal upacara sejak bayi masih dalam patra dalam pelaksanaan ritualnya, baik dalam kandungan hingga pernikahan. Ketika usia konsteks upacara stages along the life cycle kandungan beranjak 7-8 bulan Bali [satu bulan maupun upacara setelah kematian. Desa dalam 35 hari] akan diadakan upacara magedong- konteks ini berarti tempat, artinya Hindu gedongan yang hakikatnya agar bayi terlahir memberi ruang adanya perbedaan atau varian selamat, dilindungi oleh Tuhan, upacara upacara akibat tempat dan lingkungan yang mabayuh jika usia kandungan dilewati wuku berbeda. Upacara yang dilaksanakan di Wayang, maka ibu dan cabang bayi harus lingkungan pegunungan berbeda dengan yang dibayuh sapu leger. Setelah kelahiran akan dilakukan dalam lingkungan pesisir, setidaknya diselenggarakan upacara pegat pusar [putus berbeda dalam sarana yang digunakan dan puser], tuun tanah [turun tanah] yang dipersembahkan dengan konten yang sama. dilaksanakan ketika bayi berumur tiga bulan Kala berarti waktu.yang artinya Hindu dengan Bali. Setelah itu, dilaksanakan upacara naik sistem kalendernya [perhitungan dengan dewasa [menek kelih, ngaraja swala], bagi mengkombinasikan antara wuku, sapta wara perempuan saat menstruasi pertama, dan bagi dan panca wara] untuk mencari dan menentukan laki-laki saat sudah pernah mimpi basah. hari baik untuk dipilih dan hari buruk untuk Penyelenggaraan upacara menek kelih ini dihindari. Akibat sistem perhitungan ini, akan biasanya dikaitkan dengan upacara potong gigi di ditemukan di daerah tertentu upacara ngaben [masangih, mapandes] sebagai simbol dilaksanakan sebelum matahari condong ke pengekangan terhadap 6 musuh dalam diri, barat, sementara di daerah lainnya dilaksanakan yang disebut dengan Sad Ripu.Upacara setelah matahari condong ke Barat. Perbedaan pernikahan juga dilaksanakan dengan prinsip pelaksanaan upacara ngaben dimaksud dapat bahwa upacara pernikahan adalah upacara yang diterima dan sesuatu yang biasa disebabkan penuh krisis, peralihan dari masa Brahmacari karena berlakunya unsur desa dan kala. menuju masa Grahasta. Oleh karena itu, dalam Sedangkan pertimbangan patra [keadaan] setiap tahapan akan ditemukan proses berkaitan dengan level upacara itu, yang pelepasan, penerimaan, dan integrasi kembali, dibedakan berdasarkan tingkatan utama, baik secara sosial [antar kedua keluarga], madya, nista. Bagi yang mampu dapat maupun dalam bentuk ritual dan konsepsi melaksanakan upacara keagamaan sesuai mengenai [migrasi] terhadap para leluhur dan dengan kemampuannya, mulai nista sampai atau Tuhan. Seluruh rangkaian ritual yang utama. Sementara bagi yang kurang mampu dilaksanakan, merupakan implementasi dapat memilih upacara yang paling nista mengenai konsepsi keselamatan dan anugrah [sederhana] dengan substansi yang sama dalam agama Hindu yang dibungkus ragam sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam Bhagawad Gita upacara sesuai dengan desa, kala, dan patra. [III.3.1] “Istham bhagantu o Dewa dasyante Dari seluruh uraian yang menunjukkan yadnya bhawitah airdhanam apradayai bhya Yo keanekaragaman pelaksanaan ritual Agama Bukre Srena ewasah” yang artinya “Siapa yang Hindu di atas, maka naskah ini akan membahas sujud kepada-Ku dengan persembahan bagaimana sesungguhnya konsepsi ketuhanan setangkai daun, sekuntum bunga, sebiji buah- dan keselamatan dalam Hindu serta implikasi buahan atau seteguk air, Aku terima sebagai terhadap hubungan antarmanusia. bhakti persembahan dari orang yang berhati suci”. Kata kunci dari setiap pelaksanaan upacara II. PEMBAHASAN mensyaratkan adalah unsur tulus dan iklas [lascarya].Dengan konsepsi desa, kala, dan 2.1 Ketuhanan dalam Hindu patra, maka ritual Hindu semakin bervariasi Hindu menganut paham monoteisme, yang oleh para outsider dapat dianggap sebagai mengakui satu Tuhan sebagai yang Esa.Konsepsi DHARMASMRTI 72 Nomor 18 Vol. I Mei 2018 : 1 - 134 Tuhan sebagai yang tunggal dapat dipahami sebagai yang tunggal sebagai berikut. melalui beberapa sumber berikut. Dalam “Tad evagnis tad adityas tad vayus tad u Rgveda Mandala I Sukta 164, mantra 46 cadramah, dinyatakan sebagai berikut. Tad eva sukra tad brahma tapan sa “Ekam sat wiprah bahuda wadanti, agnim prajapatih.” yaman matariswanam.” Terjemahannya: Terjemahannya: Agni adalah itu, Aditya adalah Itu, Vayu “Tuhan itu satu, oleh para Rsi disebutkan adalah itu, Candrama adalah Itu, dengan Agni, Yama, Matariswanam”. Cahaya adalah itu, Brahma adalah Itu, Apah adalah Itu, Prajapatilah Ia. Di dalam Rgveda Mandala I.Sukta 164 Mantra 46 menyebutkan sebagi berikut. Keyakinan akan ke-Esa-an Tuhan dalam “Indram mitram varunam,Agnir ahur agama Hindu dinyatakan dengan dua cara atho divyah pandang, yaitu Tuhan yang memiliki sifat-sifat Ekam sadviprah bahudha vadhantyagim Nirguna Brahman [Tuhan tidak berwujud, dan yamam mataiswam ahuh.” merupakan jiwa suci] dan Tuhan yang bersifat Saguna Brahman[Tuhan diberi nama, bentuk, Terjemahannya: dan atribut lainnya]. Sebagai Nirguna Brahman Mereka menyebut Indra, Mitra, Varuda, Tuhan dinyatakan tak berwujud, tidak Agni, dan Dia yang bercahaya yaitu terpikirkan dan abstrak sebagaimana tersirat Garutman yang bersayap elok, satu dalam sloka Bhagawab Gita [II-25] sebagai kebenaran itu [Tuhan] orang bijaksana berikut. menyebut dengan banyak nama seperti “Avyakto’yam acintyo ‘yam Avikaryo ‘yam Agni, Yama, Matarisavan. ucyate Tasmad evam viditvainam Manusocitum Dalam Rgveda Mandala X Sukta 83 Mantra 3 arhasi.” juga dinyatakan sebagai barikut. “Ya nah pita janita yo nidhata dhanani Terjemahannya: veda bhuvanani vista, “Dia tidak dapat diwujudkan dengan Yo devanam namadha eka eva, tam kata-kata, tidak dapat dipikirkan, dan samprasnam bhuvana yantyanya.” dinyatakan, tak berubah-ubah; karena itu dengan mengetahui sebagaimana Terjemahannya: halnya, engkau tak perlu berduka [Pudja, Oh Bapak kami, pencipta kami, pengatur 2005: 47] kami yang mengetahui semua keadaan, semua apa yang terjadi, Dia hanyalah Esa Dalam naskah yang sama [Bhagawad Gita, belaka memikul nama bermacam-macam XII-3] dinyatakan sebagai berikut. dewa, kepada Nya lah yanglain mencari- “Ye tv aksaram anirdesyam Avyaktam cari dengan bertanya-tanya. paryupasate Sarvatra-gam acintyam ca Kuta-stham Di dalam sumber yang sama Rgveda juga acalam dhruvam”. ditemukan konsepsi Tuhan yang tunggal sebagai berikut “Ekam sat wiprah bahudha vadanti” Terjemahnnya: hanya satu Tuhan, tapi para bijaksana “Tetapi yang memuja Yang Kekal Abadi, menyebutnya dengan banyak nama. Lebih lanjut yang tak terumuskan, hal yang sama ditemukan dalam sloka “Ekatwa Yang tak nyata, yang melingkupi anekatwa, swalaksana Bhatara”
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