SANSKRIT READER COURSE © Heiko Kretschmer 2012 Indian Library Potsdam Lindenstrasse 8, 14467 Potsdam, Germany www.vedischer-kulturverein.de Also available: SANSKRIT READER — A Course in Hinduism based on the SANSKRIT READER COURSE FALL OF INDIA — What happened to Bharata ? SHRI YANTRA — A Simple Way to Draw the Shri Yantra 2 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Contents 1. Technicalities . 3 2. Alphabet . 10 3. Writing part 1-21 . 14 4. Declension . 55 5. Chandas (verse meter) . 90 6. Sandhi (junctions) part 1-6 . 154 7. Alphabetical Word Order . 226 8. Dhtus (word roots) . 243 9. Kdanta (derivation) part 1-8 . 266 10. Taddhita (second. derivation) part 1-8 . 365 11. Samsa (compounds) part 1-3 . 462 12. Conjugation . 563 13. Dhtu List . 620 14. Suffixes . 646 15. Word List G…t . 647 16. Word List Conversation . 762 17. Summary Grammar . 771 18. Tables . 776 [email protected] 3 1. Sanskrit — Technicalities Abbreviations m. ... masculine gender f. ... feminine gender n. ... neuter gender caus. ... causative opt. ... optional form pass. ... passive voice √ ... verbal root (dhtu) We are using the grammatical terminology according to the famous Harinmmta-vykaraŠam by J…va Gosvm…, a 16th century saint and scholar: acyuta (PŠini: la˜) — the present tense: ‘he does’ (Table 2) ajita (l‰) — conditional, cause and effect: ‘if ... then’ (Table 2) adhokaja (li˜) — perfect, a past tense (not witnessed): ‘he did’ (Table 2) anvaya — ‘succession’, syntax, the regular word order in a Sanskrit sentence avyaya — ‘unchangeable’, an indeclinable word ra (from i) — license ‘of a sage’ uttama-purua — ‘last person’, our ‘first person’: ‘I, we two, we all’ o˜hya — ‘with the lips (o˜ha)’, labial kaŠ˜hya — ‘in the throat (kaŠ˜ha)’, guttural kalki (l˜) — the general future tense: ‘he will do’ (Table 2) kmapla (…r-li‰) — benedictive, blessing: ‘let it be done’(Table 2) kdanta — ‘ending with a kt [affix]’, primary derivation of words from dhtus (word roots) kŠanma — a group of words, mainly pronouns caturth… — ‘fourth’ case, dative, for the beneficiary or purpose (Table 1) taddhita (tad-hita) — ‘good for that’, secondary derivation of words from other words tlavya — ‘at the palate (tlu)’, palatal tt…y — ‘third’ case, instrumental, for the instrument (Table 1) dvit…ya — ‘second’ case, accusative, for the object (Table 1) nma — all words other than verbs nma-dhtu — a secondary dhtu derived from a nma dantya — ‘at the teeth (danta)’, dental pañcam… — ‘fifth’ case, ablative, for the source or cause (Table 1) prathama-purua — ‘first person’, our ‘third person’: ‘he, they two, they all’ pratham — ‘first’ case, nominative, for the subject (Table 1) blakalki (lu˜) — periphrastic, a future tense (not the same day): ‘he will do’ (Table 2) bh™tea (lu‰) — aorist, the general past tense: ‘he did’ (Table 2) bh™tevara (la‰) — imperfect, a past tense (not the same day): ‘he did’ (Table 2) madhyama-purua — ‘middle person’, our ‘second person’: ‘you, you two, you all’ m™rdhanya — ‘at the roof (m™rdh)’, cerebral or retroflex loka-pramŠa — ‘that which is established by usage’ vidht (lo˜) — imperative, order or blessing: ‘he must do’ (Table 2) vidhi (vidhi-li‰) — potential, rule or possibility: ‘he should do’ (Table 2) a˜h… — ‘sixth’ case, genitive, for a relationship (Table 1) sati-saptam… — locative absolute: ‘when...’ sandhi — junction saptam… — ‘seventh’ case, locative, for the location in place or time (Table 1) sambodhana — ‘addressing’, vocative, the eighth case (Table 1) 4 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Table 1 — The number code for the declension case sing. dual plural (1) pratham 〈1.1〉 〈1.2〉 〈1.3〉 subject (2) dvit…y 〈2.1〉 〈2.2〉 〈2.3〉 object: ‘to ...’ (3) tt…y 〈3.1〉 〈3.2〉 〈3.3〉 instrument: ‘with ...’ (4) caturth… 〈4.1〉 〈4.2〉 〈4.3〉 beneficiary or purpose: ‘for ...’ (5) pañcam… 〈5.1〉 〈5.2〉 〈5.3〉 source or cause: ‘from ...’ (6) a˜h… 〈6.1〉 〈6.2〉 〈6.3〉 relationship: ‘of ...’ (7) saptam… 〈7.1〉 〈7.2〉 〈7.3〉 place or time: ‘in ...’ (8) sambodhana 〈8.1〉 〈8.2〉 〈8.3〉 addressing: ‘O ...’ Table 2 — The ten tenses and moods (1) acyuta present tense: ‘he does’ (2) vidhi rule or possibility: ‘he should do’ (3) vidht order or blessing: ‘he must do’ (4) bh™tevara past tense (not same day): ‘he did’ (5) bh™tea past tense: ‘he did’ (6) adhokaja past tense (not witnessed): ‘he did’ (7) kmapla blessing: ‘let it be done’ (8) blakalki future tense (not same day): ‘he will do’ (9) kalki future tense: ‘he will do’ (10) ajita cause and effect: ‘if ... then’ [email protected] 5 Translations 841 AJaraMarvTPa[ajae ivÛaMaQa| c icNTaYaeTa( ) Ga*hqTa wv ke==Xaezu Ma*TYauNaa DaMaRMaacreTa( )) 2 a-jarmaravat prjño vidym arthaˆ ca cintayet, gh…ta iva keeu mtyun dharmam caret 3 ivÛaMa( AQaRMa( c vidym artham ca — “For [the gain of] education (vidy) and wealth (artha)4 Pa[aj" prjñaƒ — an intelligent person AJar–AMarvTa( icNTaYaeTa( ajara-amaravat cintayet — should feel as if free from old age and death. Ma*TYauNaa ke==Xaezu Ga*hqTa" wv mtyun keeu gh…taƒ iva — [But] as if caught in the hairs (kea) by death (mtyu)5 DaMaRMa( AacreTa( dharmam caret — he should do virtue (dharma).” 1Each verse has a number assigned to it, under which you will find the respective verse in our SANSKRIT READER . 2Verse in Devangar… 3Transliteration — We have divided all words, which might be joined in Devangar… due to a method of writing ligatures. 4Anvaya — Making an anvaya means to put the words in their regular prose order (anvaya) of agent (kart), object (karma) and verb (kriy). We tried to make only a minimum of changes in the original word order and have divided the anvaya into easily comprehensible short phrases. 5Brackets — In brackets we have given the undeclined form of the word, as you can find it in a dictionary. In square brackets you will find words that are not part of the original text, but that help you to understand the context of the verse. 6 SANSKRIT READER COURSE Suffixes ati. — very, beyond adhi. — over, more anu. — after, along apa. — (opp. to upa.:) away, bad abhi. — near to, intense ava. — under, away . — ‘near’, gives opposite sense to verbs of motion ud. — up, out, from upa. — (opp. to apa.:) near, under dur. — (opp. to su.:) difficult, bad ni. — down, below nir. — away, without pari. — round, fully pra. — very much, before prati. — towards, back again vi. — (opp. to sam.:) apart, reverse sam. — opp. to vi.:) together with, full su. — (opp. to dur.:) well, very .[p] — in taddhita, to make feminine nouns; as in padma >>> padm .…[p] — in taddhita, to make feminine nouns; as in gopa >>> gop… .[k]ta — in kdanta; as in k.ta (done) .[k]tavat[u] — in kdanta; as in k.tavat[u] (‘he who has done’) .[k]tv — in kdanta; as in k.tv ([after] doing, having done) .cana — particle that makes interrogatives indefinit; as in kiñ.cana (something) .cid — particle that makes interrogatives indefinit; as in kiñ.cid (something) .tama — in taddhita, forming superlative; as in guhya.tama (most guhya) .tara — in taddhita, forming comparative; as in guhya.tara (more guhya) .tavya — in kdanta; as in kar.tavya (‘to be done’, duty) .tas[i] — in taddhita, forming avyayas interpreted as pañcam…; as in mat.taƒ (from me) .t[p] — in taddhita, forming abstract nouns; as in sama.t (sameness) .tum[u] — in kdanta, forming the infinitive: ‘to do’ .t[n] — in kdanta, forming agent nouns; kar.t (doer) .tra — in taddhita, forming avyayas indicating place; as in sarva.tra (everywhere) .tva — in taddhita, forming abstract nouns; as in sama.tva (sameness) .mat[u] — in taddhita; as in r….mat[u] (having r…) .maya — in taddhita; as in ma‰gala.maya (‘full of auspiciousness’) .ya — in kdanta; as in kr.ya (‘which is to be done’, duty) .ya[p] — in kdanta; niyam.ya ([after] restraining) .vat[i] — in taddhita; as in daŠa.vat[i] (like a rod) .vat[u] — in taddhita, derived from mat[u]; as in bhaga.vat[u] (having bhaga) .[]at[] — in kdanta; as in kurvat[] — ‘[while] doing’ .[]na — in kdanta; as in kur.vŠa — ‘[while] doing’ [email protected] 7 Hinduism — Invocation 1 sampti-kmo ma‰galam caret “One who desires accomplishment (sampti) [of anything] should [first] invoke auspiciousness (ma‰gala).” 2 ma‰galam i˜a-devat-namaskraƒ “Ma‰galcaraŠa (ma‰galam) [means] obeisance (namaskra) to one’s worshipable (i˜a) Lord (devat).” 3 guruˆ vidyˆ hariˆ prcya purŠdi likhen naraƒ “[After] having [first] worshipped the teacher (guru), learning (vidy) and the Lord (Hari), a man (nara) should copy (‘write’) [literature] like the PurŠas.” 4 hariƒ om “The Lord (Hari) [is addressed with] om.” 5 satyam eva jayate “[The Absolute] Truth (satya) alone he (the yog…) attains (‘conquers’).” 6 vakra-tuŠa mah-kya s™rya-ko˜i-sama-prabha, nirvighnaˆ kuru me deva ubha-kryeu sarvad “O lord (deva) [GaŠea], with a curved trunk (tuŠa), with a great body (kya), and with an effulgence (prabh) equal to millions (ko˜i) of suns (s™rya)! In auspicious (ubha) activities (krya) make me always (sarvad) free from obstacles!” 7 mano-javaˆ mruta-tulya-vegaˆ jitendriyaˆ buddhimatˆ vari˜am vttma-jaˆ vnara-y™tha-mukhyaˆ r…-rma-d™taˆ araŠaˆ prapadye “Who is swift like the mind (manas), equal (tulya) to the wind in force (vega), sense-controlled, best (vari˜a) of the intelligent, son of the wind (vta), and chief of the host of monkeys (vnara) — of that ®r… Rma’s messenger (d™ta) [Hanumn] I take shelter.” 8 namaƒ savitre s™ryya bhskarya vivasvate, dityydi-bh™tya devd…nˆ namo namaƒ “To [the Sun known as] Savitr…, S™rya, Bhskara, Vivasvn and šditya [my] obeisance. To [that] foremost (di-bh™ta) among gods (deva) and others [my] repeated obeisance (namas).” 9 y dev… sarva-bh™teu vidy-r™peŠa