ISSN 0898-6207 PRIMATE CONSERVATION The Journal of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Number 24 2009 Primate Conservation is produced and circulated courtesy of the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation, Conservation International, the Los Angeles Zoo, and the Department of Anatomical Sciences of the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Primate Conservation The journal of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA ISSN 0898-6207 Abbreviation: Primate Conserv. Editors Russell A. Mittermeier, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA Anthony B. Rylands, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Chairman Russell A. Mittermeier, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA Deputy Chair Anthony B. Rylands, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA Coordinator – Section on Great Apes Liz Williamson, Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland, UK Regional Coordinators – Neotropics Mesoamerica – Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Andean Countries – Erwin Palacios, Conservation International Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia and Eckhard W. Heymann, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Göttingen, Germany Brazil and the Guianas – M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Instituto para a Conservação dos Carnívoros Neotropicais – Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil, Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, and Maurício Talebi, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil Regional Coordinators – Africa West Africa – W. Scott McGraw, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Regional Coordinators – Madagascar Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany, and Christoph Schwitzer, Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, Bristol Zoo Gardens, Bristol, UK Regional Coordinators – Asia China – Long Yongcheng, The Nature Conservancy, China Southeast Asia – Jatna Supriatna, Conservation International Indonesia Program, Jakarta, Indonesia, and Christian Roos, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Göttingen, Germany South Asia – Sally Walker, Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, and Sanjay Molur, Wildlife Information Liaison Development, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Layout: Kim Meek, Washington, DC, USA IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group logo courtesy of Stephen D. Nash, 2002. Front cover: Adult male Bioko drill Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis, a subspecies endemic to Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. This is an Endangered species and one of seven species of monkeys on Bioko Island. The animal in the photograph, Moka Boi, is housed at the Drill Rehabilitation & Breeding Center, Nigeria. Moka Boi’s estimated age was 18 years when this photograph was taken in 2007. In captivity, male drills typically die of ‘old age’ at 16 to 19 years. Moka Boi was still alive as of October 2009. He was vasectomized in adolescence to enable him to enjoy a full life as part of a social group of mainland drills M. l. leucophaeus (E. L. Gadsby pers. comm.). Photograph by Jill Marty. See page 99. This issue of Primate Conservation was kindly sponsored by the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation, Virginia, USA, the Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, California, and the Department of Anatomical Sciences of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA. Primate Conservation 2009 (24): 1–57 Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 Russell A. Mittermeier, Janette Wallis, Anthony B. Rylands, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, John F. Oates, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Erwin Palacios, Eckhard W. Heymann, M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Long Yongcheng, Jatna Supriatna, Christian Roos, Sally Walker, Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, and Christoph Schwitzer with contributions from Hubert Andriamaharoa, Simon K. Bearder, Richard Bergl, Claire E. Bracebridge, Warren Y. Brockelman, Thomas M. Butynski, Fanny M. Cornejo, Jayantha Das, Tim R. B. Davenport, Daniela W. De Luca, Anneke M. DeLuycker, Rainer Dolch, Dong Thanh Hai, Andrew Dunn, Fan Peng-Fei, Thomas Geissman, Rosamira Guillen, Ha Thang Long, Eckhard W. Heymann, Paul E. Honess, Awar Islam, Steig Johnson, Trevor Jones, Iader Lamilla, Eileen Larney, Le Khac Quyet, Karmele Llano Sanchez, Long Yoncheng, Edward E. Louis Jr., Sophy J. Machaga, Sara K. Martin, David Mbora, W. Scott McGraw, Pierre Moisson, Sanjay Molur, Alba Lucia Morales-Jiménez, Bethan Morgan, Noah E. Mpunga, Tilo Nadler, K. Anna I. Nekaris, Aaron Nicholas, Vincent Nijman, Louis Nkembi, John F. Oates, Victor Pacheco, Lisa M. Paciulli, Erwin Palacios, Erik R. Patel, Andrew Perkin, Phan Duy Thuc, Heidi Quintana, Clément J. Rabarivola, Radoniana R. Rafaliarison, Martina Raffel, Fidimalala Ralainasolo, Guy H. Randriatahina, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Iary B. Ravoarimanana, Christian Roos, Rasanayagam Rudran, Yves Rumpler, Agus Salim, Anne Savage, Daniela Schrudde, Christoph Schwitzer, Nora Schwitzer, Myron Shekelle, Ian Singleton, Luis Soto, Nancy Stevens, Jacqueline Sunderland-Groves, Jatna Supriatna, James S. Thorn, Bernardo Urbani, Sylviane N. M. Volampeno, Sally Walker, Janette Wallis, Ananda Wanasinghe, Ymke Warren, Kanchana Weerakoon, J. Lodewijk Werre, Serge A. Wich, Indah Winarti, Patricia C. Wright, and Alphonse Zaramody Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash Introduction Here we report on the fifth iteration of the biennial list- the biennium 2006–2008, was the result of a meeting held ing of a consensus of 25 primate species considered to be during the 21st Congress of the International Primatological amongst the most endangered worldwide and the most in Society (IPS), in Entebbe, Uganda, 26–30 June 2006 (Mit- need of urgent conservation measures. The first was drawn termeier et al. 2007). up in 2000 by the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, The list of the world’s 25 most endangered primates for together with Conservation International (Mittermeier et al. the biennium 2008–2010 was drawn up at an open meeting 2000). The list was subsequently reviewed and updated in held during the 22nd Congress of the International Primato- 2002 during an open meeting held during the 19th Congress logical Society, Edinburgh, UK, 3–8 August 2008. Our most of the International Primatological Society (IPS) in Beijing, sincere thanks to the organizers of the congress: Paul Honess China (Mittermeier et al. 2002). That occasion provided for (University of Oxford), Phyllis Lee (Stirling University), debate among primatologists working in the field who had Hannah Buchanan-Smith (Stirling University), Ann Maclar- first-hand knowledge of the causes of threats to primates, non (Roehampton University), and William Sellers (Man- both in general and in particular with the species or com- chester University). munities they study. The meeting and the review of the list As was the case for the 2004–2006 report, the texts of the World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates resulted in its for each species — reporting on their conservation status official endorsement by the IPS, and became as such a com- and threats — have counted on the extraordinary collabora- bined endeavor of the Primate Specialist Group, the IPS, and tion and expertise of those who know most about them; 85 Conservation International. A third revision was carried out at contributors in all. We are most grateful for their time and a meeting in August 2004, at the 20th Congress of the IPS in dedication. Their contributions guarantee the authority of Torino, Italy (Mittermeier et al. 2006). The fourth, covering this report in describing the reasons why these primates are 1 Mittermeier et al. in such danger, and we hope it will be effective in drawing The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates: 2008–2010 attention to the plight of each and in garnering support for the appropriate concern and action by those who can contribute The 2008–2010 list of the world’s 25 most endangered to saving them. primates has five species from Madagascar, six from Africa, 11 from Asia, and three from the Neotropics — five lemurs, Mittermeier, R. A., W. R. Konstant and A. B. Rylands. 2000. a galago and the recently described kipunji from Tanzania, The world’s top 25 most endangered primates. Neotropi­ two red colobus monkeys, the roloway monkey, a tarsier, a cal Primates 8(1): 49. slow loris from Java, four langurs (the pig-tailed langur from Mittermeier, R. A., W. R. Konstant, A. B. Rylands, T. M. Indonesia, two so-called karst species from Vietnam, and the Butynski, A. A. Eudey, J. U. Ganzhorn and R. Kormos. purple-faced langur from Sri Lanka), the Tonkin snub-nosed 2002. The world’s top 25 most endangered primates – langur and the gray-shanked douc, both from Vietnam, the 2002. Neotropical Primates 10(3): 128–131. Reprinted cotton-top tamarin and the variegated spider monkey from in Lemur News (8): 6–9. Colombia (the latter also from Venezuela), the Peruvian Mittermeier, R. A., C. Valladares-Pádua, A. B. Rylands, A. A. yellow-tailed woolly monkey, two gibbons (one from China / Eudey, T. M. Butynski, J. U. Ganzhorn, R. Kormos, J. M. Vietnam, the other from India, Bangladesh and Myanmar) Aguiar and S. Walker (eds.). 2006. Primates in peril: the and two of the great apes (the Sumatran orangutan and the world’s 25 most endangered primates 2004–2006. Pri­ Cross River gorilla from Nigeria and Cameroon). mate Conservation (20): 1–28. The changes in the list compared to the previous one of Mittermeier, R. A., J. Ratsimbazafy, A. B. Rylands, E. A. Wil- 2006–2008 (see Tables 3 and 4) were not because the situa- liamson, J. F. Oates, D. Mbora, J. U. Ganzhorn,