Effects and Mitigations of Ocean Acidification on Wild and Aquaculture Scallop and Prawn Fisheries in Queensland, Australia
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Fisheries Research 161 (2015) 42–56 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fisheries Research j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fishres Review Effects and mitigations of ocean acidification on wild and aquaculture scallop and prawn fisheries in Queensland, Australia a,b,∗ c,d a,e f Russell G. Richards , Andrew T. Davidson , Jan-Olaf Meynecke , Kerrod Beattie , g h i Vanessa Hernaman , Tim Lynam , Ingrid E. van Putten a Griffith Centre for Coastal Management, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia b Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia c Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia d Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Private Bag 80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia e Australian Rivers Institute – Coast and Estuaries, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia f Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia g Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, Queensland, Australia h Reflecting Society, Townsville, Queensland, Australia i CSIRO Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia a r a t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c t Article history: Ocean acidification (OA) is caused by increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 dissolving into the world’s Received 20 December 2013 oceans. These changes are predicted to have detrimental effects on commercial and aquaculture fisheries. Received in revised form 26 June 2014 Here we examine the implications of OA on the prawn and scallop fisheries in Queensland, Australia, Accepted 27 June 2014 and compare the adaptive capacity of wild and aquaculture fisheries to address and mitigate its effects. Handling Editor A.E. Punt We do this by reviewing the available OA literature for scallops and prawns to determine the likely impacts, and our confidence in these impacts, on Queensland prawn and scallop species. The tolerance Keywords: of scallops and prawns to OA is determined by species-specific differences in their structure, life history, Ocean acidification environmental preference, behaviour, physiology and sources of nutrition. Studies of similar taxa are Fisheries management Crustaceans used to supplement the sparse information available for the target species. Wild populations of prawns Molluscs and scallops appear to be more vulnerable to OA and climate-induced stresses than aquaculture-based Climate change populations as ameliorating physico-chemical change in natural waters is difficult or impossible. Our analysis suggests the wild prawn fishery is more resilient to increasing OA conditions than the scallop fishery. We also conclude that aquaculture is likely to be more viable in the long term than the wild fishery as aquaculture facilities allow water quality monitoring and modification to avoid excessive exposure to the physico-chemical stresses imposed by OA and climate change. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . 43 1.1. Research questions. 44 2. Background . 44 2.1. The drivers of ocean acidification. 44 2.2. Biological impacts of ocean acidification . 44 2.3. Queensland scallop and prawn fisheries . 44 2.3.1. Scallops . 44 2.3.2. Prawns. 44 ∗ Corresponding author at: Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia. Tel.: +61 7 373 55018; fax: +61 7 555 28722. E-mail address: r.richards@griffith.edu.au (R.G. Richards). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.06.013 0165-7836/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. R.G. Richards et al. / Fisheries Research 161 (2015) 42–56 43 3. Methods. 45 3.1. Multidisciplinary expert workshop . 45 3.2. Framework for assessing the vulnerability of Queensland prawns and scallop fisheries to OA . 45 3.3. Time horizon and OA projections . 46 3.3.1. Life stage approach . 47 3.3.2. Augmenting knowledge gaps using other species . 47 4. Results and discussion . 47 4.1. OA projections for Queensland, 2070 . 47 4.2. Projected change in OA conditions for Queensland from 2000 to 2070 . 48 4.3. The biological responses of prawns and scallops to OA . 48 4.3.1. Prawns. 48 4.3.2. Scallops . 49 4.3.3. Role of food supply on OA impacts . 50 4.4. Queensland’s wild fisheries . 51 4.4.1. Impact on spatial distribution of Queensland fishery stocks . 51 4.4.2. Impact of co-stressors on OA vulnerability . 52 4.4.3. Resilience of Queensland’s wild prawn fishery . 52 4.4.4. Resilience of Queensland’s wild scallop fishery . 52 4.5. Queensland’s aquaculture . 52 4.5.1. Aquaculture prawn fishery. ..