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AKU-L-87-002 C2 notes

WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION ON AQUACULTURE

Curt Kerns Aquaculture Specialist Marine Advisory Program University of Alaska Juneau, AK 99801

University of Alaska AlaskaSea Grant College Program January 1987 Aquaculture Note ¹10 Alaska Sea Grant College Program 590 University Avenue, Suite 102 Fairbanks, AK 99709-1046

WHERE TO GET NORE INFORMATION ON

SCALLOP AQUACULTURE

Curt Kerns Aquaculture Specialist, Marine Advisory Program University of Alaska Juneau, AK 99801

University of Alaska Alaska Sea Grant January 1987 Aquaculture Note f10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is the result of work sponsored by the Alaska Sea Grant College Program, which is cooperatively sponsored by the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant and Extra-Mural Programs, under grant number NA86AA-D-SG041, project numbers A/71-01 and A/75-01; and by the University of Alaska with funds appropriated by the state.

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ntroduction...... l Regulations...... l

Fish Transport Permit...... ~ ~. ~ .,...... ~ 1

Paralytic Poison... ~ ...... ~ ~...... 1 Research Assistance...... ~ ...... ~ ...... l

Interlibrary loan...... l

Computer Searches' ...... ~ ...... ~ ...l

Organizations... ~ ...... ~ ...... 2

P eriodicals...... 3

General References...... 4

Sea Scallop ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7

Purple-Hinge Rock Scallop multiru osus!...... 7

P ecten maximus...... ~ ...... ~ ...... 8

t~ z Demand and Supply Data for ...... la INTRODUCTION Whether you would like to know more about growing fish shellfish, perhaps in a solar greenhouse or off of your dock, this list will help you get started.

REGULATIONS

FI SH TRANSPORT PERMIT First, to move fish or shellfish in Alaska you must have a Fish Transport Permit. Information on the permit is available from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, F.R.E.D. Division, P.O. Box 3-2000, Juneau, AK 99802, or from your local ADFaGoffice. The statute and regulations on transporting fish and shellfish are designed to minimize the danger of spreading fish diseases and parasites among Alaska's aquatic resources.

PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISON If you want to culture shellfish, the second thing you should know about is paralytic shellfish poison or PSP. Contact the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Pouch 0, Juneau, AK 998ll, or call them at 465-2606.

RESEARCH ASSISTANCE

INTERLIBRARY LOAN

Chances are that your local library will not have all of the publications you need ~ If you do not wish to have a bookstore them for you, you can get them through interlibrary loan. Virtually all libraries in the state cooperate in this service which allows each institution to share publications with the others by request. Just ask your local librarian. Give him/her the full citation.

COMPUTER SEARCHES

For detailed listings of published papers on specific topics you can have a computer search the established publication databases. There is a $5.00 service , a charge for the time the computer is searching, and a citation printing charge optional!. Anyone interested in this source of information should contact: Carol Rideout, Information Specialist Aquaculture Data Base Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Gloucester Point, VA 23062 804! 642-2111

ORGANIZATIONS

There is at least one major listing of names and addresses for organizations that deal with aquaculture: Major Aquaculture Associations, , and Research Resources in the . This 174-page book was published by the National Agricultural Library in association with the Department of and Allied Aquaculture at Auburn University in Alabama. Copies are $17.50 and are available from:

NTIS U.S. Dept. of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22151

The Rodale organization is one of the best sources of information on raising fish in small tanks or cages. They have a number of publications devoted to their research and development efforts on small-scale aquaculture:

Rodale Research Center RFD 1 Kutztown, PA 19530

Another good source of publications and information on small-scale aquaculture is the New Alchemy Institute. Their publications tend to be more technical than those from Rodale. Their research on the use of fish tanks as heat reservoirs has led the way for making aquaculture an integral part of a heat and food producing solar greenhouse:

The New Alchemy Institute P.O. Box 432 Woods Hole, MA 02543

For information on construction contact:

Foundation for Self-Sufficiency, Inc. 35 Maple Avenue Catonsville, MD 21228 The Ark Project institute of Man and Resources Souris, Prince Edward Island COA 2BO CANADA

Cate Farm Goddard Coll.ege Plainfield, VT 05667

Old Dominion University Dept. of Oceanography Norfolk, VA 23508

Soil Conservation Service UPS. Department of Agriculture 2221 E. Northern Lights Blvd., Suite 129 Anchorage, AK 99508

Virtually everyone actively raising shellfish in Alaska can be located through:

Alaskan Shellfish Growers' Association P.O. Box 1499 Wrangell, AK 99929

PERIODICALS

Aquaculture Magazine

Published bimonthl.y, $15.00 a year. Subscription Department: P.O. Box 2329; Asheville, NC; 28802. The annual buyers' guide contains the names and addresses of virtually all of the firms in the U.S. that supply aquaculture products and services. The magazine contains both general and detailed articles on a wide variety of cultured species.

Farm Pond Harvest

Four issues per year, $8.00. Professional Sportsmans Publishing Co.; Box AA; Momence, IL; 60954. Runs articles on farm pond planning, construction, management, and harvesting. Very informal.. International Published monthly. Subscription Department: Canada House Rear!; Kildare Close; Ruislip, Middlesex; HA4 9XB; ENGLAND. Priced in Pound Sterling so write for prices.! A good source of what is happeningin Europe, particularly with farming.

Network

$15.00 per year. Rodale Research, Ines ; 33 East Minor Street; Emmaus,PA; 18049. Articles on backyard aquaculture.

Progressive Fish-Culturist Published quarterly at a subscription rate of $12.50 per year. The American Fisheries Society; 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110; Bethesda, MD; 20814-2199 ' A practical scientific journal for advanced fish culturists. Good to have a complete set in a nearby library.

GENERAL REFERENCES

AVI. 1985. and molluscan aquaculture in the United States. Westport, Conn.: AVI Publishing Co., Inc. This publication does not cover scallops, per se, but state-of-the-art discussions of culture techniques for other bivalves, water quality, and other basic aspects on invertebrate culture make it a worthwhile reference. Available from the publisher: AVI Publishing Company, Inc.; P.O. Box 831; Westport, CT; 06881. Bourne, N. 1969. Scallop resources of British Columbia. Ottawa, Ontario: Fish. Res. Bd. CanadaTech. Rep. No. 104. 59 pp.

Chen, H ~ -C. 1984. Recent in cultivation of edible molluscs in Taiwan with special reference to the small Haliotis diversicolor and the hard Meretrix lusoria. In Developments in aquaculture and , vol. 14: Recent innovations in cultivation of Pacific molluscs, eds. D.E. Norse, K.K. Chew, and R. Mann, pp. 11-27. Amsterdam: Science Publishers. Hamilton, L.DE 1981. Scallops: Potential for in British Columbia. Victoria, B.C.: Marine Resources Branch, Ministry of Environment. Informational Report No. 3.

Available from the publisher: Ministry of Environment; Parliament Buildings; Victoria, B.C.; V8V 1X5, CANADA. Krzeczkowski, R.A., R.D. Tenney, and M.L. Hayes. 1972. Fatty acid content and proximate analysis of bay, calico, sea, and weathervane scallop adductor muscle. J. Food Sci. 37:300-301. Leibovitz, L., E.F. Schott, and ROC. Karney. 1984. Diseases of wild, captive, and cultured scallops. J. World Maricul. Soc. 15:269-283.

"Mass mortalities of wild, captive and cultured scallops have been frequently reported. Fouling organisms are common in captive and cultured populations." Available from the publisher: Laboratory for Marine Health; Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole, MA; 02543. Loosanoff, V.L. and H.C. Davis. 1963. Rearing of bivalve mollusks. In Advances in marine biology, vol. 1, ed. F.S. Russell, pp. 1-136. : Academic Press.

Nagoon, C. and R. Vining. 1981. Introduction to shellfish .aquaculture in the Puget Sound Region. Olympia, Wash.: Washington Department of Natural Resources. Handbook. 69 pp. An introduction to , , clam, scallop, and abalone culture. Written for Puget Sound; however, many of the techniques are applicable for Alaska. Available from the publisher: Washington Department of Natural Resources; Public Lands Building, QW-21; Olympia, WA; 98504. $5.00. Mottet, N.G. 1979. A review of the biology and culture of scallops. Olympia, Wash.: Washington Department of Fisheries. Fisheries Technical Report No. 39. 100 pp.

401 references. Available from the publisher: Washington Department of Fisheries; 115 General Administration Building; Olympia, WA; 98504. Mottet, M.G. 1984. Summariesof Japanesepapers on hatchery technology and intermediate rearing facilities for , scallops, and . Olympia, Wash.: Washington Department of Fisheries. Progress Report No. 203. Available from the publisher: Washington Department of Fisheries; 115 General Administration Building; Olympia, WA; 98504. No charge for a single copy. Olsen, S. 1981. New candidates with aquaculture potential in Washington State, USA: Pinto abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana, eeathetvane scallop Pecten cauttnus, and purple-hinge rock scallop Hinnites multiru osus. J. Shellfish Res. 1:133. State University of Ghent' 1981. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Nursery Culturing of Bivalve Mollusks. Ghent, Belgium: State University of Ghent. Proceedings of an international meeting held February 24-26, 1981. Available from the publisher: Laboratory for Mariculture; State University of Ghent; J. Plateaustraat 22; 9000; Ghent, BELGIUM.

WEATHERVANESCALLOP Patino cten caurinus! Eldridge, P. 1972. The weathervane scallop fishery. In A review of the oceanography and renewable resources of the Northern Gulf of Alaska, ed. D.H. Rosenberg, pp. 267-286. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska, Institute of Marine Science. Sea Grant Report No. 73- 3/IMS Report No. R72-23. 689 pp. Haynes,~ ''-"*" E.B. and C.R. - -"- Hitz. 1971. ~-*-" Age and growth of the -" the Strait of Georgia and outer Washington coast. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 28:1335-1341. Haynes, E.B. and G.C. Powell. 1968. A preliminary report on the Alaska sea scallop exploration, biology and commercial processing. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Informational Leaflet 125:3.-20. Hennick, D.P. 1970. Reproductive cycle, size at maturity, and sexual composition of commercially harvested weathervane scallops Pactino ecten caurinus! in Alaska. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27:2112-2119. Hennick, D.P. 1970. The weathervane scallop fishery of Alaska with notes on occurrence in Washington and Oregon' In 22nd Annual Report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission 969!, Appendix 3, Special Report No. 33-34.

SEA SCALLOP Pecten ma ellanicus! Baird, F.T., Jr. 1953. Observations on the early life history of the giant scallop Pecten ma ellanicus!. Maine Department of Sea Shore Fish., Res. Bull. 14:8- 17.

Dickie, L.M. 1958. Effects of high temperature on survival of the giant scallop. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 15:1189- 1211.

BAY SCALLOP Ar o ecten irradians!

irradians, in Virginia. Marine Fisheries Review 31:19- 24.

Castagna, M.A. and W. Duggan. 1971. Rearing the bay scallop, Ar o ecten irradiant Proceeding of the National Shellfisheries Association 61:80-85.

Gutsell, J.S. 1930. Natural history of the bay scallop. Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Bureau 46:569-631. Middleton, K.C. 1983. Bay scallops: A mariculture species whose time has come. Aquaculture Magazine 9:16-20 Sastry, A.N. 1963. Reproduction of the bay scallop Ac ui ecten irradians Lamarck!: Influence of temperature on maturation and spawning. Biol. Bull. 125:146-153.

PURPLE-HINGE ROCKSCALLOP Hinnites multiru osus! Leighton, D.L. 1979. A growth profile for the rock scallop Hinnites multiru osus, held at several depths off La Jolla, California. Mar. Biol. 51:229-232.

Leighton, D.L. and C.F. Phleger. 1976. Preliminary studies on the aquaculture potential of the Pacific Coast purple-hinge rock scallop. Proc. World Maricul. Soc. 7:213. Leighton, D.L. and C.F. Phleger. 1977. The purple-hinge rock scallop: A new candidate for marine aquaculture. Proc. Norld Maricul ~ Soc. 8:457-469. Leighton, D.L. and C.F. Phleger. 1981. The suitability of the purple-hinge rock scallop to marine aquaculture. San Diego, Calif.: California Sea Grant Report No. T- CSGP-001 and Center for Marine Studies Contribution No. 50. 85 pp.

Available from the publisher: California Sea Grant College Program; University of California, A-032; La Jolla, CA; 92093. Phleger, C.F ~ and D.L. Leighton. 1977. Aquaculture of the purple-hinge rock scallop. Oakland, Calif.: Agriculture Science Publications.

Available from the publisher: Agriculture Science Publications; 6701 San Pablo Ave.; Oakland, CA; 94608 ' Ask for University of California IMR Reference 77-104, Sea Grant Pub. 57.

Pecten maximus

Mason, J. 1958. The breeding of the scallop L.! in Manx waters. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 37:653- 671.

f~ x Motoda, S. 1977. Biology and artificial propagation of Japanese scallop, a general review. 1n Proceedings of the Second Soviet-Japan Joint Symposium on Aquaculture, Nov. 1973, Moscow, USSR, ed. S. Motoda, pp. 75-120. Tokyo: Tokai University. Obara, A. and K. Maru. 1970. Translated 1982.! Scallop spat collection in Lake Saroma in 1969. Hokusuishi Geppo 27:1-12. Canadian Translation of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 4879. 65 pp.

Available from the publisher: Translation Services, Canada; Institute for Scientific and Technical Information; National Research Council of Canada; Ottawa, Ontario; KlA OS2; CANADA. Cost is C$0.22 per page. z Fisheries and Wildlife Department. Contribution No. 29:1-24.

Available from the publisher: Marine Resources Branch; Ministry of Environment; Parliament Buildings; Victoria, B.C.; V8V 1X5; CANADA. Taguchi, K. 1977. Translated 1978!. A manual of scallop culture methodology and management from Overseas Fishery Co-operative Foundation. Fisheries and Marine Service Canada, Translation Series No. 4198. 128 pp. Available from the publisher: Translation Services, Canada; Institute for Scientific and Technical Information; National Research Council of Canada; Ottawa, Ontario; K1A OS2; CANADA. Cost is C$0.22 per page. Taguchi, K. Translated 1978!. A manual of scallop culture methodology and management. Nanaimo, B.C.: Fisheries and Marine Service Canada, Pacific Biological Station. Translation Series No. 4198. 146 pp. Uki, N. and S. Kikuchi. 1974. On the effect of irradiated seawater with ultraviolet rays on inducing spawning in the scallop Patino ecten essoensis Jay!. Bulletin, Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research I aboratory 34:87-92 ' Yamamota, G~ 1951. Induction of spawning in the scallop, Patino ecten essoensis Jay!. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. 4th Ser. Biology! 19:7-10.

Yamamota, G. 1960. Mortalities of the scallop during its life cycle. Bulletin of Marine Biological Station, Asamushi, Tohoku Univ. 10:149-152.

Yamamota, G. et al. 1977. The evolution of scallop culture. Part III. In Aquaculture in shallow seas: Progress in shallow sea culture, ed. T. Imai, pp. 263-366. Gulab Primlani, India: Amerind Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd. An excellent manual on the techniques of Japanese scallop culture. Also has an extensive bibliography. Available through India Book House Export Division, 4; Cama Industrial Estate; Sun Mill Compound; Sitaram Jadhav Marg; Bombay-400 013; INDIA. DEIVQilD AID SUPPLY DATA FOR SCALLOPS The first rule for selection of a potential species for aquaculture is that demand must exceed supply. Consumption should be increasing thus driving up prices. These data indicate just that. Table 1. Index of ex-vessel prices for scallops

Year Price 1967 100 1975 239.4 1976 247.2 1977 216.0 1978 327.2 1979 439.4 1980 = 535.2 1981 539.0 1982 488.2 1983 724.3 1984 731.5

SOURCE: Aomori Prefecture 's Co-operative. 1975. Introduction to scallop farming, Matsu Bay Guild Promotion, Appendix: Index of ex-vessel prices for scallops; supply of scallop .

Table 2. U.S. supply of scallop meats, 1975-84. In 1,000 lbs edible weight!

Year U.S. Commercial Imports Total Landin s Consum tion

1975 13,703 19,737 33,440 1976 23,711 25,253 48,964 1977 28,513 29,786 58,299 1978 33295 28,367 61,662 1979 34,103 25,155 59,258 1980 29,720 20,885 50,605 1981 45,588 26,227 7lr815 1982 34,115 20,860 54r975 1983 32,422 43,280 66,702 1984 59,485 27r270 86,755

SOURCE: National Marine Fisheries Service, Fishery Statistics Program. 1985 ' Fisheries of the United States, 1984.

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