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PRODUCTIVE SPACE in LATE ANTIQUITY Toon Putzeys PRODUCTIVE SPACE IN LATE ANTIQUITY Toon Putzeys Introduction This section concentrates on evidence for space involved in the prepara- tion of raw materials and for large-scale manufacturing. Such activities normally took place in districts where raw materials were found, or in separate industrial quarters on the outskirts of the city. The products made in such facilities found their way to craft workers for further processing or, in the case of fi nished products, to merchants who sold them on to customers in local or regional markets. Centres of Production Pottery production centres Whilst little or no evidence exists for shops selling ceramic vessels, a large body of production sites for pottery is documented from all over the Mediterranean. People might have bought their ceramics directly from potters’ workshops or from stalls set up on temporary markets. The structural remains of pottery production centres such as kilns and rooms for the processing of the clay are in most cases well-preserved and clearly identifi able. Artefactual evidence for pottery production consists of (misfi red) pottery, kiln spacers and moulds, etc. Due to the large body of material, only a selection of pottery manufacturing cen- tres, with material relevant to Late Antiquity, are listed here. Syntheses: Peacock D. P. S. (1982) Pottery in the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeologi- cal Approach (London 1982). Peacock D. P. S. and Williams D. F. (1986) Amphorae and the Roman Economy (London 1986). Gelichi S. (2000) “Ceramic production and distribution in the Early Medieval Mediterranean basin (seventh to tenth centuries AD): between town and countryside”, in Towns and their Territories between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, edd. G. P. Brogiolo, N. Gauthier and N. Christie (Leiden 2000) 115–39. L. Lavan, E. Swift, and T. Putzeys (edd.) Objects in Context, Objects in Use (Late Antique Archaeology 5 – 2007) (Leiden 2007), pp. 63–80 64 toon putzeys Archaeological sites, by region: Britain: Swan V. G. (1984) The Pottery Kilns of Roman Britain (London 1984). Sunter N. and Woodward P. J. (1987) Romano- British Industries in Purbeck (Dorset 1987). Gaul: Delage R. (2001) “Les structures de production des ateliers de potiers à Lezoux du Ier au IVe siècle. Refl ets de l’évolution des stratégies commerciales et de l’organisation du travail”, in L’artisanat romain: évolutions, continuités et ruptures (Italie et provinces occidentales). Actes du coll. intern. des 26–28 oct. 2001 à Erpeldange (G.-D. Luxembourg), ed. M. Polfer (Monographies Instrumentum 20) (Montagnac 2001) 117–35. Luik M. (2001) “Ländliche Keramikproduktion im Rhein-Maas-Gebiet während der römischen Kaiserzeit und der Spätantike”, in L’artisanat romain: évolutions, continuités et ruptures (Italie et provinces occidentales). Actes du coll. intern. des 26–28 oct. 2001 à Erpeldange (G.-D. Luxembourg), ed. M. Polfer (Monographies Instrumentum 20) (Montagnac 2001) 195–205. Steinklauber U. and Windl H. (1998) “Rekonstruktion des spätantiken Töpferofens von Hörbing bei Deutschlandsberg, Stmk”, Österreichs Archäologie 9/2 (1998) 66–71. Spain: Lara Fuillerat J. M. (1997) “Testimonios sobre los centros de producción cerámica de época romana y Antigüedad Tardía en la provincia de Córdoba”, Antiquitas 8 (1997) 83–96. Italy: Maioli M. G. (1980) “Produzione di ceramiche tardoantiche e bizantine. Una for- nace recentemente scoperta a Classe (Ravenna)”, Faenza 66 (1980) 217–27. Africa: Stirling L. M. (2001) “The east baths and their industrial re-use in Late Antiquity: 1992 excavations”, in Leptiminus (Lamta). The East Baths, Cemeteries, Kilns, Venus Mosaic, Site Museum, and Other Studies, edd. L. M. Stirling, D. J. Mattingly and N. Ben Lazreg ( JRA Suppl. Ser. 41) (Portsmouth, R. I. 2001) 29–74. Mackensen M. (1998) “Centres of African Red Slip Ware production in Tunisia from the late 5th to the 7th centuries”, in Ceramica in Italia: VI-VII secolo. Atti del convegno in onore di John W. Hayes, Roma, 11–13 maggio 1995, ed. L. Saguì (Florence 1998) 23–39. Greece and the Balkans: Munn M. L. Z. (1985) “A Late Roman kiln site in the Hermionid”, in AJA 89 (1985) 342–43. Petri- dis P. (1998) “Les ateliers de potiers à Delphes à l’époque paléochrétienne”, Topoi 8.2 (1998) 703–10. Catling H. W. (1972) “An Early Byzantine pottery factory at Dhiorios in Cyprus”, Levant 4 (1972) 1–82. Demesticha S. (2000) “The Paphos kiln. Manufacturing techniques of LR1 amphoras”, Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 36 (2000) 549–54. Demestika S. and Michaelides D. (2001) “The excavation of a Late Roman 1 amphora kiln in Paphos”, in La céramique byzantine et proto-islamique en Syrie-Jordanie (VIe–VIIIe siècle apr. J.-C.). Actes du colloque tenu à Amman les 3, 4, et 5 décembre 1994, edd. E. Villeneuve and P. M. Watson (Beirut 2001) 289–96. Asia Minor: Poblome J., Bounegru O., Degryse P., Viane W., Waelkens M. and Erdemgil S. (2001) “The sigillata manufactories of Pergamon and Sagalassos”, JRA 14 (2001) 143–66. Poblome J., Ekinci H. A., Öztürk I, Degryse P., Viane W. and Waelkens M. (2000) “An Early Byzantine tile and limekiln in the territory of Sagalassos”, in Sagalassos V. Report on the Survey and Excavation Campaigns of 1996 and 1997, edd. M. Waelkens and L. Loots (Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 11/B) (Leuven 2000) 669–83. Williams C. (1989) Anemurium. The Roman and Early Byzantine Pottery (Subsidia Mediaevalia 16) (Toronto 1989). Zoroğlu L. (2000) “A Roman potter’s workshop at Astra in Rough Cilicia”, Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 36 (2000) 31–34. Near East: Israel Y. (1995) “Survey of pottery workshops, productive space in late antiquity 65 Nahal Lakhish-Nahal Besor”, Excavations and Surveys in Israel 13 (1993) 106–107. Adan-Bayewitz D. (1993) Common Pottery in Roman Galilee: A Study of Local Trade (Ramat Gan 1993). Adan-Bayewitz D. (1995) “A lamp mould from Sepphoris and the location of workshops for lamp and common pottery manufacture in northern Palestine”, in The Roman and Byzantine Near East: Recent Archaeological Research ( JRA Suppl. Ser. 14) (Ann Arbor, MI 1995) 177–82. Schaefer J. and Falkner B. K. (1986) “An Umayyad potters’ complex in the North Theatre in Jerash”, in Jerash Archaeological Project I, 1981–1983, ed. F. Zayadine (Amman 1986) 411–60. Melkawi A., ‘Amr K. and Whitcomb D. S. (1994) “The excava- tion of two seventh century pottery kilns at Aqaba”, ADAJ 38 (1994) 447–68. Zayadine F. (1986) “The pottery kilns of Petra”, in Pottery and Potters. Past and Present: 7000 Years of Ceramic Art in Jordan, edd. D. Homès-Fredericq and H. J. Franken (Tübingen 1986) 186–89. Egypt and Cyrenaica: El-Ashmawi F. (1998) “Pottery kiln and wine-factory at Burg El-Arab”, in Commerce et artisanat dans l’Alexandrie hellénistique et romaine. Actes du Colloque d’Athènes, déc. 1988, ed. J.-Y. Empereur (BCH Suppl. 33) (Paris 1998) 55–64. Empereur J.-Y. and Picon M. (1998) “Les ateliers d’amphores du Lac Mariout”, in the same volume 136–58. Ghaly H. (1992) “Pottery workshops of Saint-Jeremia (Saqqara)”, Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne 3 (1992) 161–72. Ballet P. (1994) “Un atelier d’amphores Late Roman Amphora 5/6 à Kôm Abou Billou (Terenouthis)”, ChrÉg 69 (1994) 353–65. Ballet P., Mahmoud F. et al. (1991) “Artisanat de la céramique dans l’Égypte romaine tardive et byzantine: prospection d’ateliers de potiers de Minia à Assouan”, Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne 2 (1991) 129–43. Ballet P. and Von der Way T. (1993) “Exploration archéologique de Bouto et de sa région (époques romaine et byzantine)”, Kairo Mitteilungen 49 (1993) 1–22. Glass production centres (primary production) As indicated earlier, the glass industry was divided into two separate branches: one concerned with making the raw material (primary pro- duction), the other with crafting it into objects (secondary production). The production of the raw glass took place in the countryside, close to the location of the raw materials (Foy and Nenna (2001) 35–39). Recent analyses of Roman glass from different areas have shown that its chemical composition is remarkably uniform, suggesting a limited number of sources of raw materials. This information, along with the fact that ancient literary sources only mention 5 areas of glassmaking, supports the generally accepted hypothesis that the number of the pri- mary workshops was very limited, though it must be noted that most of these literary sources date to the 1st c. A.D. (Stern (2004) 96–97; Stern (1999) 454). The most important regions for the preparation of raw glass during the Roman and Early Byzantine periods were Egypt and the coast of Syria/Palestine. 66 toon putzeys Installations for the production of raw glass have been found in Israel at Beit Eli’ezer (8 km south of Caesarea) where 16 single use glass kilns with twin furnaces were excavated, dated to the 7th c. A.D., each with the capacity to produce 8 to 10 tons of glass in a single fi r- ing. Evidence for primary production is only seldom attested outside the regions mentioned above. At York, for example, evidence was found for the production of raw glass linked to a military site. The presence of glass melting pots (pottery vessels that have been used as receptacles to melt glass) and partially fused glass batch material sug- gests that glass was being made from raw materials. In addition, glass fragments associated with glass-blowing were also retrieved from the site, indicating that the whole production process, from raw material to fi nished vessel, was carried out. Syntheses: Foy D. and Nenna M.-D. (2001) Tout feu, tout sable. Mille ans de verre antique dans le Midi de la France (Aix-en-Provence 2001). Nenna M.-D. (2000) ed. La route du verre.
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