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Wine and Health Through the Ages

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Wine and Health Through the Ages WINE AND HEALTH THROUGH THE AGES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AUSTRALIA BY DR. PHILIP NORRIE MBBS (NSW), MSc (Sydney), MSocSc (Hons) (CSU) FPA Cert, FIBA A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning University of Western Sydney 2005 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my family - my wife Belinda and my sons Andrew and Alexander for their love and support and to the concept of preventative medicine (the best way to treat a disease is not to get it in the first place) using oenotherapy. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people for helping me research and write my thesis. Professor Stuart Hill, my supervisor for his guidance, patience and support during the whole process - it was much appreciated. Brenda Heagney, the chief librarian at the Medical History Library of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians for her continued support over the years with all my research and books, not just for this PhD thesis. Jan Willoughby, my secretary, for all her typing and clerical assistance. She deserves a medal for reading my handwriting, following my arrows and understanding my "pto's" and "inserts". Dr. Gordon Troup, physicist at Monash University, for sharing his vast knowledge about antioxidants. Shirley Parnell, Secretary of the West Surrey Geneological Society in UK . The staff of each state library, in Australia, Public Records Office in UK, St. Bartholomew's Hospital London, Sydney Hospital and NSW State Archives. All current Wine Doctors for completing their questionnaires. And the families of all past Wine Doctors for providing family histories and documents. WINE AND HEALTH THROUGH THE AGES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AUSTRALIA BY DR PHILIP NORRIE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Dedication Acknowledgments Statement of Authentication Table of Contents........................................................................................................... i Abstract......................................................................................................................... iv Introduction....................................................................................................................1 (1) Literature Review 1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................6 1.2 Ancients....................................................................................................7 1.3 Australia....................................................................................................9 1.4 Current Research .....................................................................................15 (2) Research Methodology 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................23 2.2 Quantitative Analysis ..............................................................................26 2.3 Qualitative Analysis ................................................................................27 2.3.1 Historical Method......................................................................27 2.3.2 Case Study Method ...................................................................29 2.3.3 Biographical Method.................................................................30 2.3.4 Grounded Theory ......................................................................31 2.3.5 Comparative Method.................................................................32 2.3.6 Action Research ........................................................................32 (3) Findings – Chronology of Wine as a Medicine ................................................36 3.1 Wine and Health in the Past 3.1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................50 3.1.2 Mesopotamia .............................................................................52 3.1.3 Ancient China............................................................................53 3.1.4 Ancient Egypt............................................................................55 3.1.5 Ancient India .............................................................................58 3.1.6 Ancient Greece..........................................................................62 3.1.7 Ancient Rome............................................................................71 3.1.8 Biblical – Jewish Era.................................................................76 3.1.9 Arabic Period.............................................................................78 3.1.10 Medieval Europe .......................................................................80 3.1.11 Post Medieval Europe ...............................................................88 3.1.12 America .....................................................................................96 3.2 Wine and Health in Australia 3.2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................103 3.2.2 Influence of Early Wine Doctors and Convicts........................105 3.2.3 What Motivates Doctors to Establish Vineyards .....................116 3.2.4 List of Australian Wine Making Doctors.................................126 3.2.5 The Big Three – Drs Lindeman, Penfold & Kelly ...................134 3.2.6 Lunatic Asylums.......................................................................148 3.2.7 Australia’s Wine Doctors .........................................................152 3.3 Wine and Health – Current Research 3.3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................412 3.3.2 The French Paradox..................................................................421 3.3.3 The Copenhagen Study ............................................................423 3.3.4 The One for the Heart Study ....................................................425 3.3.5 Current Australian Research Into Alcohol and Health.............429 3.3.6 Red Wine Versus White Wine – Is there a difference in health benefit? ......................................................................431 3.3.7 Resveratrol................................................................................436 3.3.8 Wine Allergies, Side Effects, Hangovers and Organic Wine...439 3.3.9 Summary of Medical Benefits of Wine in Moderation - Current Research and Thinking................................................444 3.4 Methods to Promote Wine and Health – Actioning Action Research 3.4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................447 3.4.2 Government..............................................................................447 3.4.3 Medical Schools .......................................................................449 3.4.4 Medical Groups ........................................................................449 3.4.5 Media........................................................................................450 3.4.6 Pharmaceutical Companies ......................................................450 3.4.7 Wine Companies ......................................................................450 3.4.8 Wine Doctor Brand ..................................................................451 3.4.9 Product Launches .....................................................................452 3.4.10 Internet......................................................................................452 3.4.11 Insurance Companies ...............................................................453 3.4.12 Conferences..............................................................................453 3.4.13 Public Relations Companies.....................................................454 3.4.14 Celebrities.................................................................................454 3.4.15 Permanent Wine Displays ........................................................454 3.4.16 Pro-Alcohol Organisations.......................................................455 3.4.17 Wine Industry Organisations....................................................455 3.4.18 Medical Wine Dinners..............................................................456 3.4.19 Books........................................................................................456 3.4.20 Poster........................................................................................457 3.4.21 Video ........................................................................................457 3.4.22 Television Documentaries........................................................458 3.4.23 Retail Stores .............................................................................458 (4) Conclusion .......................................................................................................459 (5) References........................................................................................................470 (6) Bibliography.....................................................................................................512 (7) Appendices 7.1 Australian Wine and Health Papers 7.1.1 Dr Redfern 7.1.2 Dr Lindeman x 2 7.1.3 Dr Cleland 7.1.4 Dr Fiaschi 7.2 Wine Prescriptions and Quotes by the Ancients Not Already Mentioned in this Thesis 7.3 Pharmacopoeia Wine Prescriptions 7.4 Scientific Papers 7.4.1 Professor S Renaud 7.4.2 Dr P Norrie 7.4.3 Dr M Gronbaek 7.4.4 Sir Richard Doll 7.4.5 Sir Richard Doll 7.4.6 Dr P Norrie
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