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Ms 4.-7.Yüzyil T.C. E G EÜ N İ V E R S İ T E S İ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü GEÇ ANTİK ÇAĞ’DA (M.S. 4.-7.YÜZYIL) DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE ÜRETİLEN TİCARİ AMPHORALARDA DİPİNTİ, GRAFFİTİ VE MÜHÜR KULLANIMI Doktora Tezi Ülkü KARA Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Klasik Arkeoloji Bilim Dalı İZMİR 2019 T.C. EGnüNivrnsİrnsİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü GEÇ ANTİK ÇAĞ,DA (M.S. 4.-7.YIJZYIL) DoĞU AKDENiz,nn ünprİr-,Bx rİcanİ AMPHoRALARD,I nİpİNrİ, GnArrİrİ rrE vıürrün KULLANIMI Doktora Tezı üıııiı KARA 92130003656 Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Gonca CANKARDEŞ_ŞEN0L Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Klasik Arkeoloji Bilim Dalı öNsöz Üzerinde çalışılan tez konusu içeriği, multidisipliner bir inceleme gerektirmesi nedeniyle, hazırlık aşaması esnasırıda diğer bilimdallarından yararlanmasını ancak, ara|arından bazılarının ön plana çıkartılmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Ön plana çıkan, tarih, arkeoloji Ve paleografi bilimdallarından, hem verileri Sunma, hem de sonrasında değerlendirme aşamasında yararlanılmıştır. Tez konusunun hazırlığı sürecinde, söz konusu çalışma prensibinin getireceği zorluklara ilaveten, tez konusunun nispeten nadir buluntuları kapsaması araştırmanın coğafua açısından genişletilmesini gerektirmiştir. Söz konusu coğrafyada bulunan ve ulaşılabilen tüm örnekleri kayıt altına alma çabası, tezin temel prensibini meydana getirdiği için tezin hazırlık aşamasında öncelikle bir veri tabanını inşaa etme ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Tezin coğrafi smırınl oluşturan Doğu Akdeniz ve Karadeniz Havzası' nda yer alan ülkelerdeki kazı ve mi.izelerden yayınlanmış ya da özgün buluntular veri tabanına eklenmiştir. Veri tabanında kayıt altına alınan tüm buluntulara tezde yer verilemeyeceği için, diğer bir zorlu süreç tez kataloğuna örnek seçme aşamasında ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak bu durum, ulaşılacak sonuç bütünlüğü açısından önemli olduğundan, katalog örneği seçme işi, titiz bir çalışmayı da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bununla birlikte, hem nadir bulııntu olmasına yol açan, hem de bir başka güçlüğü beraberinde getiren durum; tezde seçilen buluntu gruplarından birinin (dipinto), kazı alanında ele geçtiği anda süratli biçimde kayıt altına almayı gerektiren buluntular olmasıdır. Söz konusu buluntuların silinmemesi için yapılan belgeleme işlemlerinin yanl slra, azami hızda konservasyon işlemi gerektirmesi, dipinto örneklerin yok olmaması için oldukça önemlidir, ve tez örnekleri için de dikkat edilmesi gereken bir durumdur. Diğer taraftan, yaşanmasl beklenen bu zorluklar ve yerine getirilmesi gereken adımlar bir tarafa bırakıldığında, yapılan çahşmada ortaya çıkması hedeflenen Geç Antik Çağ ekonomisine dair sonuçların, her türlü sorunu aydınlatmasa dahi, oldukça önemli ve tatmin edici olduğu sanılmaktadır. Burada yapılması hedeflenen çahşmanın geldiği nokta, ileriki benzer çalışmalar için bir adım olarak planlanmıştır' İzmir - 20lg öznr Geçtiğimiz yirmi yılda Doğu Akdeniz'in Geç Roma _ Erken Bizans dönemi amphoraları, araştrrmacılar tarafından merak edilen ve ilgi çeken konular arasında yer almakta ve bu ilgi ile her geçen giin yeni araştırmalar orİaya çıkmaktadır. Özellikle, yaklaşık üç/dört yüz yıllık bir dönemi kapsayan Geç Roma _ Erken Bizans dönemine ait amphoraların iiretim ve kullanımını anlamaya döntık çalışmaların son yıllarda oldukça arttığını görmekteyiz. Sözkonusu çalışmalar sayesinde artık, Doğu Akdeniz Havzasında iiretilmiş ve yaygm dolaşıma sahip amphoralara dair daha detaylı verilere ulaşılmıştır. Ancak, söz konusu amphoraların üzerindeki yazıt ve mühürlere ilişkin çalışmaların, Batı Akdeniz amphoralarının araştrrma seviyesine ulaşacak aşamada olmadığı görülmektedir. Bahsi geçen, Doğu Akdeniz Havzasr kökenli amphoralar üzerinde görülen yaz\t Ve mtihiirler, burada hazırlanan tez çalışmasının esas konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Tean odak noktası, Doğu Akdeniz'de özellikle Küçük Asya merkezli, büyiik ölçekli üretim yapılan ve Doğu Roma imparatorluğu içinde ekonomik ve ticari açıdan bir yeri olduğu öngörülen başlıca amphora formlarıdır: LRA l, LRA 2, LRA 3 ve Zeest 80. Öncelikle, amphoralar üzerindeki yazıt ve miihiırlerin bir korpusu oluşfurulmuş ve bu korpus üzerinden, anlam gözümlemelerinin yanl sra, yazıt geleneği ve amphora tipolojisi açısından değerlendirilmeleri yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Tez araştırmasının ikincil krsmında ise, ilk btıltimıınden elde edilen verilerin dönemin ekonomik ve ticari hayatı içindeki konumu değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre, amphora tipleri ve kataloglanan yazıt ve miihiirlerin ışığında; Roma Döneminde var olduğu bilinen annono civicia Ve annona militaris sistemleri, Doğu Roma imparatorluğu özelinde sorgulanmaya çalışılmıştrr. Bu inceleme, amphora tipolojileri ve bulunfu yerlerini esas aldığı kadar, yazıt ve miihürlerin anlamları, içerikleri ve kimi temsil ettikleri temelinde de yürütiilmeye çalışılmıştır. ilt ABSTRACT Over the last two decades, the Late Roman - Early Byzantine amphorae from Eastem Mediterranean have been one of the most interesting topics for researchers, and results of new researches are emerging day by day. In particularly, studies on understanding the production and usage of the Late Roman - Early Byzantine amphorae, which cover a period of approximately three to four hundred years, have increased considerably in recent years. Through these studies, more detailed data have been obtained from the whole of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin. However, it is seen that the studies on the inscriptions and seals on the amphorae can not reach to a level of the ones on the Western Mediterranean amphorae. The inscriptions and seals on the amphorae of the Eastern Roman Imperial period are constituted the main subjects of the thesis. The main focus of the thesis is on the four major mass-production amphora types from the Eastern Mediterranean, mainly based in Asia Minor, which are essential economically and commercially in the Eastern Roman Empire: LRA 1, LRA 2, LRA 3 ve Zeest 80. Primarily, a corpus has been composed to analyze both in terms of inscription (for inscriptions and seals) tradition and amphora typology. In the second part of the thesis research, the position and importance of the data obtained from the first part, has been evaluated in the economic and commercial conditions of the period. Accordingly, in the light of these amphora types, inscriptions and seals in the corpus; annona civicia arıd annona militaris.system, which had been known to have existed in the Roman Imperial Period, were examined on specific to the Eastern Roman Empire. This study is based on the amphora typologies and findspot of examples, as well as the meanings, contents, and representing of the inscriptions and seals. IV İÇİNuprİı,nn öNsöz özr r .....................iii ABSTRACT .............. ..................... iv içiNorrirın TABLoLARIİsresi ...x şrrİrrrnrisrgsi , xl KISALTMALAR ...........xvii KAYNAK DIZINI KISALTMALARI ..........xviii GiRiŞ . I Yöntem .................6 Katalog Anahtarı 8 Araştırma Tarihi o 1. GEÇ RoMA İıvrpanaroRl,uK uÖNrııİNE BAKIŞ....... ....... l4 1.1. Diokletianus' dan Heraklius'a Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu 74 1.2. Geç Roma _ Erken Bizans Dönemi Ekonomisi ve Vergi Sistemi ..........22 |.3. Annona ve Annona Militarİs Sistemi ..........24 2. DİPiNTi, Gn lrrİri'vr, urÜrrÜnr,nn .29 2.l.Late Roman Amphora 1 .............. ............29 2.1.|. Mühürler ............47 2.1'.|.l. Mühür Gruplarr ....48 2.1.1,1.1. A Grubu ...............49 2.1.1.1.2. B Grubu 49 2.1.1.1.3. C Grubu 50 2.|.|.2. Mühür Kalıpları .......50 2.1.1.2.1. A Grubu .......51 2.1.1.2.1. B Grubu.. .51 2.1.1.2.1. C Grubu .51 2.1.2. Dipinti .51 2.1.2.1. A Grubu s7 V 2.1.2.2. B Grubu. 59 2.1.2.2.1.8.1 59 2.1.2.2.1.1. 8.1.1 ......... _...... 60 2.1.2.2.1.2.8.1.2 62 2.1.2.2.2.8.2 65 2.1.2.2.3.8.3 ....... ..71 2.1.2.3. C Grubu ..............72 2.1.3. Graffiti..... 73 2.1.3.1. A Grubu .....74 2.1.3.2. B Grubu .....75 75 2.2.Late Roman Amphora 2 .................76 2.2.l. Mühürler ................. 86 2.2.l.l. Mühür Gruplarr .........87 2.2.1.1.1. A Grubu .........88 2.2.1.1.1.1.4.1 88 2.2.1.1.1.1.1. A.1a 89 2.2.t.t.1.1.2. A.lb 94 2.2.1.1.1.2. 4.2 ....... 96 ....98 2.2.1.1.1.4. A.4 ...... ....99 2.2.1.1.2. B Grubu ..100 2.2.1.1.3. C Grubu ..101 2.2.l.l.4. Gruplandırılmamrş Mühürler . 101 2.2.|.2. Mühür Kalıpları 102 2.2.1.2.1. A Grubu .....t02 2.2.r.2.r.1. A.l .....102 2.2.1.2.1.1.1. A.1a ............ 102 2.2.1.2.1.1.2. A.1b............ ....... 103 2.2.1.2.1.2.4.2 .......103 2.2.1.2.r.3. A.3 ................ 103 VI 2.2.1.2.1.4. A.4 ... .......104 2.2.1.2.2. B Grubu 104 2.2.1.2.3. C Grubu 104 2.2.2. Dipinti 105 2.2.2.1. A Grubu .r07 2.2.2,2. B Grubu...... .111 2.2.2.2.L.8.1 111 ....111 2.2.2.3. C Grubu .... ....t17 2.2.2.4. D Grubu ....120 2.2.3. Graffiti .............121 2.2.3.1. A Grubu t23 ......123 2.2.3.1.2. 4.2 ... ......125 2.2.3.1.3.4.3 126 2.2.3.2. B Grubu .......128 2.2.3.3. C Grubu t29 2.3.Lıte Roman Amphora 3 .. ......... 130 2.3.a. Sardeis Tipİ Amphora ... .........132 2.3.|. Mühürler 136 2.3.1.1. Mühür Grupları .......' t36 2.3.1.1.1. A Grubu ...137 2.3.1.1.2. B Grubu ...138 2.3.l.2. Mühür KaIıpIarı ...... ... 138 2.3.1.2.1. A Grubu ...138 2.3.1.2.2. B Grubu.. 138 2.3.2. Dipinti 138 2.3.2.I. A Grubu .140 2.3.2.2. B Grubu.. .141 2.3.2.3. C Grubu .l4l 2.3.3. Graffiti .t4l vil 2.3.3.1. A Grubu 142 2.3.3.2. B Grubu.. ...144 2.3.3.3, C Grubu 145 2.4. Zeest 80 Amphoraları ...146 2.4.1. Mühürler ...150 2.4.L.l. Mühür Gruplarr 1s0 2.4.1.1.1. A Grubu .:...152 2.4.1.1J.1. A.L Grubu .....152 2.4.1.1.1.2. A.2 Grubu ...........
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