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Deepwater Survey, Archaeological Investigations and Historical Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Deepwater Survey, Archaeological Investigation and Historical Contexts of Three Late Antique Black Sea Shipwrecks Rachel Lynelle Horlings Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DEEPWATER SURVEY, ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AND HISTORICAL CONTEXTS OF THREE LATE ANTIQUE BLACK SEA SHIPWRECKS By RACHEL LYNELLE HORLINGS A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2005 Copyright © 2005 Rachel Lynelle Horlings All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Rachel Lynelle Horlings defended on March 28, 2005. ______________________________ Cheryl Ward Professor Directing Thesis ______________________________ Glen Doran Committee Member ______________________________ David Stone Committee Member Approved: __________________________________________ Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii For Mr. “P.” Because you showed me a long time ago that it could be done. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Robert Ballard (Institute for Exploration and University of Rhode Island) for allowing me to be part of this incredible experience. I wish to thank David Mindell (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Dennis Peichota (Conservator, Object and Textile Conservation, Arlington, MA), Robert Blanchette (University of Minnesota) and Dawn Marshall (Texas A&M University) for their contributions and support to the project as a whole and to my part in it as well. Numerous other individuals have contributed answers to questions and have worked with me to solve problems, and I sincerely appreciate all of their assistance. My participation in this project was funded by the National Science Foundation and the Institute for Exploration, and funding for my Master’s research was provided by NOAA’s Dr. Nancy Foster Scholarship. I am absolutely indebted to Cheryl Ward for this experience. Not only was I given the opportunity to work with a prestigious group of professionals in another country, but her persistence in challenging me to improve, insistence on excellence and faith in my abilities have had ramifications far beyond my academic career. I am grateful to Glen Doran and David Stone for their willingness to support and assist not only in this endeavor, but also in many others over the course of my academic career at Florida State University. A bevy of patient people including my mother, my grandfather, Jessica McNeil, Heather Mustonen, Jason Moser, Beth Chambless, Meredith Marten, Hannes Schroeder and Bryan Horlings shared their editorial skills and insights on countless pages. The advice, support and prayers throughout this adventure of my parents, other family members and friends too numerous to mention here, has meant more than I am able to express. It is the rare occasion when a person is afforded the privilege of pursuing ones’ passion, and I am blessed to have been one such person. Finally and most importantly, praise God, from whom all blessings flow. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xii 1. PREMISES OF INVESTIGATION AND BACKGROUND ........................................1 Premises of Investigation ........................................................................................2 Background .............................................................................................................3 Sinop Geography and Black Sea Hydrology ..........................................................4 A Brief History of Sinop .........................................................................................7 Mediterranean and Black Sea Economics and Sinop .............................................9 Ancient Sailing and Sailors ...................................................................................10 Roman Trade .........................................................................................................11 Byzantine Trade ....................................................................................................13 Archaeology and Connectivity .............................................................................14 Summary ...............................................................................................................15 2. TECHNOLOGY AND METHODS ...........................................................................16 The 2000 Season ...................................................................................................16 The 2003 Season ...................................................................................................19 Care and Curation of Artifacts ..............................................................................23 Post-Processing of Data ........................................................................................23 Summary ...............................................................................................................25 3. SHIPPING JARS ........................................................................................................26 Shipping Jars and Archaeology ............................................................................27 Sinop and Carrot-Shaped Jars ...............................................................................31 Late Roman Amphora (LRA1) .............................................................................36 Summary ...............................................................................................................38 4. SITES A, B and C ........................................................................................................39 Overall Environment and Conditions ...................................................................40 Shipwreck Site Formation .....................................................................................41 Sites A, B and C ....................................................................................................43 Artifacts .................................................................................................................64 5. DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................................69 Site Discussions ....................................................................................................69 Additional Data Sources .......................................................................................80 Comparisons with Other Shipwrecks of Late Antiquity .......................................80 Summary ...............................................................................................................83 v 6. CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................................85 Summary of Results ..............................................................................................85 Challenges .............................................................................................................87 Suggestions for Further Research .........................................................................88 APPENDIX A Equipment and Definitions of Technical Acronyms ................................91 APPENDIX B Care and Curation of Artifacts .................................................................93 APPENDIX C Copyright Permission ...............................................................................94 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................96 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ..........................................................................................114 vi LIST OF TABLES 1. Descriptions of Shipping Jars Produced in the Sinop Region .....................................33 2. Approximate Sizes of Shipwreck Sites A, B and C .....................................................44 3. Number of Visible Shipping Jars on Shipwreck Sites A, B and C ..............................44 4. Site A Timber Characteristics ......................................................................................50 5. Site B Timber Characteristics ......................................................................................57 6. Site C Timber Characteristics ......................................................................................63 7. Recovered Artifacts .....................................................................................................64 8. Artifact Dimensions .....................................................................................................68 9. Ships of Late Antiquity ................................................................................................82 vii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Surveys were concentrated in the Sinop
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