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Roman Amphorae from Cyprus: Integrating Trade and Exchange in the Mediterranean

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1 Roman amphorae from Cyprus: integrating trade and exchange in the Mediterranean Anthi Kaldeli Institute of Archaeology University College London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Volume I UMI Number: U591587 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U591587 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 Declaration I, Anthi Kaldeli, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 Abstract This research focuses on the study of amphorae from Cyprus in order to reconstruct aspects of trade and the Roman economy in the eastern Mediterranean region, from the 2nd c. BC to the 7th c. AD. The amphorae, as the primary containers used in commercial activities, enable an insight into trading patterns and socio-economic processes. Trade was fundamental to the Roman empire for the accomplishment of the political strategy of economic exploitation of its territories. However, it is only fairly recently that research focused on the study of amphorae for the reconstruction of trade and the examination of the economy. Still, the bias towards the western part of the empire resulted in the obscurity of the eastern exchange networks, and the lack of sufficient knowledge concerning the broader mechanisms underlying trade. Despite the growing work currently undertaken in the eastern Mediterranean, trading activities in the eastern part of the empire remain largely unknown. Thus, by analysing data from a number of sites on this strategic island and combining them with existing evidence, the aim is to provide with this thesis an original contribution to the understanding of the complex economic activities of the island and the eastern Mediterranean region, and between the two parts of the Mediterranean. The main concern is the development and application of a solid theoretical and methodological framework for the investigation of production, trade and exchange, and consumption, as well as the associated social and ideological implications, and the diachronic changes. 4 For my parents, Charalambos and Androula Kaldelis List o f Contents 5 List of Contents Section Volume I Page Title-page 1 Declaration 2 Abstract 3 Dedication 4 List of Contents 5 List o f Abbreviations 15 List o f Tables 18 List o f Illustrations 28 Acknowledgements 35 Chapter 1 Introduction 37 Section 1 Background to the research project 38 Section 1.1 The role of amphorae in the reconstruction of trade, 39 and the current state of research Section 1.2 Objectives, research model and thesis outline 40 Chapter 2 The development of amphora studies 43 Section 2 Introduction: Definition and role of amphorae in the 43 study of trade Section 2.1 The development of amphora studies 43 Section 2.2 The development of amphora studies in Cyprus and the 47 role of the present thesis Chapter 3 Roman Cyprus: a brief outline of its economy, the 49 chief cities, and the sites under study Section 3 Roman Cyprus: introducing its economy 49 Section 3.1 The sites under study 51 Section 3.1.1 Paphos 51 Section 3.1.1.1 House of Orpheus 53 Section 3.1.1.2 The Theatre 53 Section 3.1.1.3 The Customs House 55 Section 3.1.2 Amathus 55 Section 3.1.2.1 The Agora 57 Section 3.1.2.2 Amathus Palaea Lemesos 58 Section 3.1.3 Kourion 59 6 The Agora and its environs 61 Other important sites of Roman Cyprus 61 Theory on trade and exchange and its application to 65 the Roman economy Introduction 65 The development of the study of the Roman economy 66 World Systems Theory and the Roman empire 69 Formalism and Substantivism 72 Neo-Marxist concepts 73 The economic processes 74 Distribution 74 Reciprocity 75 Redistribution 76 Market exchange 78 Aspects of organisation and character of Roman trade 80 Production 84 Organisation and character of agricultural production 85 in the Roman empire Theoretical perspectives of the scale of pottery 88 production: their application to the Roman context. Theoretical perspectives of the modes of pottery 90 production: their application to the Roman context. Consumption 94 Methodology 97 Introduction 97 The Research design 98 The sampling technique 98 The analysis of the material 99 Quantification and database construction 99 Dating 102 Identification of types 103 List o f Contents Section 5.1.3.4 The classification system of newly identified types 104 Section 5.1.3.5 Analysis of fabrics 105 Section 5.2 Model-building 107 Section 5.2.1 Statistical techniques 108 Chapter 6 The amphorae from the sites under study 111 Section 6 Introduction 111 Section 6.1 Hellenistic period (Republican amphorae) 112 Section 6.1.1 Paphos 114 Section 6.1.1.1 House of Orpheus 114 Section 6.1.1.2 Theatre 114 Section 6.1.1.3 Customs House 115 Section 6.1.2 Amathus 115 Section 6.1.2.1 Amathus Agora 115 Section 6.1.2.2 Amathus Palaea Lemesos 116 Section 6.1.3 Kourion 116 Section 6.2 Early Roman period 117 Section 6.2.1 Paphos 118 Section 6.2.1.1 House of Orpheus 118 Section 6.2.1.2 Theatre 122 Section 6.2.1.3 The Customs House 125 Section 6.2.2 Amathus 126 Section 6.2.2.1 Amathus Agora 126 Section 6.2.2.2 Amathus Palaea Lemesos 128 Section 6.2.3 Kourion 132 Section 6.3 Middle Roman period 136 Section 6.3.1 Paphos 137 Section 6.3.1.1 House of Orpheus 137 Section 6.3.1.2 Theatre 138 Section 6.3.1.3 The Customs House 140 List o f Contents 8 Section 6.3.2 Amathus 141 Section 6.3.2.1 Amathus Agora 141 Section 6.3.2.2 Amathus Palaea Lemesos 142 Section 6.3.3 Kourion 144 Section 6.4 Late Roman period 147 Section 6.4.1 Paphos 148 Section 6.4.1.1 House of Orpheus 148 Section 6.4.1.2 Theatre 148 Section 6.4.1.3 Customs House 152 Section 6.4.2 Amathus 153 Section 6.4.2.1 Amathus Agora 153 Section 6.4.2.2 Amathus Palaea Lemesos 155 Section 6.4.3 Kourion 159 Chapter 7 Production in Roman Cyprus as evidenced by the 162 amphorae Section 7 Introduction: limitations and possibilities 162 Section 7.0.1 Scale of amphora production 164 Section 7.0.2 Modes of amphora production 165 Section 7.0.3 The pertinent role of amphora stamps and of tituli picti 166 in the study of production Section 7.1 Early Roman period 167 Section 7.1.1 The scale of amphora production as suggested by the 169 data Section 7.1.2 The modes of amphora production as suggested by the 171 data Section 7.2 Middle Roman period 174 Section 7.2.1 The scale of amphora production as suggested by the 175 data Section 7.2.2 The modes of amphora production as suggested by the 178 data Section 7.3 Late Roman period 180 9 The scale of amphora production as suggested by the 181 data The modes of amphora production as suggested by the 183 data The character of the modes of amphora production 186 suggested by the data Household industry 186 Workshops: individual or nucleated? 188 Attached production? 191 Technological choices, morphological traits and 191 imitations Ideas on agricultural production as suggested by the 193 amphorae Trade and exchange from the early to the late Roman 196 period Introduction 196 Inter-regional distribution 197 Intra-regional distribution 198 From production to distribution: the role of middlemen 198 Distribution of imported Republican amphorae 200 Early Roman period 202 Distribution of imported amphorae to Paphos 202 Models and hypotheses 202 Statistical analysis 205 Distribution of imported amphorae to Amathus 206 Models and hypotheses 206 Statistical analysis 207 Distribution of imported amphorae to Kourion 211 Models and hypotheses 211 Statistical analysis 211 Intra-regional distribution 213 City-hinterland exchanges 214 10 Inter-city exchanges 216 Exchanges of imported products 216 Exchanges of local products 217 Discussion 218 8.3. Middle Roman period 225 Distribution of imported amphorae to Paphos 225 Models and hypotheses 225 Statistical analysis 226 Distribution of imported amphorae to Amathus 227 Models and hypotheses 227 Statistical analysis 228 Distribution of imported amphorae to Kourion 229 Models and hypotheses 229 Statistical analysis 229 Intra-regional distribution 231 Inter-city exchanges 231 Exchanges between cities and their hinterland 232 Discussion 232 Late Roman period 236 Distribution of imported amphorae to Paphos 236 Models and hypotheses 236 Statistical analysis 237 Distribution of imported amphorae to Amathus 238 Models and hypotheses 238 Statistical analysis 239 Distribution of imported amphorae to Kourion 241 Models and hypotheses 241 Statistical analysis 242 List o f Contents 11 Section 8.4.4 Intra-regional exchange 244 Section 8.4.4.1 City-hinterland exchanges 245 Section 8.4.4.2 Inter-city exchanges 248 Section 8.4.5 Discussion 250 Section 8.5 Conclusion 255 Chapter 9 Consumption trends 257 Section 9 Introduction 257 Section 9.0.1 Limitations 258 Section 9.0.1.1 Amphorae as luxury items 258 Section 9.0.1.2 Contents 259 Section 9.0.1.3 Re-use of amphorae 259 Section 9.1 Products consumed diachronically on each site 260 Section 9.1.1 Consumption of Republican amphorae 260 Section 9.1.2 Consumption of early Roman amphorae 261 Section 9.1.2.1 Paphos 262 House of Orpheus 262 Theatre 263 Section 9.1.2.2 Amathus 264 i.
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