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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text direetly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, sorne thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while ethers may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is c1ependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct prim. colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. ln the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. AllO, if unauthorizecl copyright materia1had ta be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning al the upper Ieft·hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overtaps. Photographs includecl in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6- x 9- black and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contad UMI diredly ta orcier. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, AnnArbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 THE ROLE 01' MU8LIM GROUPS IN CORTBIIPOURY IRDOIfBSIAIf NATIONALISM: • A STUDY OF TBB NABDLATUL ULAMA mmBR THE HW ORDER 1980.·1990. Su'aidlAsy'arl A til_la sabmittecl to the J'.cult, ofGnduate Studla ud Reseucb • iD partial faJfJJJmeat ofthe req1lkemeDu fOI' the de..._ ofMut. ofArt lutltute ofl8bmlc Sm'" .camualvenlt1 .oatnaleuada C 8utakU Asy'ulMa, 1999 • National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 canada Canada The author has granted a 000 L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant à la National Library ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fonnats. la fonne de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otheIWise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son penmSSlon. autorisation. 0-612-54977-1 Canadrl ABSTRACT • Author : Su'aidi Asy'ari Title : THE ROLE OF MUSLIM GROUPS IN CONTEMPORARY INDONESIAN NATlONALISM: A STUDY OF THE NAHDLAT'JL UI.AMA UNDER THE NEW ORDER DURING THE 1980s AND 199Os. Department : Institute of Islamic Studies Degree : Master ofArts This thesis investigates the role played by the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), a traditionalist Islamic organization established by K.H. Hasjim Asj'ari in 1926, in the development of Indonesian nationalism, elaborating in particular on its activities under the New Order (1980s and 1990s) after it implemented the Pancasila as the sole foundation for all political parties, social and mass organizations. As the largest Muslim traditionalist organization in Indonesia, the NU was originally founded to protect and promote the interests of Muslim • traditionalists, who loyally followed the school of Ahlu al-&mnah wa al Jama'ah. The doctrines of the latter school are shown here to have largely influenced the organization's dealings both culturally, religiouslyand politica11y. In order to fully understand the NU's view of Indonesian nationalism, this thesis examines the three phases of Indonesian nationalism, beginning with the rise of this organization, its involvement in the formation of the Indonesian state and its ideolog,Y, and the period after the country stipulated the sole foundation of Pancasüa. It is from these three phases of Indonesian nationalism that this thesis shows the significance role played by the NU during the 1980s and 199Os. The NU's example in accepting the Pancasila as its sole basis gelVed as an inspiration to other social and mass organizations in the country and represented one ofits major contributions to the nation's welfare• • ü Auteur : Su'aidi Asy'ari • Titre : Le rôle des groupes musulmans dans le nationalisme Indonésien contemporain: Une analyse de la Nahd1atul Ulama sous l'Order Nouveau durant les annéss quatre vingt et quatre vingt dix. Departement : Institut des Études Islamiqus, Université McGill Diplome : Maîtrise és Arts Ce mémoire explore le rôle joué par le NabdIatul Ulama (NU), une organisation islamique traditionalle fondée par K.H. Hasjim Asj'ari en 1926, dans le développment du nationalisme indonésien. La recherche élaborera particuliérement sur les activités de l'organisation durant l'Order Nouvau (1980s-199Os) suite à l'instauration de la Pancasila comme l'unique fondement de tous les partis politiques et autres organisations sociales de masse. En tant que la plus grande formation musulmane en Indonésie, le NU a été fondée afin de protéger et de promouvoir les intérêts des musulmans traditionalistes, qui • suivaient loyalement l'école de pensée Ahlu al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah. Les doctrines de cette école sont montrées ici comme ayant largement influencé les intérêts de l'organisation qui sont à la fois culturels, religieux et politiques. Afin de mieux comprende le point de vue du NU concernant le nationalisme indonésien, ce mémoire examinera les trois phases du nationalisme indonésien, en commencent par l'essor de cette organisation, son implication dans la formation de l'état indonésien et de son idéologie ainsi quel l'époque suivant l'instauration de la Pancasila comme fondement unique du pays. De ces trois phase du nationalisme indonésien, ce mémoire démontre le rôle significatifjoué par le NU durant les années quatre vingt et quatre vingt dix. L'example du NU dans son acceptation de la Pancasila comme son fondement unique a servi d'inspiration a d'àutres organisations sociales de masee di pays et a représenté une de ses contnbutions majeures au bien-étre de la nation. • fi • ACKKOWLBDGMEKTS With the completion ofthis thesis, 1 find myself in the position of having to express my indebtedness to a number of people whose materia! and moral have certainly contributed the realization of this project. First and foremost, 1 would like to acknowledge the readiness of my thesis supervisor, Professor Howard M. Federspiel and my co-advisor, A. Oner Turgay, who have giYen me such valuable advice, comments and criticism throughout the entire course of my research. 1 have relied. on their advice, guidance and all-round assistance, bath personal and academic. 1 count myself been fortunate to have benefited from their kindness and patience. 1 am also grateful to Ms. Wendy Allen, Director of the McGill-Indonesia Project, and aIl the project staff, in both Jakarta and Montreal, who have helped me during the course ofmy studies. Special thanks are due to Professor Ahmad • Nur Fadhil Lubis for having had the kindness to read the draft proposa! for this project, and Professor Faisal Ismail, who read the first draft of the thesis itself. Thanks are also due to the Canadian Intemational Development Agency (CIDA) for awarding me a scholarship to study at McGill University. My deep gratitude is aIso due to Dr. Tarmizi Taher and Dr. Abdul Malik Fajar, the former and present Ministers of Religious Main during my two years of study at McGill University. They provided me with the opportunity to pursue my studies at this institution. My gratitude aIso extends 10 Prof. Dr. H. Sulaiman Abdullah and Prof. Dr. Asafri Djaya Balai, the former and present Rectors of the State Institute of lslamic Studies (IAIN) Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. for granting me permission to set aside my duties as lecturer for two years. • iv Thanks are also due to the staff of the McGill Indonesia Project and the Institute of Islamic Studies for their assistance toward the completion of my • work. 1 would especially like ta thank Susi Ricciardelli, Joanna Gacek, Lori Novak, and Anne Yaxley, for their administrative and moral support. My thanks also go out to the helpful staffof the Library of the Institute of Islamic Studies, e'ipecially Sa1wa Ferahian and Wayne St. Thomas, for their readiness to offer assistance at every stage of my research. 1 would also like to express my appreciation to Steve Millier and Andrei Pancu for their tireless help in editing mywork. It was vety often the case that ideas emerged !rom impromptu discussions with my colleagues, especially my Indonesian colleagues, but it is impossible to mention every one of them here. 1 should mention, however, four of those whose support was exceedingly important: Masdar Hilmy, Asep • Saifuddin Jahar, Mujiburrahman and Muhammad Munir. DifTerent opinions among us on certain ideas actually broadened my lmowledge, which in tum also influenced me to reassess previous judgements or conclusions. 1 believe that every one of us has gained ûom the discussions we had; nevertheless, any statement in this thesis ultimately remains my own persona! responsibility. Finally, 1 must acknowledge that the successfu1 completion of this thesis and the MA program at McGill University are due in large part to the StroDg encouragement 1 received !rom my family and relatives. Therefore. 1 humbly dedicate this thesis to my beloved we. Chodijah Su'aidi, my daughter, Fadhilatul Hikmah, and my son, Haekal al AsYari. The patience of my wife, who has taken over the respollSlbility of looking after our two children during my absence, is a great sacrifice that 1 cannot repaYe 1 am al. indebted to my • v mother, Rogayah, and my parents-in-law, Hj.