Acacius (Patriarch), 40 Ad Ecclesiam (Salvian of Marseilles), 312

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02175-4 - The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila Edited by Michael Maas Index More information

Index S

Acacius (patriarch), 40 change and transformation in, Ad ecclesiam (Salvian of Marseilles), 247–263.Seealsochange and 312 transformation in Age of Attila Adid the Arab, 135 chronology of, xv–xvi administrative bureaucracy, imperial, defined, xiii 33–35, 51, 378–379, 390, 392 economies in, 44–60.Seealso Adomnan,´ 400 economies in age of Attila Adrianople, battle of (378), 7, 16, 19, 23, education in, 376–393.Seealso 58, 128, 137, 196, 209, 213–214, education 241, 243, 304, 321 geographical awareness and adscript colonate, 52 imagination in, 394–413.Seealso Aegidius (Roman general in Gaul), 39, geographical awareness and 136, 164 imagination Aelia Eudoxia (wife of Emperor geopolitical zones of, 4–5.Seealso Valentinian III), 28, 102, 103, 105, Eurasian steppe; North Africa; 109, 115, 141 northern Europe; Roman empire; Aeneas of Gaza, 385 Sasanian Persia Aeneid (Virgil), 355 mobility in, 97 Aetius (Flavius Aetius; general) religion in.SeeChristianity; Jews and assassination of, 31, 38 Judaism; pagans and paganism; Burgundians settled in Gaul by, 261 religion Catalaunian Fields, Attila’s defeat at “self ” and “other,” Late Antique drive (451), 193–194, 254 to define, 358 dynastic principle and, 103, 109, 112, agricultural/rural areas.Seecountryside 115, 121 Agrippinus (minister), 39 followers of, 258 Ailia of Gaza, 72 governance of Roman empire and, Akatzirs, 256 26–43 Alamanni, 221 Huns, alliance with, 8, 17, 198 Alans invasion of Italy and, 328 contact with Romans prior to politics of Roman military and, 135, migration/invasion, 253 136 Gaul, settlement in, 38, 40 tax burdens triggered by barbarian Huns, confederative associations push-back of, 315 with/dominance by, 221, 222 Age of Attila, 3–25 Huns, effects of arrival of, 8, 215–221 barbarians in.Seebarbarians; northern Huns, origins of, 177 Europe; specific groups, e.g. Huns land grabs by, 58

469

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02175-4 - The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila Edited by Michael Maas Index More information

Index

Alans (cont.) Ambrose of Milan, 23, 41, 212, 243, in North Africa, 247, 252, 260 370–372, 374 Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16 Amida, siege of (503), 127, 183 in Spain, 247, 251, 260 Ammianus Marcellinus, 414 Alaric the Goth on economies of Roman empire, 53, change and transformation in age of 55 Attila and, 253, 258 on Huns, 177, 183, 196, 212, 213, 215 governance of Roman empire and, 28, on military, 125 36, 42 on Sasanian Persia, 289 Huns in barbarian Europe and, on urban communities, 79 215 Ammonius (Alexandrian teacher of papacy and, 335 philosophy), 382, 387 Roman military establishment and, 15, Ammonius (Egyptian ascetic), 323 132, 135, 136 Ammonius Saccas (Platonic Rome, Visigothic sack of (410), 61, philosopher), 383 86, 137, 347, 352–357 Anastasius (emperor), 32, 40, 45, 99, 109, Stilicho and, 17 171, 172 Alaric II (Visigothic ruler) Anatolius (bishop of Constantinople), Breviary of (Lex romana visigothorum), 341 140, 143, 149, 151, 152 Angles and Saxons, 14, 247, 253 title on seal ring of, 262 Anicia Demetrias (Roman ascetic Albertini Tablets, 153 noblewoman), 317, 320 Alexander (Constantinopolitan ascetic), Anicia Juliana (daughter of Olybrius and 323–324 Placidia), 109 Alexander Romance, 412 Anicius Olybrius, 105–106, 109 Alexander the Great, 405 Anonymous Prolegomena to Platonic Alexandria Philosophy, 387 architecture and public monuments in, Antae, 236 73 Anthemius (emperor), 106, 135 bishops of, 89–92 Anthemius (praetorian prefect), 28, 30 Constantinople’s dependence on grain anthropology, theological understanding shipments from, 81, 89–92 of, 337 as educational center, 376–378, 382, Antioch 385, 387, 389, 390–392 architecture and public monuments in, grain supply for, 89–92 73 Jews, expulsion of, 372–373, 374 famines in, 321 as Mediterranean city, 61 as imperial capital, 47 as megalopolis, 47, 90 Jewish-Christian relations in, 366 pagan sites, destruction of, 71 law school in, 389 Alizadeh, Karim, 294 looted by Persians, 95 Alkhons (“red Huns”), 184, 186, 190, as Mediterranean city, 61 286 as megalopolis, 47, 93 Altava inscription, 275–276 rigging of grain market in, 51 Alypius (friend of Augustine), 62 Antonine Constitution, 158, 165 Amalfrida (Ostrogothic wife of Vandal Antonine plague, 82, 93 Thrasamund), 269 Antony the Great (hermit), 322 Amals, 222, 225, 226 Apamea, 71, 73, 95, 383

470

Index

Apiones (Egyptian aristocratic family), child-emperor reigns increasing 37, 52 inﬂuence of generals and apostasy, 168 bureaucrats, 117 Appion of Syene, 40, 143 Christianity and, 117–118 Arabs and Arabia church matters, involvement in, 41 “India,” concepts of, 409–412 consulship and, 118, 119, 123 pastoralist peoples, captive-taking and diversiﬁcation, ethnic and social, slaveholding by, 240 117–118 Roman empire and, 21 Djedars in North Africa, 280 Sasanian Persia and, 10, 11, 291 in eastern empire, 116, 118 Aratus, Phaenomena, 405 loyalty, imperial loss of, 15 Arbogast (general), 27, 254 monasticism and asceticism, 304, Arcadius (emperor), 16, 27, 29, 71, 100, 306–308, 311, 313, 316–320, 132, 136, 141, 197, 349, 363 322–323 archaeological evidence in northern Europe, 55–57 of Balkan destruction and patronage, elite anxiety concerning depopulation, 235 use of, 146–147 cauldrons and Hun origins, 187 Romanness, elite sense of, 159 Djedars in North Africa, 278–281 rural estates of, 50–54 migration models, historiography of, in Sasanian Persia, 11, 55, 290–293, 218–221 298 of monasticism and asceticism in senatorial class, 35–37, 116, 117 Rome versus Constantinople, urban elites, 61, 63, 64–69, 71–73, 323 76–77, 79, 117 Moorish inscriptions in North Africa, in Vandal North Africa, 270, 272 275, 278 in western empire, 116 new or processual archaeology, 219 Aristotle, 46, 377, 384, 385, 386, 392, 408 post-processual archaeology, 219 Arles, 81, 83–86 Sasanian, 284, 285–286, 287, 288, 292, Armenians, 283, 295–296 293–296 Armoricans, 40 archimandrites, 321–326 Artemisia (Jewish convert on Minorca), Ardashir I (Sasanian ruler), 288 369 Ardashir II (Sasanian ruler), 290, 291 Arvandus (praetorian prefect of Gaul), 37 Areobindus (Gothic leader), 110, asceticism.Seemonasticism and 112 asceticism Areobindus (grandson of Areobindus the Asemus, 161 Goth and Aspar the Alan), 110 Aspar (Arian barbarian leader and Ariadne (daughter of Emperor Leo I), Roman general), 40, 106, 110, 111, 99, 109, 110 112, 119, 120, 136 Arianism, 18, 40, 134, 169–170, 263, Asterius of Amaseia, 347 266, 272–274, 303, 333, 338, 341 astronomy and geography, 408 aristocracy, 98–124.Seealsodynastic Athanasius of Alexandria, 90, 91, 332, principle 335, 341, 410 Armenian cavalry enlisted by Sasanian Athaulf (Gothic ruler), 42, 100, 112, 114, Persia, 295–296 115, 144, 145, 171, 172, 258 Attila and, 98, 119–123 Athens, as educational center, 376–378, barbarian land grabs affecting, 59 380, 381, 383–387, 390, 392

471

Index

Attalus (Priscus Attalus; emperor), 42, education of, 390 158 on enslavement of citizens, 162 Attila, 3.Seealsoage of Attila; entries at on Incarnation, 332 Hun Minorcan Jews, conversion of, 368 aristocracy and dynastic principle, Moorish kingdoms in North Africa failure to fully engage with, 3, 98, and, 275 112–116, 119–123 sack of Rome by Visigoths (410), assassination attempts, 202, 206, 236 sermons on, 347, 352–357 barbarian powerbrokers at court of, Sermon against the Pagans (on New Year 259 rites), 347, 348–352 Bleda, rulership of Hun empire with, Augustus (emperor), 80 198–200, 221 Aurelian (consul), 123 Catalaunian Fields, defeat at (451), 17, Ausonius (teacher), 391 193–195, 201, 254 autopragia, 36 deathof(453), 17, 20, 202, 227 Avar Huns (Varkhon), 191 disappearance of, 128 Avars, 9, 58, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, Frankish succession dispute, attempt to 236, 257 interfere in, 221 Avesta, 181, 283, 284, 288–290, 297, 414 Gaul, invasion of (451), 17 Avienus (translator), 404 Greek merchant’s preference for life at Avitus (emperor), 112, 135 court of, 38, 162, 223, 224, 225, Avitus of Vienne, 170 227, 241 imperial envoys and, 119–123 Babik of Syunik, 184 law and legal culture, 145, 154 Bacaudae, 38, 312, 321 Metz attacked by (451), 78 Bachrach, Bernard, 78, 374 migration of individual Huns into Bactria, 10, 190, 285–286 Roman empire, efforts to stop, 254 Bacurius (Iberian prince and Roman as military enemy, 128 general), 135 painting commissioned after capture of Bailey, H., 181 Milan (452), 3 barbarians.Seealsocaptives of barbarians; Pope Leo I, meeting with, 327–328 change and transformation in age of return of Roman prisoners to, 39, 161, Attila; migration; northern Europe; 254 speciﬁc barbarian groups, e.g. Huns as Roman general, 114, 119, 171 Arianism and, 169–170, 263 as ruler, 8, 9, 200–202 concept of “Barbaricum,” 11 Augustine of Hippo, 414 contact with Romans prior to Against the Academics, 65 migration/invasion, 252–253 Arians and, 169 criticism of Roman society and, 162 on barbarians in Roman empire, 251 as executors of God’s judgment, 314 City of God, 24, 61–64, 65, 70, 414 “fall” of Roman empire and invasions civitas, concept of, 61–64, 356 of, 248 Confessions, 77, 414 kingdoms, emergence of, 247, on councilmen, 65 258–263 criticism of Roman society by, 163, law and legal culture, 144–146, 360, 361 149–151, 263 on Dea Caelestis festival in Carthage, as military enemies, 126–127 70 new cultural identities emerging for, on dining culture, 77 167

472

Index

“people,” historiographic concept of Bonifatius (comes), 258 group identity of, 223–226, 227 Book of Constitutions (Burgundian populousness and strength of invading lawbook), 145, 151, 154 armies, 251 Book of Kings (Sasanian Persia), 289, 294, Roman citizenship distinguishing 415 Romans from, 159 Bordeaux Pilgrim, 398, 401, 402, 413 in Roman military, 130, 131–133, Boustan, Ra‘anan, 358 134–135, 137, 250, 254 Bradbury, Scott, 368 Romanness following collapse of Breviarus of Jerusalem, 400 empire and, 163–165, 170–172 Breviary of Alaric II (Lex romana Romans’ differentiated knowledge of, visigothorum), 140, 143, 149, 151, 256 152 settlement within empire, 136–137 Britain Barth, Fredrik, 257 Angles and Saxons in, 14, 247, 253 Basiliscus (usurper), 31, 40, 99, 110 disintegration of Roman control of, Bauto the Frank, 100, 109, 119 84–85 Bede, 400, 409 Londinium, 78 Beishi, 415 removal of Roman military from, 251 Belisarius (Byzantine general), 252 urban communities in, brit- 3 Benjamin, Walter, 140 Brodersen, Kai, 403 Bento, Lauren, 155 Brown, Peter, 13, 329 Beth Shean (Scythopolis), 73, 74 Buddhism, 10 biblical texts bureaucracy, imperial, 33–35, 51, Christian consultations of Jews 378–379, 390, 392 regarding, 366 Burgundians Gog and Magog, steppe peoples Book of Constitutions, 145, 151, 154 identiﬁed with, 23 contact with Romans prior to letter of Synesius of Cyrene parodying, migration/invasion, 253 396 Gaul, settlement in, 247, 261 pagan criticism of Christianity based Hun-Roman alliance against, 198 on, 356 Huns, confederative associations bishops. See also individual bishops with/dominance by, 221 Alexandria and Constantinople, rivalry kingdom of, 261 of, 89–92 land grabs by, 58, 59 connections between eastern and Lex romana burgundionum, 149 western bishops, 310 Majorian (emperor) and, 17 households of, 316–320 Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16 increasing power of, 40 Jews and Judaism, acting against, 368, Caecilianus of Magona, 369 370–373, 374 Caelestine (pope), 334, 340, 341 bishops of Rome.Seepapacy in age of Caesarius of Arles, 347, 351 Leo Ix; individual popes Caius Marius, 234 Bleda (Hun leader and brother of Attila), Callinicum, destruction of synagogue of, 8, 120, 198–200, 221, 233 370–372, 374 Boethius, 164, 391, 392, 409 Callinicus (monk), 233 Boniface III (pope), 327 Cameron, Alan, 345, 351 Boniface (Roman governor of North Candidianus (comes domesticorum), 41 Africa), 260, 334 Caner, Daniel, 321, 324

473

Index

captives of barbarians, 230–246.Seealso Chalcedonian controversy, 341–343, 361 slaves and slavery Chalcidius (translator), 408 assimilation into barbarian society, 241 change and transformation in age of Attila, return of Roman prisoners to, Attila, 247–263 39, 161, 254 ethnic and group identity of speciﬁc Balkans, depopulation of, 231, 232 barbarian groups, 223–226, 227, Church involvement in ransoming, 255–258 230–234, 242–243 ethnic labels for new barbarian as combatants, 240 kingdoms, 261–263 economic impact of, 235–238 “fall of Roman empire” and, 248–249 fates of, 238–241 migration, 249–255.Seealsomigration as herders and farm laborers, 239 modern interpretation and impact of, 231, 244–246 mythmaking based on, 248, 249 increasing numbers of, 231 new kingdoms, emergence of, 247, pastoralist peoples, captive-taking and 258–263 slaveholding by, 240 Chanock, Martin, 150 peoples subject to Hun empire, Childeric (Frankish leader and Roman 224–225 governor at Tournai), 253 private donations and funds for Chilperic I (Burgundian ruler), 261 ransoming, 243 Chilperic II (Burgundian ruler), 165 as professional workers, 240 China, 6, 7.SeealsoXiongnu empire, ransom costs, 235–238, 243 Huns’ connection to returnees, treatment of, 161–162, 241 Chionite Huns Roman governmental response to in Central Asia, 182, 183–184 problem of, 241–242 establishment of kingdom, 7, Romanness of, 159, 161–162 190 as servants, 239 Sasanian Persia and, 6, 10, 289 Caracalla (emperor), 158, 165 Chosroes (see Husraw) Carpo-Dacai, 221 Christian sermons against pagans, Carthage 344–357 Dea Caelestis festival, 70 by Caesarius of Arles, 347, 351 law school in, 389 by Maximus of Turin, 347, 350 as urban community, 61, 70, 81, 87–88 on New Year’s rites, 347, 348–352 Vandal conquest of, 78, 137, 199, 247, non-Christian adaptations to Christian 265, 267, 275, 335 society, illustrating, 345 Carthage, Council of (418), 334, 349 by Peter Chrysologus of Ravenna, Cassiodorus (court ofﬁcial and associate 347, 351 of Aetius), 121 reasons for preaching, 344–347 Cassiodorus (minister of Theoderic the rhetorical exaggeration in, 345 Ostrogoth), 29, 115, 255, 409 sack of Rome by Visigoths (410), Catalaunian Fields, Attila’s defeat at Augustine’s sermons on, 347, (451), 17, 193–195, 201, 254 352–357 cauldrons, Hunnic, 187 Sermon against the Pagans (on New Cecconi, Giovanni, 34, 42 Year’s rites), by Augustine, 347, Chalcedon, Council of (451), 21, 24, 40, 348–352 41, 92, 118, 169, 325, 339–340, Christian Topography (Cosmas 341–343 Indicopleustes), 405

474

Index

Christianity, 21–24.SeealsoChristian chronology of age of Attila, xv–xvi sermons against pagans; conversion Chrysanthius (philosopher), 385 to Christianity; heresy; monasticism Chrysaphius (eunuch and minister), 30 and asceticism; papacy in age of Church of the East (Nestorians), 10, 21 Leo I Cicero, 405, 406 anthropology, theological cities.Seeurban communities understanding of, 337 citizenship, Roman, 156–159, 242 apostasy, 168 civitas, Augustine’s concept of, 61–64, 356 Arian/Catholic struggle, 18, 40 Clement of Alexandria, 410 aristocracy and, 117–118 climate hypothesis for Hunnic movement biblical texts, pagan criticism of out of Altai region, 189–190 Christianity based on, 356 Clovis (Frankish ruler), 18, 85, 247, 253, captives, involvement in ransoming, 254 230–234, 242–243 Collationes ( John Cassian), 310 church and empire, relationship Commentary on the Dream of Scipio between, 359–362 (Macrobius), 406, 408, 409 Crucifixion, theological communicatio idiomatum, 329 understanding of, 330 Conant, Jonathan P., 156 Djedars in North Africa, 280 consistorium, 31 east-west schism in, 171, 172 Constantine I the Great (emperor), 28, education and, 380, 382 45, 50, 80, 83, 148, 303, 339, 344, emperor, divine sanctioning of, 31 379, 398, 401 geographical awareness and Constantine III (usurper), 128, 251 imagination serving, 394, 412 Constantinople governance of Roman empire and, Alexandrian grain shipments, 40–41 dependence on, 81, 89–92 Huns’ failure to adopt, 208 barbarian attacks on eastern provinces “India,” missions to, 409–412 (395), 321 Jewish community influenced by, 358, Christianization of, 22 359, 364 countryside, connection to, 45, 47 law and legal culture, 148, 149 as educational center, 377, 380–382, North Africa, tradition of sectarian 385, 386, 389, 390 conflict in, 273 famines in, 321 as official religion of empire, 166 Hun attack on (447), 129, 200, 204 orthodoxy, concept of, 168 as Mediterranean city, 61 Romanness and, 160, 167–170 as megalopolis, 47 Vandal North Africa, Arian-Nicene monasticism and asceticism in, tensions in, 272–274 321–326 Christology as new hub of Roman empire, 13, Chalcedonian controversy regarding, 322, 339 341–343, 361 papacy and, 339–341 papal doctrines in context of patriarchal primacy of, 89, 339–340 socio-political change, 329–332, political influence of populace of, 39, 341–343 40 Chronicon Paschale, 415 population explosion in, 19, 80, 89 Chronographia (Theophanes the public ritual and ceremonial, Confessor), 40, 236, 422 aristocratic involvement in, 118

475

Index

Constantinople, Council of (381), imperial bureaucracy, landownership 339–340 by, 51 Constantius II (emperor), 91, 94, 100, monetization of economy, 48, 50 114, 135, 392 sufﬁciency and famine, knife edge Constantius (secretary of Attila), 121, between, 49–51 122, 243 urban communities and, 45, 47–48, consulship and aristocracy, 118, 119, 123 63, 82 conversion of Christians to paganism, “villa boom,” 53 168 village settlements, 49 conversion to Christianity, 23 villages and village life, 53 Frankish conversion to Catholic cranial deformation, as cultural practice, Christianity, 18 57, 185 Gaza, conversion of populace to Cribb, Joe, 282 Christianity in, 71 Croke, Brian, 98 laws restricting Jewish conversion and Cruciﬁxion, theological understanding proselytization, 363 of, 330 Minorca, coerced conversion of Jews Ctesiphon, 94 of, 72–73, 368–370, 374 culture and letters, Romanness associated in urban communities, 69–73 with, 165–167 Corippus (Flavius Cresconius Corippus), culture, law as determined by and Iohannis, 275, 415 determinative of, 147–152 Cornelius Romanianus, 62, 65, 67, 69, Cyril of Alexandria, 31, 41, 305, 325, 76 340, 341, 372–373, 374 Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Cyrus (city prefect), 31, 118 To p o g rap hy, 405 cosmology and geography in Late Dalmatius (Constantinopolitan ascetic), Antique, 405 304, 323, 324 councilmen in Mediterranean cities, Damascius (Athenian teacher of 64–69, 71–73, 79 philosophy), 384, 385, 386, 391 Councils of the Church Daniel the Stylite, 40, 118 Carthage (418), 334, 349 De gubernatione Dei (Salvian of Chalcedon (451), 21, 24, 40, 41, 92, Marseilles), 313 118, 169, 325, 339–340, 341–343 De re militari (Vegetius), 126, 160 Constantinople (381), 339–340 De republica (Cicero), 406 Ephesus I (431), 21, 22, 41, 118, 169, Dea Caelestis festival, Carthage, 70 330, 341 Demetrias (Anicia Demetrias; Roman Ephesus II (449), 21 ascetic noblewoman), 317, 320 Nicaea (325), 335, 394 Dharmaraks.a (Zhu Fahu), 178–180, 181, Sardica (343/344), 335 422 table of major councils, 331 Digesta Justiniani, 154 under Theodosius II, 21 dining culture in Mediterranean cities, countryside 76–77 barbarian invasions and, 57–60 Diocletian (emperor), 12, 35, 51, 148, in eastern versus western empires, 49, 333, 378 53, 54 Dionysius Periegetes, Periegesis, 404 economies of Roman empire and, Dioscorus of Alexandria, 91, 340, 341 49–54 Djedars in North Africa, 278–281 estates, 50–54 Docetism, 330, 338, 342

476

Index

Dodds, Eric R., 329 in Roman countryside, 49–54 Donatists, 333, 361 Sasanian Persia, 55 Dossey, Lesley, 160 transformation of social and economic Dracontius of Carthage, 164, 165 conditions of Roman world, 44 Drinkwater, John F., 216 urban economies, 44–48, 80–81, 82, dynastic principle, 98, 99 85 Attiila’s failure to engage with, 3, 98, Edekon (Edica; father of Odoacer), 256, 112–116 259 barbarian dynasties, connections Edessa, conversion of synagogue to between, 112 church in, 370 deﬁned, 99 Edica (Edekon; father of Odoacer), 256, intermarriage between barbarian 259 leaders and imperial families, 100, Edict of Theodoric, 150 103, 105, 106, 109, 112 education, 376–393 Leo I, house of, 106–112 bureaucratic and administrative needs Theodosius I, house of, 99–102 driving, 378–379, 390, 392 Valentinian III, house of, 103–106 centralized education system, creation in Vandal North Africa, 103, 105, 112, and collapse of, 377–378 114, 268, 269 cosmology and geography, connection women and, 99 between, 405 disruption of socio-political ediﬁce East Syrian Church in Sasanian Persia, supporting, 389–393 297 in grammar and rhetoric, 381 eastern empire, 19–25 imperial investment in and scrutiny of, aristocracy in, 116, 118 377, 378–383 bishops, eastern and western, infrastructure, centralizing and connection between, 310 improving, 377, 380–382, 390 Christianity, east-west schism in, 171, in law, 378, 388–389 172 in medicine, 378, 387–388 countryside in, 49, 53, 54 paideia, concept of, 389 emperor’s strengthened importance in, philosophical instruction, 377, 381, 42 383–387 Italy’s political, cultural, and religion and, 380, 382, 384 intellectual separation from, 391 teachers, registration and regulation monastic establishments, eastern and of, 380, 381 western, connections between, 310 of women, 377 Romanness in, 157, 163–165 Egeria (pilgrim), 397, 398, 400, 401, 402 urban communities in, 46, 49 Egypt economies in age of Attila, 44–60.See captives, ransom of, 244 also taxation legal papyri from, 154 barbarian invasions and breakdown of, monasticism and asceticism in, 57–60 304–309, 342 captive-taking, economic impact of, papacy and, 341–343 235–238 rural estates in, 52, 54 monetization of, 48, 50, 59–60 urban communities, connections to North Africa, grain and olive oil from, agricultural lands in, 45 264 elites.Seearistocracy northern Europe, 55–57, 226 Elm, Susanna, 303

477

Index

Elton, Hugh, 125 Eudoxia (wife of Emperor Arcadius), 71, Emmel, Stephen, 308 75, 100, 141 emperor.Seealsodynastic principle; Eugenius, 132, 138, 254 specific emperors Eugippius (abbot and author of Life of aristocratic loyalty, imperial loss of, Severinus), 138, 164 15 Eunapius of Sardis, 212, 213, 215, bureaucracy, imperial, 33–35, 51, 387 378–379, 390, 392 Eurasian steppe, 5–10 child-emperor reigns increasing breakdown of Roman economy and, influence of generals and 57–60 bureaucrats, 117 Gog and Magog, steppe peoples divine sanctioning of, 31 identified with, 23 eastern empire, strengthened Huns, arrival of, 6–10, 185–186 importance in, 42 nomadism on, 6 education, imperial investment in and steppe empire model, 258–259 scrutiny of, 377, 378–383 Euric (Visigothic ruler), 37 governance of Roman empire and, Eusebius of Caesarea, 360, 400, 410, 29–33 411 Romanness associated with, 157 Eustochium (Roman ascetic enemies, military, 126–127 noblewoman), 317, 395, 396–398 Ennodius (historian), 225 Eutropius (minister), 28 Ephesus Eutyches and Eutychianism, 330, 342 architecture and public monuments in, Evagrius Scholasticus, 415 73 Evodius (friend of Augustine), 62 teaching of philosophy in, 383 Expositio totius mundi et gentium, 47, 404 Ephesus, first Council of (431), 21, 22, 41, 118, 169, 330, 341 “fall of Roman empire,” concepts of, Ephesus, second Council of (449), 21 248–249 Ephrem the Syrian, 167, 394, 413 family and household involvement in Epistula Severi, 72–73, 368–370 monasticism, 307, 313, 316–320 Epitedeuma (Practices; Urbicius), 126 Faustus, letter of Eucherius to, 400 Esmonde Cleary, Simon, 12, 15 Faustus of Byzantium, 183, 416 ethnicity Felix III (pope), 316 barbarian groups, group identity of, Firdawsi, Shahn¯ ameh,¯ 289, 415 223–226, 227, 255–258 Flavian (patriarch of Constantinople), new barbarian kingdoms, ethnic labels 330, 340, 341 for, 261–263 Flavius Aetius.SeeAetius “self ” and “other,” Late Antique drive Flavius Cresconius Corippus, Iohannis, to define, 358 275, 415 of Vandals in North Africa, 269–270 Flavius Josephus, 400 Eucherius of Lyon, 400 Flavius Theodorus (Egyptian benefactor Eudocia (daughter of Valentinian III), of White Monastery), 244 103, 105, 106, 114, 268 Franks Eudocia (wife of Emperor Theodosius Attila attempting to interfere in II), 102, 109, 118, 119 succession dispute of, 221 Eudoxia (Aelia Eudoxia; wife of Catholic Christianity, conversion to, Emperor Valentinian III), 28, 102, 18 103, 105, 109, 115, 141 coalition against Huns, 17

478

Index

land grabs by, 58, 59 Leo I (pope) on need for ascetic pretender Eugenius and, 254 discipline and, 320 Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16 migrations of Vandals and, 252, 253 in Roman Gaul, 85, 247 Moorish kingdoms in North Africa Vandals, resistance to invasion of, 218 and, 275 western empire, collapse of, 14 religious tensions in North Africa Fravitta the Goth, 100, 119, 132 under, 333 Fredegar (Burgundian chronicler), 194 Roman military and, 138 Fredericksen, Paula, 367 urban communities and, 87 Friedman, Lawrence M., 147 Gelasius I (pope), 41, 171, 172, 316, 326, Frigidus, battle of the (394), 132, 135, 328 254 Gelasius of Cyzicus (historian), 410 Frumentius (Indian missionary), 410 Gelimer (Vandal ruler), 265 Fulgentius of Ruspe, 273, 409 Generidus (magister militum), 135 genetics and migration, 250 Ga¨ınas (Gothic leader), 39, 118, 132 Gennadius Avienus, 122 Gaiseric.SeeGeiseric geographical awareness and imagination, Gaius, Institutes, 151 394–413.Seealsopilgrimage texts Gaius Apollinaris Sidonius, 122, 145, astronomy and, 408 151, 159, 164, 165, 166, 170, 172, Christian vision of cosmos and, 394, 251, 287, 420 412 Galanter, Marc, 153, 154 cosmology and, 405 Galen (physician), 49, 387 geometry and, 407–408 Galla Placidia (mother of Valentinian III), India, concepts of, 409–412 30, 99, 100, 114–115, 171 in letters, 395–398, 400 Gallecians, 339 literary interest in geography, 405–409 Gallic Chronicle of 452, 233, 416 mathematics and, 408–409 Gaul.SeealsoFranks in topographical registers of holy sites Attila’s invasion of, 17 and relics, 398–404 Bacaudae uprisings in, 38 translations of Greek works, 400, 404 barbarian incursions into and geometry and geography, 407–408 settlements within, 38, 40, 58, 85, geopolitical zones of age of Attila, 4–5. 87, 136, 164, 247, 261, 335–336 See also Eurasian steppe; North Catalaunian Fields, Hun defeat at Africa; northern Europe; Roman (451), 17, 193–195, 201, 259 empire; Sasanian Persia disintegration of Roman control of, 37 Georgian rebellion of 482, 283 monasticism and asceticism in, Gepids, 20, 221, 222, 226, 227, 239, 309–315 247 papacy and, 22, 335–337 Germanic peoples, concept of, 255 Romanness of, 164 Germanicus, 405 urban communities in, 47, 49, 78, 79, Germanus of Auxerre, 40, 251 83–86 Gessius (physician), 385 Gaza, 71, 75, 321 Ghassanids, 11 Geiseric (Gaiseric; Vandal ruler) Gibbon, Edward, 248 dynastic principle and, 103, 105, 112, Glycerius (emperor), 106 114, 268 Goffart, Walter, 218, 219 as king of Vandal North Africa, 260, Gog and Magog, steppe peoples 265–272 identiﬁed with, 23

479

Index

Goths.SeealsoOstrogoths; Visigoths Gregorian Code, 149 Adrianople, battle of (378), 7, 16, 19, Gregorius of Alexandria, 91 23, 58, 128, 137, 196, 209, 213–214, Gregory I the Great (pope), 326 241, 243, 304, 321 Gregory of Tours, 409, 416 assimilation into Roman empire, 15 Grenet, Frantz, 282 breakdown of Roman economy and, Greuthungi, 212, 213, 214, 303 57–60 group identity of specific barbarian Catalaunian Fields, at battle of (451), groups, 223–226, 227, 255–258 254 Grumbates (Hunnic ruler), 183 crossing of Danube (378), 16, 19 Guignes, Joseph de, 175 Hun-Roman alliance against, 198 Gundobad/Gundobaudes (Burgundian Huns, confederative associations general), 106, 112, 135, 145, 261, with/dominance by, 221, 222, 239 262 Huns, cultural influence of, 57–58 Gunthamund (Vandal ruler), 164, 265, Huns, effects of arrival of, 7, 203, 266, 273 212–215 Gupta empire, northern India, 6, 10 Illyricum affected by invasions of, 232 Gurgan, Great Wall of (Sasanian Persia), Italian kingdom of, 18, 20, 28 293–295 in Roman military, 254–255 society and economy of, 55–57 Haas, Christopher, 373 governance of Roman empire, 26–28 Halsall, Guy, 78, 218, 219 captives of barbarians, governmental Heather, Peter, 12, 203, 209, 322 response to, 241–242 Hegesippus, 400 church and state, 40–41 Hellenic world, urban culture inherited divine sanctioning of emperor, 31 from, 46 eastern empire, strengthened Hendy, Michael, 237 importance of emperor in, 42 Henning, W., 180 emperor and advisors, 29–33 Hephthalite Huns imperial bureaucracy, 33–35, 51, in Altai region, 187 378–379, 390, 392 in Central Asia, 182, 184–185 legislative, 142–144.Seealsolaw and establishment of kingdom, 7, 190 legal culture in Eurasian steppe, 185 military and, 135–136 Gupta empire and, 6 people of capitals and provinces, 37–40 Sasanian Persia and, 6, 10, 283, senatorial aristocracy, 35–37 285–288, 291, 299 urban communities as centers of, as “White Huns,” 182, 185 45–46 heresy, concept of, 168. See also specific in Vandal North Africa, 270, 272 types western empire, collapse of, 27–29, 42, Hermogenes, 385 106 Hermogenian Code, 149 Graecus of Marseille, 171 Hermopolis, 67 grammar and rhetoric, education in, 381 Heruli, 20, 221, 222, 225, 226, 239, 247 Great Wall of Gurgan, 293–295 Hilary (pope), 337 Greater Syria.SeeSyria and Palestine Hilary of Arles, 336–337 Greatrex, Geoffrey, 26 Hilderic (Vandal ruler), 105, 265, 273, Greek language, 24, 166 275 Greeks and Hellenistic kingdoms, urban Hillner, Julia, 317 culture inherited from, 46 Hippocrates, 387

480

Index

Hispania.SeeSpain Roman empire, effects on, 7–9, 13, History against the Pagans (Orosius), 144 19–20, 195, 203–208 History of Zarer,¯ 289 Roman military, alliances with, 197, Holum, Kenneth G., 61 198 Homer, Odyssey, 396 Sasanian Persia, effects on, 6, 10–11, Honoratus (founder of monastery of 19, 183–184, 282, 284–288, Lerins),´ 310, 311 289–290, 298 Honoria (Justa Grata Honoria; sister of Varkhon/Warkhon (Avar Huns), 186, Valentinian III), 112–116 188, 191 Honorius (emperor), 16 Warkhon/Varkhon (Avar Huns), 186, as child-emperor, 17 188, 191 dynastic principle and, 100 White Huns, 182, 185, 321 Goths settled in Gaul by, 136 as xyon¯ an¯ (Avestan enemies of governance of Roman empire and, 27, Wishtap), 289–290, 295, 298 29, 32 Huns, origin and rise of, 175–192.See Jews, laws regarding, 363 also Xiongnu empire, Huns’ military and, 128, 135, 136 connection to urban communities and, 72, 85 in Altai Mountains and Minusinsk Horapollon (philosopher), 385 Basin, 186–189 House of Bacchus, Cuicul, 75, 76, 78 cauldrons, archaeological evidence of, household and family involvement in 187 monasticism, 307, 313, 316–320 in Central Asia, 182–185 human nature, theological understanding climate hypothesis for move out of of, 337 Altai region, 189–190 Humfress, Caroline, 140 entry into Eurasian steppe, 185–186, Huns.SeealsoAttila; captives of 196–197 barbarians; Chionite Huns; historiography of, 175–177 Hephthalite Huns; Huns, empire of; Volga, arrival of Huns from beyond, in Huns in barbarian Europe; Huns, Late Antiquity, 177–178 origin and rise of; Kidarite Huns Huns, empire of, 193–208 Aetius and, 17 under Bleda and Attila, 198–200, 221, Alkhons (“red Huns”), 184, 186, 190, 233 286 Catalaunian Fields, defeat at (451), 17, bows of, 214 193–195, 201, 259 breakdown of Roman economy and, Christianity, failure to adopt, 208 57–60 collapse of, 202, 228 Central Asian Hun states, 282 consolidation on Eurasian steppe, consistent retention of name across 196–197 time and space, 176, 181, 190, 257 Constantinople, attack on (447), 129, contact with Romans prior to 200, 204 migration/invasion, 252 Italy, invasion of (452), 3, 201, 259, Georgian and Armenian rebellions, 327–328 role in, 283 objectives and nature of, 195, 203–208 Illyricum depopulated by, 233 payments to, 129, 197, 199, 200, 201, Latin, familiarity with, 166 202, 205, 235–238 as military enemy, 128 raids against Roman empire, 197–202 Oghlar, 184, 190 under Rua, 197 as pastoralist society, 239–241 steppe empire, on model of, 258–260

481

Index

Huns in barbarian Europe, 209–229 Institutes (Gaius), 151 Adrianople, as Gothic mercenaries at, Institutes ( John Cassian), 310 214, 221 Institutes ( Justinian), 390 barbarian movements into imperial intellectual life.Seeeducation; territory in early ﬁfth century and, geographical awareness and 215–221 imagination Carpathians, effects of large numbers Iohannidos (Corippus), 275, 415 of Huns west of, 217–221 Iran.SeeSasanian Persia changes in northern Europe after Irene (niece of Emperor Anastasius), 110 arrival of Huns, 211–212 Isaac the Syrian, 323 changes in northern Europe after Isidore of Seville, 208 collapse of Hun power, 228 Italy confederative/dominating tendencies Hun invasion of (452), 3, 201, 259, of Huns and patterns of population 327–328 displacement, 221–228, 239 Lombards in, 221, 222, 226, 227, 248 cultural inﬂuence on other barbarian as Ostrogothic kingdom, 18, 20, 28, peoples, 57–58, 203, 223 88, 138, 145, 247, 254, 269 Gothic movement into imperial political, cultural, and intellectual territory in late fourth century and, separation from eastern empire, 391 7, 203, 212–215 migration models, historiography of, Jerome (bishop), 417 218–221 on Jews, 366 “people,” historiographic concept of letter recalling pilgrimage to Holy group identity of, 223–226, 227 Land with Paula, 395, 396–398 slaves and subject peoples, 224–225 letter surveying Judaean landscape, 400 societies, cultures, and economies of Liber locorum, 400 northern Europe prior to Huns, on migration, 251 209–211 military and, 136 Huneric (Vandal ruler), 105, 112, 261, on missions to India, 410, 411 262, 265, 268, 272, 274, 275, 277, on monasticism and asceticism, 317, 333 320, 321 Husraw (Chosroes) I (Sasanian ruler), 299 on Romanness, 167, 168 Husraw (Chosroes) II (Sasanian ruler), Jerusalem.SeeSyria and Palestine 291 Jews and Judaism, 358–375 Hydatius Lemicensis, Chronicon, 58, 79, Alexandria, expulsion from, 372–373, 163, 416 374 Hypatia (Alexandrian teacher and bishops acting against, 368, 370–373, philosopher), 387 374 Hypatius (consul), 123 Callinicum, destruction of synagogue of, 370–372, 374 Iamblichus (Platonist), 383, 386, 387 church and empire, at nexus of iatrosophism, 388 relationship between, 23, 359–362 Iazyges, 241 continuity as part of Mediterranean Illyricum, 115, 231, 232 society, 359 imperial power.Seeemperor conversion and proselytization, laws Incarnation theology, 332 restricting, 363 India, 6, 10, 409–412 cooperative relationships between Innes, Matthew, 167 Christians and, 366–367

482

Index

Edessa, conversion of synagogue to military developments and, 130 church in, 370 monasticism and asceticism, 326 exclusion from public service, 168 Spain and North Africa, reconquests formative impact of Christianization in, 21, 266, 275, 281 of empire on, 358, 359, 364 Justinianic Code imperial protection of, 362–366, 374 on general law, 147 legal restrictions on, 364 military, as source for, 125 local and global effects on, 366, 370, Theodosian Code and, 142, 143 371, 373 on use of church vessels for Minorca, coerced conversion of Jews redemption of captives, 243 on, 72–73, 368–370, 374 as sailors in letter of Synesius of Kahlos, Maijastina, 344 Cyrene, 396 Kavad/Kawad (Sasanian ruler), 11, 298 “self ” and “other,” Late Antique drive Kayanian dynasty of Avesta, identification to define, 358 of Sasanian rulers with, 288–290, synagogues, 364–365, 367, 370–372 292–293 violent encounters between Christians Kelly, Christopher, 193, 238 and, 367–374 Khusro (Persian ruler), 95 John (comes sacrarum largitionum), 41 Kidarite Huns John of Antioch, 26, 30 in Central Asia, 182, 184 John Cassian, 304, 309–315, 341 establishment of kingdom, 7, 190 John Chrysostom, 53, 90, 347, 366, in Eurasian steppe, 185, 186 369 remnants of Xiongnu in Altai region John Malalas, 418 and, 188 John Philoponus (philosopher), 385, Sasanian Persia and, 6, 10, 283, 405–409 284–287 Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald, 394–413 Kraemer, Ross, 368 Jordanes (historian), 177, 193, 194, 202, Krautheimer, Richard, 322 205, 214, 225, 255, 417 Josephus, 400 la Vaissiere,` Etienne´ de, 175, 257 Jovian (emperor), 394 Lactantius (author), 405 Julian (emperor), 94, 303, 380, 385, 387, Lakhmids, 11 394 language, 24, 165 Julianus (Athenian rhetorician), 380 Gothic language, Vandal dialect of, 269 Julius (pope), 341 Greek, 24, 166 Julius Nepos (emperor), 106, 165 Latin, 24, 165 Justa Grata Honoria (sister of Valentinian Romanness and, 165 III), 112–116 Lapin, Hayim, 365 Justinian (emperor) Latin language, 24, 165 Digesta Justiniani, 154 Latour, Bruno, 152 dynastic principle and, 115 law and legal culture, 140–155.Seealso education and, 378, 389, 390, Theodosian Code, Justinianic Code, 392 and other specific legal texts governance of empire and, 36 barbarians and, 144–146, 149–151, 263 Institutes, 390 Christianity and, 148, 149 Jews and, 361 citizenship, Roman, 156–159, 242 law and legal culture, role in, 154 culture, law as determined by and migrations and, 254 determinative of, 147–152

483

Index

law and legal culture (cont.) Lives of the Jura Fathers, 261 education, legal, 378, 388–389 Lombards, 221, 222, 226, 227, 248 governance, legislative, 142–144 Londinium, 78 Jewish community, imperial Longinus (Athenian teacher of protection of, 362–366, 374 philosophy), 383 Jewish community, restrictions on, 364 Lupicinus (abbot), 261 manuscript culture and, 151–152 microlaw or law-in-practice, 152–155 Maas, Michael, 3, 314 papal decisions, force of law of, 41 Macrobius, Commentary on the Dream of patronage, elite anxiety concerning Scipio, 406, 408, 409 use of, 146–147 Macrobius of Oxyrhynchus, 68 postliminium, 242 Maenchen-Helfen, O., 175–176, 182, in Sasanian Persia, 148, 152 237 Law of Citations (Valentinian III), 147 magister ofﬁciorum, 30 Lenski, Noel, 230 magistri militum, 129 Leo I (emperor), 27, 28, 106–112, 135, Magnus Maximus, 129, 130, 138 138, 148, 298 Magnus of Nisibis, 387 Leo I (pope), 22, 122, 202, 241, 304, 319, Magona, coerced conversion of Jews of, 320, 417.Seealsopapacy in age of 72–73, 368–370, 374 Leo I Majorian (emperor) Leontia (daughter of Emperor Leo I), 109 barbarians, campaigns against, 17 Leontius (usurper), 99 dynastic principle and, 103, 105, 112 Leontius of Arles, 337 governance of empire and, 38, 39 Lerins,´ monastery of, 309–315 military and, 135, 136, 137 Letter of Severus, 72–73, 368–370 urban communities and, 64, 68, 86 letters, geographical awareness and Malchus of Philadelphia, 418 imagination in, 395–398, 400 Manichaeans, 168, 338 Levy, Ernst, 149–150 manuscript culture and legal culture, Lex romana burgundiomum, 149 151–152 Lex romana visigothorum (Breviary of Alaric Marcella (Roman ascetic noblewoman), II), 140, 143, 149, 151, 152 317 Liangshu, 418 Marcellinus Comes, 233, 419 Libanius of Antioch (rhetorician), 53, 68, Marcellus of Apamea, 71 350, 352, 379, 380, 389, 391, 418 Marcian (emperor) Liber locorum ( Jerome’s translation of Attila and, 121, 201 Eusebius’s Onomasticon), 400 dynastic principle and, 99, 100, 102, Liber Pontiﬁcalis, 328, 418 106, 107, 112, 114, 115 Libius Severus (emperor), 39, 106 economy of Roman empire and, 41 Licentius (patron on Augustine), 62 governance of Roman empire and, 26, Liebeschuetz,J.H.W.G.,77 27, 28, 37, 38, 40 Liebs, Detlef, 152 Huns, refusal to pay, 129, 202 Life of Augustine (Possidius), 78 military experience of, 135 Life of Porphyry (Mark the Deacon), 71, urban communities and, 92 75, 140, 143, 146 Marcus Aurelius (emperor), 241, 381 Life of Severinus (Eugippius), 138 Marinus (philosopher), 385 Lim, Richard, 169 Mark the Deacon, Life of Porphyry, 71, Litorius ( Jewish comes on Minorca), 369 75, 140, 143, 146 Litorius (Roman military leader), 198 Markus, Robert, 360

484

Index

marriage Roman military, barbarians serving in, ascetic, 304, 309, 316–320 250, 254 dynastic.Seedynastic principle war and conflict accompanying, 253 Marriage of Philology and Mercury Mihr Narseh, 292, 293 (Martianus Capella), 406, 407, 408, Milan, 3, 39 409 Miles, Richard, 216 Marseilles, 310, 389 military, 125–139 Martianus Capella, 406, 407, 408, after collapse of western empire, 409 138–139 Martin of Tours, 70 barbarians, use of, 130, 131–133, Marutha of Maipherqat, 297 134–135, 137, 250, 254 Maskarinec, Maya, 414 Britain, removal from, 251 Masties inscription, 277–278 captives of barbarians used as Masuna (King of the Moors and combatants, 240 Romans), 275–276, 278 cavalry, 130 mathematics and geography, 408–409 enemies, 126–127 Matthews, John, 142 equipment and infrastructure, 130–131 Mauricius, Strategikon (Generalship), 130 financing and loss of territory, 137–138 Maxentius (emperor), 316 Huns, bows of, 214 Maximus of Turin, 347, 350 imperial involvement in, 135–136 medical education, 378, 387–388 leadership, 129, 131–133 Mediterranean loss of control of, 14–15 barbarian kingdoms, division amongst, naval forces, 130 88–89, 96 politics and, 135–136 cities of.Seeurban communities recruitment of rank-and-file soldiers, Jews as part of Mediterranean society, 133–135 359 Romanness and, 160 Roman empire centered on, 80 in Sasanian Persia, 293–296 Melania the Younger, 53, 64, 317, 402 settlement of barbarians within empire Merovingians, landholdings of, 59 and, 136–137 Merrills, Andy, 216, 264 sources for, 125–126 Metz, sack of, 78 strategy used by, 128–129 Miaphysitism, 342, 343 structure of, 129–130 microlaw or law-in-practice, 152–155 of Vandal North Africa, 267, 268 migration, 249–255. See also specific militia, 33 barbarian groups Minorca, coerced conversion of Jews on, confederative/dominating tendencies 72–73, 368–370, 374 of Huns and patterns of population mobility in age of Attila, 97 displacement, 221–228 monasticism and asceticism, 22, 303–326. contact with Romans prior to, See also specific ascetics 252–253 aristocracy and, 304, 306–308, 311, genetics and, 250 313, 316–320, 322–323 historiographic models of, 218–221 connections between eastern and impacts of, 250 western establishments, 310 modern interpretation and in Constantinople, 321–326 mythmaking based on, 248, 249 defined, 305 populousness and strength of invading in Egypt and Syria, 304–309, armies, 251 342

485

Index

monasticism and asceticism (cont.) papacy and church in, 333–335 emulation by all Christians, 304, 309, ransom paid for barbarian captives 313–315, 320 compared to tax revenue of, 237 family and household involvement in, Romanness of, 164 307, 313, 316–320 tradition of religious sectarian conflict in Gaul, 309–315 in, 273 gender and, 306–308, 313, 317 northern Europe, 11–12.Seealso as intrinsic part of Roman social barbarians; Huns in barbarian fabric, 304 Europe marriage, ascetic, 304, 309, 316–320 “Barbaricum,” concept of, 11 Priscillianism, extreme asceticism of, boundaries of, 209, 210 337–339 changes in, after Hun arrival, 211–212 regional differences in, 304 changes in, after Hun collapse, 228 in Rome, 316–320 societies, cultures, and economies of, in urban environments, 321 55–57, 209–211, 226 wealth, disposal of, 313, 315, 319–320 urban communities in, 83–86 Monza diptych, 29 Notitia dignitatum (Register of Moorish kingdoms in North Africa, Dignitaries), 125 274–278 Novellae Mosig-Walburg, Karin, 291 Breviary of Alaric II and, 149 case law material in, 154 Nainaivande (Sogdian merchant), 180, defined, 31 181 imperial bureaucracy and, 34 Naissus, Hunnic capture of (441/442), 127 Octar (father of Attila), 198 Neoplatonism, 377, 383–387 Odoacer (Odovacer; Ostrogothic ruler), Nestorians (Church of the East), 10, 21 18, 20, 29, 138, 158, 163, 254, 256, Nestorius and Nestorianism, 22, 31, 304, 258, 269 305, 324, 330, 340, 341 Odotheus (Gothic leader), 214 new or processual archaeology, 219 Odovcar (Sciri leader), 222 New Year’s rites, pagan, Christian Odyssey (Homer), 396 sermons against, 347, 348–352 Oghlar, 184, 190 Nicaea, Council of (325), 335, 394 Olybrius (Anicius Olybrius), 105–106, Nicomedes (Alexandrian official), 109 382 Olympias (ascetic noblewoman), 322 nobility.Seearistocracy Olympiodorus of Thebes, 37, 54, 171, Noldeke,¨ Theodor, 293 215, 217, 387, 419 North Africa, 264–281.Seealso On the Peoples of India and the Brahmans Carthage; Vandals in North Africa (Palladius of Helenopolis), 411 Alans in, 247, 252, 260 Onoguri, 186, 190 Albertini Tablets, 153 Onomasticon (Eusebius of Caesarea), 400 Byzantine reconquests in, 21, 266, Ora maritima, 404 275, 281 Orestes (augustal prefect of Alexandria), continuing legacy of Roman empire 372–373 in, 281 Orestes (father of Emperor Romulus Djedars, 278–281 Augustulus/secretary of Attila), 106, grain and olive oil from, 264 121, 122, 156, 242, 256 Moorish kingdoms in, 274–278 Organon (Aristotle), 385, 386

486

Index

Oribasius of Pergamum, 387 anthropology, theological Orosius (historian), 144, 160, 253, 254, understanding of, 337 355 Christological doctrines in context of orthodoxy, concept of, 168 socio-political change, 329–332, Ostrogoths 341–343 Arianism and, 18 Constantinople and, 339–341 Italian kingdom of, 18, 20, 28, 88, Egypt and, 341–343 138, 145, 247, 254, 269 Gaul and, 335–337 lawmaking and legal culture, 145 meeting between Attila and Leo I, western empire, collapse of, 14 327–328 “other,” Late Antique drive to deﬁne, North Africa and, 333–335 358 provincial churches, relationship with, Oxyrhynchus, 52, 68 332–343 self-understanding as center of Pachomius, 307, 308 Christendom, 328 pagans and paganism.SeealsoChristian Spain and, 22, 337–339 sermons against pagans Syria and, 342–343 biblical texts, pagan criticism of title of pope, 327 Christianity based on, 356 Parlato, S., 181 Christian converts to paganism, 168 Passion of Saint Saba, 56 Christian society, adaptation to, 345 pastoralist peoples, captive-taking and communal events, pagan rites as, 346 slaveholding by, 240 continuity of, 69–70 Patricius (father of Augustine), 65, 66, Dea Caelestis festival, Carthage, 70 67, 69 demise of, 23 Patricius (Phrygian and consul at different Christian perspectives on, 346 Constantinople), 123 education and, 380, 382, 384 Patroclus of Arles, 336 New Year’s rites, 347, 348–352 patronage, elite anxiety concerning use outlawed rites, 344 of, 146–147 pulling down of temples and other Patterson, Orlando, 239 sites, 70–71, 75 Paul of Samosata, 338 Romanness and, 167 Paula (Roman ascetic noblewoman), sack of Rome by Visigoths (410), 317, 395, 396–398 pagan reactions to, 352–357 Paulinus of Pella, 54 scapulimancy, 199 Payne, Richard, 282 soothsayers, last Roman military Pelagius and Pelagianism, 315, 317, 320, consultation of, 198 334, 341 uniﬁed religion, paganism not people, capture and movement of, functioning as, 344 94–95, 97 paideia, concept of, 389 “peoples,” historiographic concept of Palestine.SeeSyria and Palestine group identity of, 223–226, 227, Palladius of Helenopolis, On the Peoples 255–258 of India and the Brahmans, 411 Periegesis (Dionysius Periegetes), 404 Pannonian Goths, 222, 225, 226, 227 Peroz (Sasanian ruler), 10, 285, 287, 291, Pantaenus (teacher of Clement of 293, 298, 299 Alexandria), 410, 411 Persia.SeeSasanian Persia papacy in age of Leo I, 327–343.Seealso Peter Chrysologus of Ravenna, 347, 351 individual popes Petra, legal papyri from, 154

487

Index

Petronius Maximus (emperor), 39, 103, barbarians, differentiated knowledge 112 of, 256 Peutinger Table, 402, 403, 405 on captives of barbarians, 230, 236, 239 Phaenomena (Aratus), 405 on Eurasian steppe tribes, 185, 186, philosophy, education in, 377, 381, 189 383–387 on governance of Roman empire, 26, Philostorgius (historian), 410 30, 37, 38, 39 Photinus (bishop and heresiarch), 338 on Greek merchant’s preference for Piacenza Pilgrim, 399, 400, 401, 402 life at Attila’s court, 38, 162, 223, pilgrimage texts 224, 225, 227, 241 4th-century boom in, 398 on Huns, 199, 201, 205–207, 257, 287 5th-century absence of, 395 Jordanes as reader of, 202 Bordeaux Pilgrim, 398, 401, 402, 413 on law and legal culture, 144, 145, Egeria, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402 154, 155 Jerome’s letter recalling pilgrimage to on Romanness, 156, 159, 161, 162, Holy Land, 395, 396–398 166, 171 Piacenza Pilgrim, 399, 400, 401, 402 on ruling clans of steppe empires, 259 topographical registers of holy sites processual or new archaeology, 219 and relics, 398–404 Proclus (Athenian teacher of Pizarras, 153 philosophy), 384–385, 386 Placidia (daughter of Valentinian III), Procopius of Caesarea, 419 103, 105, 109 on barbarian migrations, 225, 252 plague, 82, 93, 198 on captives of barbarians, 234, 236 Plato and Platonism, 377, 383–387, economies in age of Attila and, 48 408 military and, 125 Pliny the Elder, 408 on North Africa, 78, 273, 275, 276, Plotinus, 383, 386 277 Plutarch (Athenian teacher of on White Huns, 182 philosophy), 383 Prohaeresius (Athenian rhetorician), 380 Pohl, Walter, 247 Prosper of Aquitaine, 320, 327–328, Pomponius Mela, 401 420 Porphyrius of Gaza, 71, 72, 140 Proterius of Alexandria, 41, 341 Porphyry Ptolemy, 405, 408 education in Late Antique and, 386 Pulcheria (sister of Theodosius II), 30, Mark the Deacon’s Life of, 71, 75, 140, 99, 102, 103, 114 143, 146 Punic Wars, 265 Possidius, Life of Augustine, 78 post-processual archaeology, 219 quaestor sacri palatti, 31 postliminium, 242 Quodvultdeus of Carthage, De tempore Pourshariati, Parveneh, 291 barbarico, 264, 420 praepositus sacri cubiculi, 31 Praetextus (Roman senator and prefect), Rabbula of Edessa, 370 391 Radagaisus (Gothic leader), 134, 136, Priscillian and Priscillianists, 337–339 197, 203, 215–221, 253, 355 Priscus Attalus (emperor), 42, 158 Rag-i Bibi rock relief, Bactria, 284 Priscus Caesariensis, 404 ransom costs for barbarian captives, Priscus of Panium, 419 235–238, 243 on aristocracy, 120, 121 Ravenna, 13, 20, 39, 47, 86, 88, 153

488

Index

“red Huns” (Alkhons), 184, 186, 190, collapse of empire and, 163–165, 286 170–172 religion.SeealsoChristianity; Jews and criticism of Roman society and, 162 Judaism; pagans and paganism as cultural, 165–167 Buddhism, 10 in eastern versus western empire, 157, education and, 380, 382 163–165 Zoroastrianism, 11, 182, 283, 289, 290 elite sense of, 159 rhetoric and grammar, education in, 381 emperor, association with, 157 Ricimer (barbarian general), 17, 42, 106, language and, 165 112, 119, 135, 136 military and, 160 Roman empire, 12–25.Seealso nonelite sense of, 160 aristocracy; change and as political stance, 163–165, 170 transformation in age of Attila; Rome countryside; eastern empire; Augustine’s City of God and concept of economies in age of Attila; civitas, 62 education; governance of Roman countryside, connection to, 47 empire; military; religion; decline of, 80, 86–89 Romanness; urban communities; “eternal Rome,” concept of, 355 western empire ideological significance of, 158 before age of Attila, 12–13 law school in, 389 army, loss of control of, 14–15 as Mediterranean city, 61 assimilation of newcomers by, 15 as megalopolis, 47 changes epitomized by Attila for, 3–4 monasticism and asceticism in, church and empire, relationship 316–320 between, 359–362 political influence of populace of, collapse in fifth century, overview of, 39 16 population of, 80, 87 collapse of western empire, 13–14, supplying commodities to, 83, 86, 17–19, 20, 27–29, 42, 96, 106 88–89 Danube boundary, collapse of, 16 Valentinian III’s imperial residence at, “fall” of, 248–249 87, 316 Huns’ effect on, 7–9, 13, 19–20, 195 Vandal sack of (455), 20, 39, 88, 137, Jewish community, imperial 252, 261, 266 protection of, 362–366, 374 Visigothic sack of (410), 61, 86, 137, new Israel, identified as, 314 347, 352–357 North Africa, continuing legacy in, Rome, bishops of.Seepapacy in age of 281 Leo I; individual popes Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16 Romulus (Hippo landowner), 63 Sasanian Persia and, 10, 11, 19, Romulus Augustulus (last emperor in the 296–298, 299 west), 29, 106, 121, 138, 157, 256 as urban culture, 44–48 Rourans, 186, 188, 189, 191 Romanianus (Cornelius Romanianus), Rua (Hun leader), 8, 122, 197, 204 62, 65, 67, 69, 76 Rubin, Zeev, 291 Romanness, 156–172 Rufinus (praetorian prefect), 28, 118 captives of barbarians and, 159, Rufinus of Aquileia, 317, 410, 411 161–162, 242 Rugi, 20, 221, 222, 225, 227, 239, 247, Christianity and, 160, 167–170 254 citizenship status and 156–159 rural areas.Seecountryside

489

Index

Saba (Gothic saint), 56 tribute payments, Roman subsidies Sabiri, 186, 189 viewed as, 297, 298 Salvian of Marseilles, 420 Turan, concept of, 284, 287, 294, 298 Ad ecclesiam, 312 Zoroastrianism, 11, 182, 283, 289, 290 on barbarian invasions, 18 Saxons and Angles, 14, 247, 253 De gubernatione Dei, 313 scapulimancy, 199 governance of empire and, 38 Scheid, John, 350, 351 on migration, 251 schools.Seeeducation on monasticism and asceticism, 304, Schroeder, Caroline, 306 309–315, 320 Sciri, 20, 221, 222, 227, 239 on Romanness, 163, 169 Scythians, 255 on urban communities, 69, 78, 79 Scythopolis (Beth Shean), 73, 74 Salway, Benet, 403 “self ” and “other,” Late Antique drive to Salzman, Michele Renee, 344 define, 358 Samaritans, 168 senatorial aristocracy, 35–37, 116, 117 Sanzo, Joseph E., 358 Sentences of Paul, 148 Saraguri, 186, 190 Sententiae Syricae (Laws of the Christian Sardica, Council of (343/344), 335 and Just Kings), 148 Sardinia, Catholic bishops from Vandal Serena (wife of Stilicho and niece of North Africa exiled to, 273 Theodosius I), 29, 100, 114 Sarmatians, 221, 222, 247 Sergius of Reshaina, 392 Sarris, Peter, 37, 44 Sessa, Kristina, 346 Sasanian lawbook (Book of a Thousand Severinus of Noricum, 251 Legal Decisions), 148, 152 Severus of Antioch, 332 Sasanian Persia, 10–11, 282–299 Severus of Minorca, 72–73, 368–370, 374 aristocratic clans of, 11, 55, 290–293, Shahn¯ ameh¯ (Firdawsi), 289, 415 298 Shapur I (Persian ruler), 284 Armenian cavalry enlisted by, 295–296 Shapur II (Persian ruler), 95, 183, 289 Book of Kings, 289, 294, 415 Shapur III (Persian ruler), 290 Ctesiphon, 94 Shenoute of Atripe, 244, 304–309, deficiency of resources in, 93–95 311–315, 325 Great Wall of Gurgan, 293–295 Sibley, Susan, 153 Huns affecting, 6, 10–11, 19, 183–184, Sidonius (Gaius Apollinaris Sidonius), 282, 284–288, 289–290, 298 122, 145, 151, 159, 164, 165, 166, ideology of, 283–284, 288–290, 170, 172, 251, 287, 420 292–293, 294–296, 297, 298 Silk Road, 10 Kayanian dynasty of Avesta, Simplicius (pope), 316 identification of Sasanian rulers Sirmium, prisoners from, 230–234 with, 288–290, 292–293 Sixtus I (pope), 319 as military enemy, 127 Skaveni, 236 military in, 293–296 skull-binding, as cultural practice, 57, 185 people, capture and movement of, slaves and slavery.Seealsocaptives of 94–95 barbarians population of, 94, 96 captive returnees as slaves, 161–162 Roman empire and, 10, 11, 19, Hun slaves and subject peoples, 296–298 224–225 society and economy of, 55 pastoralist peoples, captive-taking and survival and endurance of, 283 slaveholding by, 240

490

Index

Roman citizenship distinguishing free Synesius of Cyrene, 58, 131, 134, 143, Romans from, 159 160, 395–396, 421 Slavic peoples in northern Europe, 12 Syria and Palestine Socrates Scholasticus, 27, 37, 212, 303, education in, 392 372, 410, 421 famines in, 321 Sogdia Gaza, 71, 75, 321 exclusion from Sasanian Persia as Jerome’s letter recalling pilgrimage to xyon¯ an,¯ 295 Holy Land, 395, 396–398 Hephthalite Huns, seizure by, 10, 185, monasticism and asceticism in, 342 190, 286–287 papacy and, 342–343 Silk Road shifting into, 10 population of, 93, 96 Sozomen Scholasticus, 197, 322, relative prosperity of, 92–96 421 rural estates, spread of, 52 Spain Scythopolis (Beth Shean), 73, 74 barbarian incursions into and topographical registers of holy sites settlements in, 14, 17, 58, 59, 87, and relics in, 398–404 164, 247, 254, 260 Syriac Chronicle to 724, 234 Justinianic reconquests in, 21 Syrianus (Athenian teacher of papacy and, 22, 337–339 philosophy), 384, 385 Pizarras from, 153 Syro-Roman Lawbook, 148 Priscillianists in, 337–339 Romanness of, 164 al-T. abar¯ı, 293 Stephanos Orbelian, 421 Tacitus, 401 Stephen of Herakleopolis Magna, 361 Taisho Tripitaka, 179, 422 St. Stephen protomartyr, relics of, 72–73, Talbert, Richard, 403 368–370, 400 taxation steppe world.SeeEurasian steppe army, Roman loss of control of, Stilicho (Vandal and Roman general), 17 14–15 followers of, 258 barbarian push-backs, tax burden governance of Roman empire and, 28, triggered by, 315 29, 42 monastic disposal of wealth and, 315 Huns in barbarian Europe and, 218 in monetized economy, 48 imperial dynasty, marriage into, 100, ransom paid for barbarian captives as 109, 114, 119, 123 percentage of tax revenue, 237 as military leader, 132, 134, 135, rural estates, mercantile proﬁts of, 54 136 senatorial aristocracy and, 36, 37 political involvement of, 135, 136 urban communities and, 45 Stoicism, 377 in Vandal North Africa, 272 Strategikon (Generalship; Mauricius), 130 teaching.Seeeducation strategy, military, 128–129 Tervingi, 196, 212, 213, 214, 303 Suevi/Suebi, 16, 58, 215–221, 222, 247, Thamugadi, councilmen of, 64–67 251, 253, 260, 339 Themistius (rhetorician and ofﬁcial at suffragium, 34 Constantinople), 387, 391, 422 Sukhra (Sasanian hero), 293, 299 Theoderic the Great (Theodoric the Symeon Stylites, 363 Amal; Ostrogothic ruler), 18, 20 Symmachus (pope), 316, 391 Arianism of, 273 Symmachus (city prefect), 83, 167 dynastic principle and, 109, 112, 113, synagogues, 364–365, 367, 370–372 123

491

Index

Theoderic the Great (Theodoric the Gothic incursions under, 16 Amal; Ostrogothic ruler) (cont.) Huns, nonaggression pact with, 199 familiarity with Roman culture, 253 land gifts to Goths by, 58 governance in Roman empire and, 28, military strategy of, 128, 129, 130, 30, 39 132, 138 Hunnic confederation/domination on New Year celebrations, 349 and, 222, 225 penance for massacre at Thessalonica, Italian invasion force of, 225 41 on law and legal culture, 150 public ritual and ceremonial under, military and, 133 118 Odoacer, defeat of, 254 split of imperial courts after death of, pretender Eugenius defeated by, 254 86 Romanness and, 164 Theodosius II (emperor) urban communities and, 88 Attila made Roman general by, 114, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 40, 160, 162, 342, 119, 171 422 Attila, return of Roman prisoners to, Theodoric I (Visigothic ruler), 112, 39, 161 193–194, 336 on Attila’s marriage to Honoria (sister Theodoric II (Visigothic ruler), 145 of Valentinian III), 114, 115 Theodorus of Magona, 72–73, 369, 370 baptism of, 140, 146 Theodosian Code, 141–143, 422 church councils under, 21 on acclamations of the people, 29 dynastic principle and, 100, 102 Breviary of Alaric II and, 149 on generosity and benevolence, 32 citation from imperial law required to historical reputation of, 37 be from, 142 Jews and, 363 on city councilmen, 69 as lawmaker, 140–144.Seealso incorporation of edicts into, 31 Theodosian Code on Jews, 363 military strategy of, 128, 129, 135, Justinianic Code and, 142, 143 136 Latin language, publication in, 24 Nestorius and, 325 military, a source for, 125, 133 placid nature of, 27 on New Year celebrations, 349 prayers reputed to defeat Persians patronage, elite anxiety concerning (421), 32 use of, 146–147 revolt against, 8 on priestly marriage, 318 Sasanians, refusal to make payments to, prudentes commissioned to make, 152 298 purpose of, 151 tribute paid to Huns, 129 on taxation of mercantile proﬁts of western empire and, 20, 28 rural estates, 54 youth at accession, 30, 197 western empire, presentation to, 28, Theodosius, Topography of the Holy Land, 42, 141, 146 401 Theodosius I (emperor) Theophanes the Confessor, Callinicum, destruction of synagogue Chronographia, 40, 236, 422 of, 370–372 Theophilus of Alexandria, 71, 90 Catholic Christianity as ofﬁcial Theophylact Simocatta, 186 religion of empire under, 166, 303 Thiudimer (father of Theoderic the dynastic house of, 99–102 Great), 225, 259

492

Index

Thorismund (Visigothic prince), 193, dynamics of, 80–81 194 in eastern versus western empires, 46, Thracian Goths, 225 49 Thrasamund (Vandal ruler), 265, 269, economies of, 44–48, 80–81, 82, 85 273, 275 elites of, 61, 63, 64–69, 71–73, 76–77, Thuringians, 221 79, 117 Tiberius (emperor), 388 as governance centers, 45–46 Timaeus (Plato), 408 mansions in, 75 timeline of age of Attila, xv–xvi monasticism and asceticism in, 321 Timothy II Salophaciolus (Chalcedonian as monetized economies, 48 bishop of Alexandria), 342 populations of, 82 To n g d i an , 183, 184, 185, 186 rising population levels in, 49, 73 topographical registers of holy sites and Roman empire as urban culture, 44–48 relics, 398–404 size diversity, 47 towns.Seeurban communities supplying commodities to, 82–83 tribute payments taxation and, 45 to Huns, 129, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, Urbicius (cubicularius to emperor), 126, 205, 235–238 402 subsidies paid by Romans to Sasanians Urogi, 186, 190 viewed as, 297, 298 Tr ier, 47, 61, 78, 79, 81, 83–86, 309 Valens (emperor), 16, 128, 196, 213–214, Tripolitania, Jewish-Christian relations 303, 304, 379 in, 366 Valentinian II (emperor), 27, 167, 379 Turan, 284, 287, 294, 298 Valentinian III (emperor) Turks, 9, 58, 287 assassination of, 38, 261, 268 Twelve Tables, 388 Catalaunian Fields, Attila’s defeat at (451), 193, 194 Uldin (Hun leader), 197, 204, 215–221 church and, 41 Ulpian (jurist), 154, 165 dynastic principle and, 100, 102, Ur, Jason, 294 103–106, 112–116 urban communities, 61–79, 80–97 Galla Placidia (mother) and, 30, 99, See also speciﬁc urban centers, e.g. 102 Constantinople governance of Roman empire, 26–28, architecture and public monuments 30, 33 associated with, 46, 63, 73–78 imperial bureaucracy and, 34 big cities, 47, 81–83 invasion of Italy and, 328 changes endured by, 61 Law of Citations, 147 churches, siting of, 75 as military commander, 38 civitas, Augustine of Hippos; concept on New Year celebrations, 349 of, 61–64, 356 Rome as imperial residence for, 87, conversion to Christianity in, 69–73, 316 75 senatorial aristocracy and, 35, 36, 37 councilmen of, 64–69, 71–73, 79 Sirmian prisoners, negotiations for, countryside, connection to, 45, 47–48, 230 63, 82 Vandal North Africa and, 261, 266 demise of, 78–79 Van Dam, Raymond, 80, 336 dining culture in, 76–77 “Vandalism,” as term, 251

493

Index

Vandals.SeealsoVandals in North Africa success of Vandal kingdom, 266 Albertini Tablets, 153 treaty of 442, 266–268 Arianism and, 18, 266 urban communities and, 81, 87–88 arming of Italian populace against, 39 Varkhon/Warkhon (Avar Huns), 186, contact with Romans prior to 188, 191 migration/invasion, 253 Vegetius, De re militari (On Military Huns, effects of arrival of, 203, Affairs), 126, 160 215–221 Verina (empress), 99, 106, 110 land grabs by, 58, 59 Victor of Vita, 171, 172, 252, 270, 274, lawmaking and legal culture, 145 423 Majorian (emperor) and, 17 Vienne, 47 Metz sacked by (407), 78 Vigilas (Roman agent), 234, 243, 256 military strategy against, 128, 129 “villa boom,” 53 Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16 Virgil, 355, 356 in Roman Gaul, 85 Visigoths Rome sacked by (455), 20, 39, 88, Breviary of Alaric II (Lex romana 137, 252, 261, 266 visigothorum), 140, 143, 149, 151, in Spain, 247, 251, 254, 260 152 western empire, collapse of, 14 coalition against Huns, 17 Vandals in North Africa, 265–274 contact with Romans prior to appropriation and redistribution of migration/invasion, 253 land by, 15, 267–268 kingdom of, 260 Arian-Nicene tensions, 272–274, 333 Majorian (emperor) and, 17 aristocracy in, 270, 272 Pizarras, 153 Byzantine reconquests, 21, 266, 275, in Roman Gaul and Aquitaine, 14, 85, 281 136, 247, 254, 260, 335–336 Carthage, capture of, 78, 137, 199, Rome,sackof(410), 61, 86, 137, 347, 247, 265, 267, 335 352–357 collaboration with Roman senatorial aristocracy and, 37 administration, 260 in Spain, 254 Donatists and, 333 western empire, collapse of, 14 dynastic principle and Vandal royal family (Hasdings), 103, 105, 112, Wahram IV (Sasanian ruler), 290 114, 268, 269 Wahram V Gor (Sasanian ruler), 284, under Geiseric, 265–272.Seealso 286, 291, 292, 295, 298 Geiseric Wahram VI Chobin (Sasanian ruler), Gothic language, Vandal dialect of, 269 291 governance of, 270, 272 Warkhon/Varkhon (Avar Huns), 186, Hun empire and, 199 188, 191, 192, 195 integration with Roman society in Watts, Edward, 376 Africa, 269–270 Weishu, 183, 187, 188–189, 423 law and legal culture, 145 Wessel, Susan, 327 migration in 5th century and, 247, 251 western empire military organization and campaigns, aristocracy in, 116 267, 268 bishops, eastern and western, rise and fall of Vandal kingdom, connection between, 310 265–266 Christianity, east-west schism in, 171, Romanness and, 164 172

494

Index

collapse of, 13–14, 17–19, 20, 27–29, Xianbei, 175, 189, 191 42, 96, 106 Xiongnu empire, Huns’ connection to, countryside in, 49, 53, 54 7, 257 Franks and collapse of, 14 arguments against, 181–182 Italy’s political, cultural, and Central Asian evidence for, 178–181 intellectual separation from eastern historiography of, 175, 176 empire, 391 precise relationship between military after collapse of, 138–139 2nd-century Xiongnu and monastic establishments, eastern and 4th-century Huns, 190–191, 257 western, connections between, 310 Weishu on remnants of Xiongnu in Ostrogoths and collapse of, 14 Altai region, 188–189 Romanness in, 157, 163–165 xyon¯ an,¯ 289–290, 295, 298 Theodosian Code presented to, 28, 42, 141, 146 Yazdgird I (Sasanian ruler), 288, 289, Theodosius II and, 20, 28 290, 292 urban communities in, 46, 49 Yazdgird II (Sasanian ruler), 285, 286, Vandals and collapse of, 14 287, 288, 291, 292, 295–296, Visigoths and collapse of, 14 298 White Huns, 182, 185, 321 Yazdgird III (Sasanian ruler), 289 White Monastery of Atripe, Egypt, 244, 304–309 Zacharius Scholasticus, 382, 385 Wilken, Robert, 373 Zamyad¯ Yaˇst, 289 Wishtap (mythical Sasanian ruler), 288, Zeno (emperor), 18, 38, 43, 108, 109, 289, 294 110, 130, 135, 163, 298 women Zeno of Cyprus, 387 ascetic marriage, 304, 309, 316–320 Zhu Fahu (Dharmaraks.a), 178–180, 181, dynastic principle and, 99 422 education of, 377 Zoroastrianism, 11, 182, 283, 289, monasticism and asceticism, 290 experience of, 306–308, 313, 317 Zosimus (historian), 32, 135, 212, 215, Wormald, Patrick, 150 423

495