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“Pin the Macho on the Man”: Mediations of Gay Male Masculinity in the Body Politic, 1971-1987

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“Pin the Macho on the Man”: Mediations of Gay Male Masculinity in the Body Politic, 1971-1987 “Pin the Macho on the Man”: Mediations of Gay Male Masculinity in The Body Politic, 1971-1987 by Nicholas Andrew Hrynyk A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario 2018 Nicholas Andrew Hrynyk ii Abstract As the largest Canadian gay and lesbian newspaper from 1971 to 1987, The Body Politic not only shaped the political landscape of gay liberation but also mediated understandings and assumptions around gay male masculinity. The editorial collective behind The Body Politic addressed masculinity in myriad ways, sometimes directly in editorials on gender and sexuality, but more often indirectly as part of discussions around race, desire, the body, space, and HIV/AIDS. In doing so, The Body Politic served an important role in mediating the gendered, racial, sexual, and spatial politics of desire and identity in Toronto’s gay male community. The newspaper was an important interactive platform for collective members and readers alike to explore and express apprehensions around heteronormative, ableist, and racial influences on gay male masculinity as a performative style. This dissertation thematically examines masculinity in The Body Politic. Each chapter focuses on a different topic: pornography and visual culture, the hypersexualized white able-bodied “macho clone,” the navigation of space and place, the inscription of colonial values of effeminancy or hypermasculinity on racialized bodies, and the marginalization of disabled bodies and bodies debilitated by HIV/AIDS that did not “perform” a sexualized idea of masculinity. By visualizing gay masculinity in particular and often contradictory ways, The Body Politic reinforced and challenged the self- regulation of hegemonic masculinity in gay male culture. My analysis of The Body Politic reveals that not only were the aesthetics of gay male masculinity fundamental to the politics of desire and liberation within the gay male community, but that the newspaper played an important part in legitimizing and destabilizing these desires. iii This dissertation is dedicated to my late grandfather, William Donald Tape. He was—and remains—an inspiring figure in my life. He taught me a great deal about the importance of hard work, honesty, compassion, and perseverance. His pride in my education and his belief in the value of my work as a scholar remain a source of motivation in my life. I will forever be a better person because of him. iv Acknowledgements This dissertation has been one of the greatest undertakings in my life. The privilege of acquiring this education has been largely the result of the endless support of my parents, friends, and Ph.D. supervisors. I am humbled by their generosity of spirit, dedication to my success as a scholar, and countless hours spent helping me push the boundaries of my research. I would also like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, as well as Carleton University, for the financial support they have provided to me and this dissertation. Their scholarships and awards have made it possible for me to not only complete this thesis, but make it the best that it can be. My thesis has only been possible because of the support from my supervisors, James Opp and Patrizia Gentile. Their belief in the possibilities of my research motivated me to continue to write and edit this thesis even when I felt lost and demoralized. They have been wonderful companions, mentors, and friends on this journey. Their wisdom and guidance have provided me with the confidence to move forward as a young scholar. The best gift they have given me is helping me find my voice as an academic, writer, and educator. I know that my future endeavours will always be shaped by their training and mentorship. I am deeply humbled to have worked alongside two brilliant scholars. I must express my deepest gratitude to my parents, Carol and Dan Hrynyk, who have supported me with every personal and professional decision I have made in my life. They have provided me with stability, safety, and love all of my life—something that is not acknowledged as much as it should be. Their encouragement was the reassurance I needed when I doubted myself at times. I know that I will be able to accomplish any goal with their support. I love you. My brothers, Danny and Alex, thank you for the v annoyances and constant heckling all of these years—it has toughened me up. I love you both. I must thank my dear friends and colleagues who have made this journey a memorable and enjoyable one. My childhood friend, Ryan Solcz, has been an inspiring figure in my life. He constantly pushes me to rise to challenges and never allows self- defeat to overcome me when I face rejection. I must extend my sincerest gratitude to Alana Toulin, a scholar who has not only been a confidant (soul mate), but editor and sounding board for this thesis. She has made me a better writer and scholar. I am fortunate to call Christine Simeoni, Nikki Antic, Josinah Makatoko, Kyle Landry, and Celeste Orr my dearest friends. Without their love and support I would have never persevered through this thesis. They are a source of laughter and joy in my life. Lastly, I must thank Nicole Marion, Sarah Hogenbirk, Michael Chiarello, and Ian Wereley, for their support as colleagues over the years. They are awe-inspiring scholars whose passions for history push me to be a better historian every day. Finally, I would like to extend my sincerest thanks to the former members of the editorial collective who agreed to be interviewed for this dissertation. Gerald Hannon, Ken Popert, David Rayside, and Tim McCaskell provided much-needed insight into the daily workings of The Body Politic. I am indebted to them for taking the time to answer my phone calls or sit down with me and discuss my research, their writings, and the collective as a whole. Their generosity will always be remembered. vi Table of Contents Abstract………………….………………….………………….………………….………ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgments………………….…………………………………………………….iv Table of Contents………………….………………….………………….……………….vi List of Illustrations……………….………………….………………….………………..vii Introduction……………….………………….………………….………………….……..1 Chapter One: Visualizing Sex to Sell Issues.………………….…………………………29 Chapter Two: Pin the Macho on the Man.………………….……………………………82 Chapter Three: Cruise Controlling Masculinity in Toronto’s Gay Ghetto.…………….141 Chapter Four: “The Cowboy Hat Will Never Fit Quite Right”: Intersections of Race and Masculinity…………….………………….………………….………………...............201 Chapter Five: Stylizing Death and Disability………………….……………….............256 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...308 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………325 Appendix A. Ethics Clearance Form…………………………………………………...346 vii List of Illustrations Figure 1.1 After Dark, March 1972……………………………………………………….36 Figure 1.2 Christopher Street, March 1978……………………………………………....39 Figure 1.3 “The Changing Room,” Quorum 2, no. 12, 1974…………………………….44 Figure 1.4 “Mucho Macho Man,” Lambda 23, September-October 1979……………….47 Figure 2.1 The Barracks, The Body Politic 15, September-October 1974……………….97 Figure 2.2 Trevor Mountford-Smith, The Body Politic 20, October 1975……………….116 Figure 2.3 Richmond Street Health Emporium, The Body Politic 61, March-April 1980. ……………………………………………………….………………………………….121 Figure 2.4 “Skinscapes: Photographs by Norman Hatton,” The Body Politic 74, June 1981. ……………………………………………………….………………………………….133 Figure 3.1 John Scythes, “Toronto’s Gay Spots,” The Body Politic 7, Winter 1973……167 Figure 3.2 The Club Steam Baths (The Club Baths file at the Canadian Gay and Lesbian Archive), undated…………………………………………………………....174 Figure 3.3 John Allec and Edna Barker, “Hot Spots: Toronto’s Summer of 82,” The Body Politic 85, July-August, 1982……………………….….…..……….………179 Figure 4.1 “Get More Definition,” The Body Politic 95, July-August 1983…………...241 Figure 4.2 Tim McCaskell, “You’ve got a nice body for an Oriental,” The Body Politic 102, April 1984, 35………………………………………………………….243 Figure 4.3 Illustration accompanying “31 Words,” The Body Politic 113, April 1985...250 Figure 5.1 Film still photograph used to illustrate Phil Shaw, “A celluloid valentine to the gay community,” The Body Politic 127, June 1986…………………………275 Figure 5.2 “1 in 4,” The Body Politic 119, October 1985………………………………300 1 INTRODUCTION The early 1970s were the formative years of the Gay Liberation Movement that brought with it a rise in the visibility of a lesbian and gay sexual culture. Print media served as a significant catalyst in shaping this burgeoning culture. While lesbian and gay periodicals have been included in histories of gay liberation, there has been little consideration of their role as cultural texts, particularly in mediating understandings of gender and sexuality in gay and lesbian communities. Toronto’s The Body Politic, referred to hereafter as TBP, was particularly influential in the development, permeation, and mediation of how sexuality, gender and more specifically, masculinity, were stylized on gay male bodies in Toronto’s gay male community during its publication. As Canada’s foremost lesbian and gay monthly newspaper from 1971 until 1987, TBP was more than a lesbian and gay political newspaper. It was home to discussions, debates, and deeper questions about gender, sexuality, race, the body, disability, and HIV/AIDS in Toronto’s gay community, particularly amongst its middle-class
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