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Sexual Subversives Or Lonely Losers? Discourses of Resistance And

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Sexual Subversives Or Lonely Losers? Discourses of Resistance And SEXUAL SUBVERSIVES OR LONELY LOSERS? DISCOURSES OF RESISTANCE AND CONTAINMENT IN WOMEN’S USE OF MALE HOMOEROTIC MEDIA by Nicole Susann Cormier Bachelor of Arts, Psychology, University of British Columbia: Okanagan, 2007 Master of Arts, Psychology, Ryerson University, 2010 A dissertation presented to Ryerson University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the program of Psychology Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2019 © Nicole Cormier, 2019 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION FOR ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION OF A DISSERTATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this dissertation. This is a true copy of the dissertation, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this dissertation to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this dissertation by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my dissertation may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Title: Sexual Subversives or Lonely Losers? Discourses of Resistance and Containment in Women’s Use of Male Homoerotic Media Doctor of Philosophy, 2019 Nicole Cormier, Clinical Psychology, Ryerson University Very little academic work to date has investigated women’s use of male homoerotic media (for notable exceptions, see Marks, 1996; McCutcheon & Bishop, 2015; Neville, 2015; Ramsay, 2017; Salmon & Symons, 2004). The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the potential role of male homoerotic media, including gay pornography, slash fiction, and Yaoi, in facilitating women’s sexual desire, fantasy, and subjectivity – and the ways in which this expansion is circumscribed by dominant discourses regulating women’s gendered and sexual subjectivities. The dissertation begins with a review of the existing scholarship on women, pornography, and male homoerotic media, followed by an in-depth analysis of online texts discussing women’s use of these media. The analysis explores what subject positions are (un)available to women who use these media. Using a Foucauldian, feminist poststructuralist discourse analytic framework, online editorial articles and internet forum discussions were explored using an immersion/crystallization approach, revealing three broad thematic queries posed by online interlocutors: a) whether women as a generalized category use male homoerotic media, b) establishing boundaries constructing and constraining a normative woman user, and c) interrogating why women are drawn to male homoeroticism. A variety of discourses were deployed pertaining to each of these themes, some of which served to align women’s use with dominant heterosexual, patriarchal, postfeminist, and neoliberal imperatives, while others subverted these imperatives and broadened the availability of sexual subjectivities for women. The tensions between these competing iii discourses mark male homoerotic media as a fertile site of resistance and expansion of sexual power and possibility for women. iv Acknowledgements The process of creating this work has been long, difficult, plagued by setbacks, barriers, and personal tragedy. When I set out for Toronto in 2008, I had no concept of the physical, psychological, and financial toll that my graduate education would exact from me, my husband, and my family. Eleven years later I stand at the end of the journey scarred, battle-weary, and more than a little bitter at the sacrifices I’ve made to get to this point. However, all along the way I have been girded by the strength of several exceptional individuals who have lifted me up, guided me, patiently endured my hand-wringing, tears, and perpetual delays, and inspired me to achieve more than I ever would have imagined. Foremost among these is my dissertation supervisor, Maria Gurevich, without whose unending support I would have ended my graduate career years ago. Maria, I owe you an enormous debt of gratitude which can never be adequately repaid, and I will forever cherish the time we have spent together. My only regret in putting this dissertation to rest is losing you as my supervisor. I extend my heartfelt thanks to my steering committee, Becky Choma and Tae Hart, for their patience and indispensable feedback throughout this process. Becky, even though I removed the slash fiction script analysis from this work, it was my favorite part of the entire process, one I hope to someday complete. Tae, in addition to your contributions here, your assistance with my preparations for my APPIC interviews and your teaching of solid foundations in ethics and psychopathology have been major contributions to my professional development. I wish you both all the very best, always. I offer gratitude as well to my examination committee, May Friedman and Hannah Frith, for agreeing to be part of this process (and on such scandalously short notice!). My warmest regards and thanks to both of you. My professional and personal admiration go to my clinical supervisors for their support and guidance around the other requirements of my training: Diana Brecher, Elspeth Evans, Sue Hayman-Abello, Erin Ross, and Agnes Wainman, for their outstanding clinical supervision, knowledge, and encouragement throughout my past and present practical training – and to Brent Hayman-Abello, for making me chuckle throughout my residency, and for selling me on London (and the Covent Garden Market). Extra special thanks go to Beverly Ulak, not only for her exemplary supervision, but for being a role model, a dear friend, a kindred soul, and for teaching me that “if I want to be rich…” I am thankful for the support, collaboration, and friendship of my Ryerson labmates, past and present: Amy Brown-Bowers, Stephanie Cosma, Usra Leedham, Zara Mercer, Emily Thomas, Alex Vasilovsky, Ashley Ward, and Sonya Wanklyn. I miss you all terribly, and regret that life has taken us separate ways. Finally, personal thanks go to my husband, James Randell, and our son Griffith, for giving me two good reasons to keep going, and for putting up with my glazed looks, absentmindedness, and frequent fits of wailing; to my Mom, Luisa Piluso, and my little sister, Carmen Piluso, for listening to me whine about this dissertation for eight years running; and to my dear friends Ava Agar, Sara Cowan, Darcie Hodge, Shayna Longlade, Denea MacNiven, Becca Stein, and Leanne Wilkins, for being my beloved galentines. v For Quin Completing this work cost me the last seven years of your life, and cost Griffy the chance to know his uncle. The cost was far, far too high – but for whatever it is worth, this is for you. I wish you were still here. vi Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ................................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Definitions of Pornography ..................................................................................................... 3 Mainstream Research and Popular Media ............................................................................... 5 General overview of mainstream pornography research ..................................................... 5 Popular media .................................................................................................................... 6 Empirical research on category-specificity of physical arousal ........................................... 9 Qualitative research on women’s pornography experiences .............................................. 11 Research on women’s responses to male homoerotic media ............................................. 14 Critical Scholarship .............................................................................................................. 19 Theoretical investigations of women’s use of slash fiction and Yaoi ................................ 28 Method ...................................................................................................................................... 33 Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 33 Epistemological Lens and Analytic Framework .................................................................... 36 Texts for Analysis ................................................................................................................ 42 Research Question ................................................................................................................ 47 vii Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 48 Part One: Locating and Interrogating Women Users ............................................................. 50 Men speaking for women ................................................................................................
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