Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1213-1222

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 01 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.128

Evaluation of Mandarin on Different Root Stocks-A Review

Sukhdip Singh, Jatinder Singh and Anis Mirza*

School of Agriculture, Department of HorticultureLovely Professional University Phagwara, Jalandhar -Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara-144411, Punjab (India)

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

In Punjab sweet and commercial mandarin cultivars are generally grafted or budded on rootstock of rough . This rootstock is highly vulnerable to (foot rot) like diseases. Moreover, quality of budded or grafted on an K e yw or ds effective rootstock should have good compatibility between both, scion and rootstock

Citrus, Root stock, besides decent tolerance against predominant edaphic and environmental circumstances. The rootstocks have major effect in tree vigour, quality of the fruit, juice quality, yield Influences, Vegetative and including tolerance to salt and cold conditions. The monopolized cultivation of this Biochemical scion grafted over requires a substituted rootstock for advanced parameters and yield/good returns along with lengthier productive life of the tree. Among numerous Yield factors answerable for decline, rootstocks may be considered as major contributor

Article Info regarding climatic conditions. Nowadays rootstocks associated with this problem in Citriculture industry have presumed a great implication. Every country having citrus Accepted: cultivation is facing this burning problem. At one time particular rootstock seems very 10 December 2018 appropriate but may completely fail in future including monoculture may be the basic Available Online: problem of the all Citrus growing estates. Hence selection of appropriate rootstock for 10 January 2019 scion cultivar may lead to the success or failure of the citrus plantation. Till now it was reported that Volkamer lemon, Citrumello 4475 along with Brazilian sour orange were the consistent rootstocks for citrus industry of the Punjab. Present review will contribute in selecting appropriate rootstock to overcome dependability of one particular rootstock in citrus industry of Punjab to overcome the future problems.

Introduction (Hooker, 1872). Citrus is a third most important fruit crop of India. But in Punjab it The position of citrus fruit to agriculture and is at no.1 position. Among various citrus economy of the world is established by large- cultivars, Kinnow fruit is the most significant scale production and wide cultivation. It is an and having major shares of total citrus important member of the family . production in India. Choice of rootstock is Several of citrus are supposed to important aspect in fruit crops especially in be indigenous to tropical and sub-tropical citrus because scion cultivars respond regions of Asia and Malaya archipelago variously to growth, quality and nutrients

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1213-1222 buildup when grown on varied rootstocks. stock for Blood Red malta while for other Sometimes plant nutrient concentrations may mandarins and oranges, Kharnakhatta is the fluctuate even if they are grown under same superlative. They further supported that conditions (Bergmann, 1992). It was revealed Rough lemon is commonly widely used that rootstock induces high rootstock followed by Kharnakhatta. yield when sweet orange proliferated on the Likewise, Sharma (2006) described that trees same. Size of the tree also decreases along grafted on rootstock of Rough lemon were with production of good quality fruit but vigorous and gave high yield but with poor susceptible to foot rot and blight disease but quality. However, Sharma and Srivastava accepting soil salinity and tristeza etc. Lima (2004) revealed that Rough lemon can be (1992) explained that plants budded on cultivated on various soils and is highly Rangpur lime were vigorous ingrowth and sensitive to cold conditions. At the same time, comparable to trees budded on Rough lemon. Rangpurlime is well adjustable in saline soils Plants were large in size, but cold tolerance and cool environment. Overall, rootstock of was minimum. Moreover, these were prone to Rangpurlime is very poor seedier (7 seeds per blight disease. He also described various fruit) and Rough lemon is much better seedier strains of Rangpur lime viz. Brazil Orange, (32seeds per fruit). In another experiment Florida Rangpur lime, Brazil Rangpur, Sylhet (Anon et al., 2007) kinnow was grafted on lime, Philippian Red Lime, Nemytengs, Taxas three different rootstocks viz. Kinnow, Rangpur Lime, PinkFleshed Lime etc. Niaz Rangpur lime and Rough lemon. It reported and Chattha (1994) recorded that 50 seeds per that Kinnow trees grafted on rootstock of fruit in case of Rubidoxtrifoliate orange Rough lemon were more vigorous growth in showed poor germination in contrast to height and spread while plants grafted on Roughlemon rootstock which gave fruit with rootstock of Rangpur lime achieved minimum less seeds i.e. 26 seeds per fruit with plant height and spread. Volkamer lemon is a outstanding germination. Niaz et al., (1994) capable rootstock for Kinnow under the dry revealed that Kinnow and Feutrell’s early climate conditions. budded on rootstock of Rough lemon is more prolific than other stocks but this is Environmental effects on rootstocks have susceptible to Phytophthora disease. Further, been well defined but the variation is due to fruit quality was very poor in case of this weather conditions and intercultural practices. rootstock. Singh et al., (2002) revealed that The climate of the Punjab is very harsh during Kinnow trees vigour and grown on Cleopatra summer and vigorous rootstock is obligatory mandarin was decent and tree size was to sustain the flushes of spring. So according standard. Fruit quality on was also excellent. to previous theories Volkamer lemon showed Broadbent and Sarooshi (1993) described that quite satisfactory results and could be used as Rough lemon (Citrus jembhiri, Lush) used as a supernumerary rootstock for existing Rough rootstock for various citrus cultivars in lemon as rootstock variety in Citriculture Australia, India and many other countries. industry. Plants budded on Rough lemon were usually vigorous having good fruit size and poor Effect of stock scion combination on quality of juices when compared to different vegetative parameters of citrus fruit used rootstocks. Snokar et al., (2001) described that experiments conducted at Plant height/tree size Montgomery (Sahiwal), Pakistan and disclosed that Rough lemon is the fine stroot Georgiou (2009) established that the most capable rootstocks that may substitute sour 1214

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1213-1222 orange for local lemon variety ‘Lapithkiotiki’ on C-13 selection were proficient in under Cyprus conditions are Volkameriana, yield m-3 of canopy spread. Jaskarni et al., Yuma , C. macrophylla and (2002) detailed that diploid Kinnow trees Citremon 1449. Dubey and Sharma (2016) were larger in spread than tetraploid. Singh et discovered that plant height was more on al., (2002) revealed that Rangpur lime root rough lemon and RLC-4 rootstocks. Tazima stock reduced size of the tree. Rootstocks may et al., (2013) revealed that maximum plant affect the capability of plants to take up water, growth for the trees on 'Cleopatra' mandarin nutrients etc. Kumar et al., (1994) reported and 'Caipira DAC' sweet orange was obtained that dynamic rootstocks are required under as compare to 'Volkamer' lemon and trifoliate arid environmental conditions, to give a boost orange trees. Shafieizargar et al., (2012) to citrus trees. explained that the rootstocks have noteworthy effects on most of the calculated characters, Scion girth indicating that tree height of 'Queen' orange can be controlled by using appropriate Jaskarni et al., (2002) discovered that diploid rootstocks. They discovered that Volkamer kinnow trees attained more stem girth than lemon is a better rootstock for 'Queen' orange. tetraploid ones. Shah et al., (2016) established Espinoza-Nunez et al., (2011) discovered that that when grafted on sour rootstocks affected plant vigor, particularly orange rootstock affected scion diameter and ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate, which declined tree scion length. height by 47% in contrast to the ‘Rangpur’ lime. Legua et al., (2011) found that rootstock Effect of combination of rootstock and influenced fruit quality variables. C. scion on Chlorophyll content macrophylla and C. volkameriana appeared to encourage the bigger tree size. Jaskarni et al., Cimen et al., (2014) found maximum (2002) revealed that diploid trees of kinnow decrease in the leaf chlorophyll content in (-) trees were more lengthy than tetraploid trees. Fe plants of Navelina on trifoliate (local) and Cimen et al., (2014) revealed that plants on C-35 . Performance of citrus Tuzcu No.31, 31 and Gou Tou sour orange rootstocks and their effects on nutrient levels rootstocks were the least affected regarding of leaf have been considered for dissimilar plant growth. Forner-Giner et al., (2010) climatic conditions across the world (Fallahi established that trees on rootstock C. and Rodney, 1992; Georgiou, 2002; Smith et volkameriana were the largest followed by al., 2004; Srivastav et al., 2005; Toplu et al., trees on rootstock Carrizo citrange. 2012).

Plant spread Effect of combination of rootstock and scion on fruit yield Cantuarias-Aviles et al., (2010) established that ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate showed a Dubey and Sharma (2016) established that distinct result over the ‘Okitsu’ mandarin rootstock RLC-4 yielded heaviest trees performance, inducing lower canopy (weightwise) fruits. Cantuarias-Aviles et al., size. Dubey and Sharma (2016) discovered (2010) found that ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate that canopy amount was higher on rough had a distinctive result over the ‘Okitsu’ lemon and RLC-4 rootstocks while girth was mandarin performance. This kind of higher on Billikichlli and RLC-4 rootstocks. combination had more yield potential whereas Forner-Giner et al., (2010) revealed that trees in ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ and ‘Sunki’ mandarins

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1213-1222 and the ‘Orlando’ showed lower yield McCollum et al., (2017) revealed that efficiency. Georgiou (2009) revealed that the rootstock effects on fruit size were most proficient rootstocks that may substitute noteworthy. ‘Sour orange’ and ‘Swingle’ sour orange for lemon variety ‘Lapithkiotiki’ yielded the largest fruits, whereas US-897 under Cyprus conditions are Yuma Ponderosa formed the smallest sized fruits. Zekri (2000) lemon, Volkameriana, Citremon 1449 and C. reported that highest fruit sizes were obtained macrophylla. Shafieizargar et al., (2012) for Volkamer lemon and the smallest for established that rootstocks have significant Cleopatra mandarin. The fruit size an effects on most of parameters, indicating that important feature for both producers as well tree yield of 'Queen' orange can be controlled consumers. Medium to large sized fruit by appropriate assortment of rootstock. They contribute profitable returns (Hussain et al., found that Volkamer lemon is a best rootstock 2013). In a study Dubey and Sharma (2016) for grafting of 'Queen' orange. Zekri et al., produced medium to large sized fruits being (2004) found highest fruit weight on trees biggest fruits on RLC-4 rootstock except budded on rough lemon, Volkamer lemon and rough lemon and Billikichlli. Analogous Citrus marophylla, while the least fruit weight findings were submitted by Bielicki et al., wasrecorded on trees budded on Sour orange (2006). and Cleopatra mandarin. Hussain et al., (2013) found advanced performance of Fruit weight Carrizo citrange while evaluating common for yield on nine rootstocks. They Legua et al., (2011) established that rootstock found that Clementine was incompatible on significantly affected fruit quality variables. Da Hong Pao mandarin and Gou Tou sour C. macrophylla and C. volkameriana would orange. Yildiz et al., (2013) publicized that appear to encourage the highest fruit weight. 'Troyer' citrange had low yield than those Jaskarni et al., (2002) discovered that diploid budded on other rootstocks, whereas yield of kinnow trees were much better than tetraploid 'Rhode Red Valencia' and 'Valencia Late' as for as fruit weight was concerned. orange trees on 'Carrizo' citrange were more than those on 'Troyer' citrange, likewise. Fruit yield Legua et al., (2011) found that rootstock considerably affected fruit quality. They Legua et al., (2011) considered Cleopatra recorded that C. macrophylla and C. mandarin and Gou TouChen to be the most volkameriana appeared to induce the heaviest reviving rootstocks for ‘Lane Late’ where as fruit weight. Zekri (2000) recorded that fruit plants on C. macrophylla rootstock gave the yield was the highest for volkamer lemon. maximum yield. Tazima et al., (2013) Georgiou (2000) also observed maximum obtained highest yield in plants of 'Okitsu' yield from the trees on Brazilian sour orange Satsuma mandarin on 'Swingle' and Volkamariana rootstock. whereas 'Rangpur' lime and 'Volkamer' lemon resulted in the lower yields. Fruit size Georgiou (2009) observed that most Zekri et al., (2004) reported heavier fruits on proficient rootstocks that may be replaced trees budded on rough lemon, Citrus with sour orange for local lemon variety marophylla and Volkamer lemon while the ‘Lapithkiotiki’ under Cyprus conditions were, smaller fruits were found on trees budded on Yuma Ponderosa lemon, Volkameriana, Sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin. Citremon 1449 and C. macrophylla. Castle et

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1213-1222 al., (2010) found that fruit yield was amount of juice. They observed that associated with tree height regardless of ‘Clementina Fina’ and ‘Clemenules’ cultivars deviations among rootstocks but performance were the most suitable for a high volume of of trees on rootstocks with moderately low excellent value juice. Jaskarni et al., (2002) productivity/tree, like those on Kinkoji and C- discovered that juice %age was much better in 35 citrange, would be identical those on diploid than triploid Kinnow. Zekri (2000) sturdier rootstocks. Mademba-Sy et al., reported that juice content and soluble solids (2012) found that yields were 0.5 to 2.8 times were advanced for Swingle citrumelo and greater than those of the same cultivar on the Cleopatra mandarin than for the lemon standard rootstock when trees were grafted on rootstocks. Flying Dragon . Dubey and Sharma (2016) stated that RLC-4 root stock f) Seed number had performed well over other rootstocks regarding fruiting density and trailed by Yildiz et al., (2013) revealed the effects of the Attani-2, rough lemon and Karna Khatta, rootstocks were insignificant in case of in although it was bottommost on Troyer number of seeds per fruit. Jaskarni et al., citrange. (2002) discovered more seeds in diploid Kinnow trees than triploid Kinnow. d) Peel/Rind thickness Biochemical parameters Jaskarni et al., (2002) discovered that diploid kinnow trees were better than tetraploid Various bio-chemical characters of the fruit regarding rind thickness. McCollum et al., like TSS, acidity and Vitamin-C were affected (2017) reported that rind thickness was significantly by use of root stock (Wutscher maximum in ‘Sour Orange’ but early in the and Hill, 1995). season and it was not so at the end of the season. Total Soluble Solids (0Brix) e) Juice content (%) Cantuarias-Aviles et al., (2010) found that in ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ and ‘Sunki’ mandarins Dubey and Sharma (2016) revealed that rough and the ‘Orlando’ tangelo conferred smaller lemon and RLC-4 had considerably yielded amounts of soluble solids. Dubey and Sharma higher percentage of juice. Tazima et al., (2016) revealed that RLC-4 and Karna Khatta (2013) revealed that 'Carrizo' and trifoliate shown better TSS in fruit juice. Benjamin et orange produced the premium juice content. al., (2013) found TSS levels of all species Zekri et al., (2004) found trees on rough were less in juice of fruits on Volkathan on lemon that those fruit trees having lesser juice Zekri et al., (2004) found maximum soluble content. But Valencia trees produced high solids on Citrus marophylla and Carrizo juice content. Yildiz et al., (2013) revealed citrange accumulated the lowest soluble solids that the rootstocks had no noteworthy effects whereas Valencia trees yieldedmore soluble on juice volume of 'Rhode Red Valencia' and solids than Navel trees. Simón-Grao et al., 'Valencia Late' oranges. They also reported (2014) found that ‘Ellendale’ produced the that effects of the rootstocks in both scion highest amount of juice, ‘Nova’ and cultivars on juice volume were seen to be of ‘Clementina Fina’ showed high total soluble no consequence. Simón-Grao et al., (2014) solids. McCollum et al., (2017) reported that found that ‘Ellendale’ resulted in highest rootstock effects on total solids were

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1213-1222 significant. Castle et al., (1988) revealed that Vitamin-C plants budded on Trifoliate orange and Carrizo citrange exhibited better performance Dubey and Sharma (2016) revealed that RLC- regarding TSS while lowest TSS was 4 and Troyer citrange proved their domination obtained from the plants grafted on Rough in terms of higher ascorbic acid content. lemon species. Stuchi et al., (2008) reported cumulative yield and fruit quality of all cultivars were not Acidity (%) influenced by the rootstocks. Parameshwar et al., (2018) exhibited t significant effect fruit Castle et al., (1988) confirmed that acidity is quality of Valencia late like acidity (1.01%) graft transmissible feature and influenced by and ascorbic acid (57.86 mg/100 ml juice) rootstocks type and environmental conditions. was greatly improved in fruit tree that were Dubey and Sharma (2016) revealed that RLC- budded on rough lemon rootstock. 4 and Karna Khatta shown better acid contents in the fruit juice. Plant nutrients

Benjamin et al., (2013) found acidity levels Toplu et al., (2008) recommended use of were less in juice of fruits on Volka than on Carrizo and Troyer citrange rootstocks for Yildiz et al., (2013) revealed that total acids eastern mediterranean region citrus (TA), Brix: TA ratio were seen to be production as they had more ability to use insignificant. more plant nutrient elements playing significant roles in production and quality. Simón-Grao et al., (2014) found that ‘Nova’ Substantial consequences of various and ‘Clementina Fina’ showed low titratable rootstocks on uptake of N were also submitted acidity. It was reported that some root stocks previously in Fairchild mandarin (Fallahi and like sour orange, RLC-4, rough lemon and Rodney, 1992). Smith et al., (2004) and Karna Khatta including Troyer citrange Dubey and Sharma (2016) discovered higher promoted titratable acidity of lemon fruits. leaf nutrient P on Troyer citrange and lower Differences in quality characteristics were due levels on rough lemon root stock. Alike to different rootstocks (Yonemoto et al., findings were revealed by Toplu et al., (2012) 2005). and Tsakelidou et al., (2002). But nonappearance of significant alterations TSS/acid ratio between the mean P nutrient of leaves from most of the root-stocks was confirmed the McCollum et al., (2017) reported rootstock earlier findings of Iyengar et al., (1982). effects on solids acid ratio were significant. There are contradictory discoveries in the literature regarding the influence of rootstocks Waqar et al., (2006) reported that with on up taking of Na nutrient as Georgiou increase in the ratio of TSS / acid ratio, there (2002) have reported that there was effect of was a reduction in acidity so with less TSS / rootstocks on uptake of Na, whereas Toplu et acid ratio, fruit quality is poor, and taste al., (2012) found noteworthy incline in Na becomes watery and dull. Again, this ratio is nutrient concentration of leaf micronutrients used to determine the fruit maturity values, so of rootstocks. Less quantity of foliar Mn on where the ratio is more, the fruit will mature Troyer citrange rootstock was reported by earlier. Zekri (2000) also reported that higher Iyengar et al., (1982). It was also mentioned the Brix: acid ratio caused earlier maturation by Dubey and Sharma (2016) that alterations of the fruit. 1218

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1213-1222 in foliar micronutrients were also submitted Australia. Proc. 4th World Congress earlier due to rootstocks in various fruit crops Intl. Soc. Citrus Nurserymen, South (Fekete et al., 2012) which may differ with Africa: p. 242 -249. the nutrient’s absorption capacities over roots Cantuarias-Aviles, T., Mourão Filho, F. D. A. (Marschner et al., 1986; Kayon, 2008). A., Stuchi, E. S., da Silva, S. R., and Espinoza-Núñez, E. (2010). Tree In conclusion, rootstock should have good performance and fruit yield and quality compatibility between both, scion and of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin grafted rootstock and have major effect in physical on 12 rootstocks. Scientia parameters like tree vigour, quality of the Horticulturae, 123(3), 318-322. fruit, juice quality, yield as well as bio- Castle, W. S., Baldwin, J. C., and Muraro, R. chemical parameters like TSS, Acidity, P. (2010). Rootstocks and the Sugars, Vitamin C etc. depending upon performance and economic returns of environmental circumstances. At one time ‘Hamlin’sweet orange trees. Hort particular rootstock seems very appropriate Science, 45(6), 875-881. but may completely failure in future. Under Castle, W.S., H.K. Wutscher, C.O. Youthsey present situation no single rootstock is and R.R. Pelosi. (1988). Citrumellos as accessible that can be regarded as perfect for rootstocks for Florida citrus. Proc. Fla. Kinnow mandarin species under all agro- State Hort. Soc., 101: 28-33. climatic environments. Hence selection of Cimen, B., Yesiloglu, T., Incesu, M., and appropriate rootstock for scion cultivar may Yilmaz, B. (2014). Growth and lead to the success or failure of the citrus photosynthetic response of young plantation. So judicious selection of rootstock ‘Navelina’trees budded on to eight leads to success of citrus plantation whereas citrus rootstocks in response to iron wrong selection leads to decline. deficiency. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 42(3), References 170-182. Dubey, A. K., and Sharma, R. M. (2016). Anon. (2007). Effect of rootstocks on yield Effect of rootstocks on tree growth, and quality of Kinnow. Ann. Rep. 2006- yield, quality and leaf mineral 07 AARI, Faisalabad. p. 60. composition of lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Benjamin, G., Tietel, Z., and Porat, R. Burm.). Scientia Horticulturae, 200, (2013). Effects of rootstock/scion 131-136. combinations on the flavor of citrus Espinoza-Nunez, E., Mourão Filho, F. D. A. fruit. Journal of agricultural and food A., Stuchi, E. S., Cantuarias-Avilés, T., chemistry, 61(47), 11286-11294. and dos Santos Dias, C. T. (2011). Bergmann, W., 1992. Colour Atlas Performance of ‘Tahiti’ lime on twelve Nutritional Disorders of Plants. Gustav rootstocks under irrigated and non- Fischer, Verlag Jena. irrigated conditions. Scientia Bielicki, P., Czynczyk, A., Bartosiewicz, B., Horticulturae, 129(2), 227-231. (2006). Preliminary evaluation of apple Fallahi, E., Rodney, D.R., (1992). Tree size, tree cultivar ‘Celeste’ on dwarf yield, fruit quality, and leaf mineral rootstocks in Central Poland. Sodinink. nutrient concentration of ‘Fairchild’ Darzininkyste 25, 158–163. mandarin on six rootstocks. J. Am. Soc. Broadbent, P. and R. Sarooshi. (1993). Citrus Hortic. Sci. 117, 28–31. rootstock evaluation. New South Wales, Fekete, I., Rakonczas, N., Andrasi, D., Bodi,

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Yonemoto, Y., Takahara, T., Okuda, H., Affect Scion Nutrition, Fruit Quality, Ogata, T., (2005). Effects of ‘Karatachi, Growth, Yield, and Economical Return. common trifoliate orange (Poncirus Hort Science, 35(3), 499-499. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) and ‘Hiryu’ Flying Zekri, M. (2000). Evaluation of Orange Trees Dragon trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata Budded on Several Rootstocks and var. monstrosa) rootstocks on tree Planted at High Density on Flatwoods growth, yield and fruit qualities in Soil. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc., 113 young tree of new citrus cultivars Zekri, M., and Al-Jaleel, A. (2004). ‘Amakusa’ and ‘Amaka’. Hortic. Res. Evaluation of rootstocks for Valencia 4, 81–84. and Navel orange trees in Saudi Arabia. Zekri, M. (2000). 594 Citrus Rootstocks Fruits, 59(2), 91-100.

How to cite this article:

Sukhdip Singh, Jatinder Singh and Anis Mirza. 2019. Evaluation of Mandarin Cultivars on Different Root Stocks-A Review. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(01): 1213-1222. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.128

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