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'Valencia' Orange Trees on 21 Rootstocks in the Florida Flatwoods

'Valencia' Orange Trees on 21 Rootstocks in the Florida Flatwoods

good tolerance to blight and high pH soils. Small scale exotic isolates of tristeza virus. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 105: commercial trials with each are justified. (In press). Garnsey, S. M., R. F. Lee, C. O. Youtsey, R. H. Brlansky, and H. C. Burnett. 1980. A survey for in registered budwood Literature Cited sources commercially propagated on sour in . Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 93:7-9. Barrett, H. C. and A. M. Rhodes. 1976. A numerical taxonomic study of Grimm, G. R. and S. M. Garnsey. 1968. Foot rot and tristeza tolerance affinity relationships in cultivated Citrus and its close relatives. System. of Smooth Seville orange from two sources. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. Bot. 1(2): 105-136. 81:84-90. Bevington, K.B. and B.R. Cullis. 1990. Evaluation of rootstocks for Hodgson, R. W. 1967. Horticultural varieties of citrus, p. 431-591. In: Marsh and Davis in the Murray Region of New South W. Reuther, H. J. Webber, and L. D. Batchelor (eds.). The citrus Wales. Aust. J. Expt. Agr. 30:405-411. industry, vol. 1. University of Press, Berkeley. Broadbent, P. and B. I. Gollnow. 1992. Selecting disease-tolerant citrus Hutchison, D. J. and F. W. Bistline. 1981. Preliminary performance of rootstocks for Australia. Proc. Intern. Soc. Citriculture (in press). 7-yr-old 'Valencia' orange trees on 21 rootstocks. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Castle, W. S. 1987. Citrus rootstocks. p. 361-399. In: R. C. Rom and R. Soc. 94:31-33. F. Carlson (eds.). Rootstocks for crops. J. Wiley and Sons, NY. Permar, T. A., S. M. Garnsey, D. J. Gumpf, and R. F. Lee. 1990. A Chao, H-Y., Y-H. Chiang, C-B. Chang, C-S. Chiu, and W-F. Su. 1979. monoclonal antibody that discriminates strains of citrus tristeza virus. Distribution of yellows tristeza virus in citrus and the tristeza Phytopathology 80:224-228. susceptibility of six sour orange rootstocks. Acta Phytopath. Sinica Van Vuuren, S. P., N. M. Greech, and R. P. Collins. 1991. Reaction of 9(l):61-72. GouTou orange to the citrus nematode, and citrus Derrick, K. S., G. A. Barthe, B. G. Hewitt, and R. F. Lee. 1990. A spot tristeza virus, p. 128-134. In: R. H. Brlansky, R. F. Lee and L. W. test for citrus blight. Citrus Ind. 71(2):56, 57. Timmer (eds.). Proc. 1 lth Conf. Intern. Org. Citrus Virol., Riverside, Gardner, F. E. and G. E. Horanic. 1966. Growth, yield and fruit quality CA. of Marsh grapefruit on various rootstocks on the Florida east coast—a Wutscher, H. K. 1977. The influence of rootstocks on yield and quality preliminary report. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 79:109-114. of red grapefruit in . Proc. Intern. Soc. Citriculture 2:526-529. Gardner, F. E., D. J. Hutchison, G. E. Horanic, and P. C. Hutchins. 1967. Youtsey, C. O. and L. H. Hebb. 1982. Tristeza decline in four grapefruit Growth and productivity of virus-infected trees on at the budwood foundation grove, Dundee, Florida. Proc. twenty-five rootstocks. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 80:89-92. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 95:60-63. Garnsey, S. M. 1990. Seedling yellows isolates of citrus tristeza virus in Youtsey, C. O. and F. J. Rosenthal. 1986. Incidence of citrus blight in commercial citrus in Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 103:83-87. Florida's citrus budwood foundation grove. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. Garnsey, S. M. 1992. Tolerance of Gou Tou orange rootstocks to severe 99:71-73.

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 105:60-63. 1992.

THE PERFORMANCE OF 'VALENCIA' ORANGE TREES ON 21 ROOTSTOCKS IN THE FLORIDA FLATWOODS

D. J. Hutchison and C. J. Hearn sour orange No.2 (C aurantium), and Yuma. The largest U.S. Department of Agriculture trees were on sour orange No. 2, Yuma, and Sun Chu Sha. Agricultural Research Service U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory Valencia' orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, is the 2120 Camden Road, Orlando, FL 32803 major citrus grown throughout the world. It is grown extensively in Florida in the deep, sandy soils of the F. W. Bistline central Ridge and the shallow soils of the flatwoods. The Coca-, Inc., Division Florida flatwoods soils are shallow over hardpans or P.O. Box 247, Auburndale, FL 33823 stone and range from acid to alkaline, poorly drained and highly variable. Extensive preplant site preparation is Additional index words, tree size, yield, fruit quality, survival. necessary, including the formation of beds to give the trees rooting space, the dredging of drainage ditches, and instal Abstract. 'Valencia' orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, was lation of irrigation systems because the shallow root sys grown on 21 rootstocks for 15 years in an area near Fort tems make the trees drought prone (Wutscher and Pierce, Florida. There were four 8-tree replications in ran Bistline, 1988). The rootstock-related diseases of citrus domized blocks, with 4.6 X 8.2 m spacing. Yield was deter blight (Smith and Reitz, 1977), citrus tristeza virus, and mined at 11 harvests, fruit quality at four harvests, and tree Phytophthora parasitica Dastur foot rot accentuate the pro size (canopy volume) and surviving healthy trees were re duction problems in the Florida flatwoods soils. Therefore, corded. Trees on Sun Chu Sha (C. reticulata Blanco), Yuma rootstock selection is a prime concern for ensuring the [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. ], Argentina trifoliate profitability of newly established citrus plantings in the orange (P. trifoliata), and Smooth Flat Seville (C. aurantium flatwoods areas of southern Florida (Hutchison and L. hybrid) had the highest percentages of surviving healthy Bistline, 1981; Wutscher and Bistline, 1988). This report trees. Cumulative yield (kg/tree and kg solids/tree) was high presents information on the performance of a wide range est on Sun Chu Sha, Volkamer [ C. limon (L.) Burm. f.], of rootstocks grown in the flatwoods of southern Florida.

Materials and Methods Mention of a trademark, warranty, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee by the U.S. Department of Agriculture The planting site was near Ft. Pierce, Fla., where the and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or soil was a shallow, poorly drained, fine loamy, depres- vendors that may also be suitable.

60 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 105: 1992. sional, siliceous (Winder sand, depressional type) ponded centages were determined on 20-fruit samples from each throughout most of the year, and has a variable pH level plot and the 4-year averages (1981, 1985, 1986, and 1989) (5.6-7.0). Land preparation, prior to planting citrus, con calculated. The was extracted by hand with a motor- sisted of dredging drainage ditches, formation of raised driven reamer. TSS was determined with a temperature- planting beds, and installation of an irrigation system. compensated refractometer, and TA by titration of 10 ml Trees on [C. limon (L.) Burm. f.] rootstock of juice in 90 ml of distilled water with 0.1560 N NaOH to were originally planted at this site; however, the trees were a pH of 8.2. Tree size, expressed as canopy volume ca/cu- removed after 12 years because of extensive losses due to lated by the formula width2 X height/4 (Hutchison et al., citrus blight. Adjacent beds were planted with trees on sour 1972), was determined in 1989. Data were subjected to orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstock and extensive losses to analysis of variance and the means separated using Dun citrus tristeza virus (CTV) forced a change to rootstocks can's multiple range test. other than rough lemon and sour orange. Trees at this location also had a high incidence of Phytophthora parasitica Results and Discussion Dastur foot rot. The rootstock cultivars (Table 1) used in this experiment were selected on the basis of their broad Table 2 shows the number of trees declining and lost genetic diversity. to diseases. Several trees declined and died within 3 years Seeds of the rootstock cultivars were planted in a field after the experiment was planted due to foot rot and root seedbed in 1971 and lined out in a field nursery in 1972. rot caused by Phytophthora parasitica (Dastur). The greatest All of the rootstock cultivars produced uniform seedling losses to Phytophthora were incurred by red rough lemon populations, except Yuma, where 50% of the had 2, Chase rough lemon, and Cleopatra mandarin to be discarded due to their variability. The seedlings were rootstocks; these rootstocks have been reported as suscep budded with a nucellar 'Valencia' orange (Budwood Regis tible to P. parasitica (Carpenter, et al., 1975; Hutchison, tration Bureau, Florida Department of Industry No. 1977). Subsequently, trees on Tunis sour orange, sour F/37-4) in the spring of 1973, and the trees were trans orange No. 2, Argentina sour orange, and CRC-1449, and planted to the field in February 1974 and arranged in a to a lesser extent on Yuma rootstocks (based on visual stem randomized complete block design. Plot size was 4 rows x pitting and IKI starch test), were lost or declined due to 2 trees in the row, with 4 replications and a tree spacing CTV (S. M. Garnsey, personal communication). A high of 4.6 x 8.2 m. The experimental planting was given nor incidence of citrus blight (based on visual symptoms) was mal commercial grove maintenance. Data were recorded observed on trees on Argentina , Carrizo from the 4 center trees of each replication. Fruit yields , hybrid 895, Norton, Pomeroy trifoliate orange, from 1979-81, 1983-87, and 1989 were recorded as aver red rough lemon, red rough lemon-2, Chase rough lemon, age number of 41-kg field boxes harvested per apparently Vangasay (also tested as HRS-807 rough lemon) and Vol healthy tree. The fruit yields in 1982 and 1988 were visu kamer lemon. Root damage by the citrus root weevils, ally estimated as average number of boxes per tree. Fruit Pachnaeus litus (Germar) and P. opalus (Oliver) (Schroeder juice, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acids (TA) per- and Beavers, 1977), caused some trees to decline and was first observed in 1989 (based on visual root damage) on Changsha mandarin, Cleopatra mandarin, Miaray, Nasna Table 1. Cultivar and scientific names of 21 citrus rootstocks utilized in ran, Smooth Flat Seville, and Sun Chu Sha (W. J. a 'Valencia' orange tree performance experiment. Schroeder, personal communication). The trees on Sun Chu Sha, Yuma, Argentina trifoliate orange, and Smooth Cultivar2 Latin binomials Flat Seville rootstocks had the highest percentages of sur Argentina sour orange Citrus aurantium L. viving, apparently healthy trees in 1989. Argentina trifoliate orange Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Fruit yields in 1979, 1984, and 1989 were somewhat Carrizo C. sinensis (L.) Osb. X P. trifoliata variable, probably due to environmental factors, alternate- Changsha mandarin C. reticulata Blanco year bearing, and possibly the influence of citrus diseases Chase rough lemon C. limon (L.) Burm. f. CRC-1449y C. limon X P. trifoliata (Table 3). The 11-year cumulative yields based on appar Cleopatra mandarin C. reticulata ently healthy trees showed that trees on Sun Chu Sha, Vol Hybrid-895 C. aurantium X C. limon kamer lemon, sour orange No. 2 and Yuma had high Miaray C. reticulata yields, but they were not significantly different from 11 Nasnaran C. amblycarpa (Hassk.) Oshse Norton C. sinensis X P. trifoliata other rootstocks in the experiment. Trees on Sun Chu Sha Pomeroy trifoliate orange P. trifoliata exhibited high kg solids/tree, but 9 other rootstocks also Red rough lemon ly C. limon exhibited high yields that were not different from Sun Chu Red rough lemon 2X C. limon Sha. The trees with largest canopy volumes were on Sun Vangasay C. limon Smooth Flat Seville C. aurantium hybrid Chu Sha, sour orange No. 2, Argentina sour orange and Sour orange No. 2 C. aurantium Yuma rootstocks. Trees on Cleopatra, Nasnaran, and Sun Tunis sour orange C. aurantium Chu Sha mandarins performed better than trees on Sun Chu Sha C. reticulata Changsha and Miaray mandarins. The performance of C. limon trees on Cleopatra and Nasnaran were similar; however, Yuma P. trifoliata hybrid trees on Sun Chu Sha were larger in canopy volume and ZAJ1 cultivars are from the USDA citrus collection, Orlando, FL, except produced higher yields, though not significantly different where noted. from Cleopatra and Nasnaran. yCRC-1449 and red rough lemon 1 are selections 1449 and 3185, respec Rootstock effects on fruit quality are presented in tively, of the University of California, Riverside, CA. Table 4. In general, fruit from trees on Changsha manda xRed rough lemon 2 refers to selection C-60-288-511, formerly from the USDA Citrus and Date Station, Indio, CA. rin were among the highest in juice content, while trees on

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 105: 1992. 61 Table 2. Number of 'Valencia' orange trees originally planted on 21 rootstocks, trees lost, trees declining and remaining healthy trees.

No. trees declining or lost

No. trees No. trees lost to Surviving, apparently planted Phytophthoraz CTvy Blight54 Other" healthy treesv

Argentina sour 32 4 21 22 Argentina trifoliate orange 32 10 65 Carrizo 32 4 16 38 Changsha 32 3 26 9 CRC-1449 32 8 19 16 Cleopatra 32 11 11 31 Hybrid-895 32 8 20 13 Miaray 32 2 15 47 Nasnaran 32 6 9 53 Norton 32 2 29 3 Pomeroy trifoliate orange 32 3 13 50 Red rough lemon 1 32 18 4 31 Red rough lemon 2 32 11 14 22 Chase rough lemon 32 11 10 34 Vangasay 32 2 25 16 Smooth Flat Seville 32 3 10 59 Sour orange No. 2 32 1 25 19 Sun Chu Sha 32 6 2 75 Tunis sour orange 32 3 26 9 Volkamer lemon 32 4 22 19 Yuma 32 1 7 75

zTrees lost to Phytophthora parasitica. yTrees lost to citrus tristeza virus. xTrees declining and/or lost to citrus blight. wTrees declining apparently from damage by citrus root weevils, first observed in 1989. vRemaining apparently healthy trees in 1989 ■*■ original number of trees planted.

Norton, Carrizo, Argentina trifoliate orange, Pomeroy rootstock scion combination (Wutscher and Bistline, 1988). trifoliate orange, and CRC-1449 rootstocks produced fruit Sun Chu Sha and Yuma, with 75% surviving healthy trees with high TSS content. Juice of fruit from trees on Norton in 1989, were clearly the rootstocks with the greatest com was among the highest in total acid content. mercial potential in this experiment. Fruit yield potential is very important in selection of a However, only 50% of Yuma seedlings are uniform, commercial rootstock. From a practical standpoint, how and this would be detrimental to commercial rootstock use ever, tree survival is an equally important attribute of a as seedlings. An attribute of Sun Chu Sha that may contrib-

Table 3. Fruit yields in 1979, 1984, 1989, and cumulative yield 1979-1989 and canopy volume of 'Valencia' orange on 21 rootstocks.2

Yield/tree (kg)* Cumulative yield 1979-89 Canopyx volume Rootstock 1979 1984 1989 (kg/tree) (kg solids/tree) (m>)

Sun Chu Sha 47 bcder 120 a 179ab 1474 a 84.1a 19.2 ab Volkamer lemon 62 ab HOabc 150 abed 1413a 72.2 abed 14.5 def Sour orange No. 2 50 bcde 105 abed 194 a 1400 a 77.6 ab 21.3a Yuma 60abc 118ab 177 abc 1355 a 75.2 abc 20.1a Red rough lemon 2 44 cdef 89 abedef 174 abc 1217 ab 58.7 bedefg 12.7 defg Carrizo 56 abed 94 abede 98 bcde 1208 ab 71.9 abed 10.3ghijk Argentina sour orange 55 abed 93 abede 174 abc 1204 abc 68.3 abede 17.9 abc Argentina trifoliate orange 55 abed 77 cdefgh 140 abede 1192 abc 68.1 abede 11.5efghij Cleopatra mandarin 36efg 71defgh 153 abed 1188 abc 65.2 abedef 15.2 bcde Nasnaran 46 bedef 89 abedef 136 abede 1163 abed 65.4 abedef 14.5 de Smooth Flat Seville 42 cdef 84bcdefg 136 abede 1155 abed 61.1 bedef 12.9 defg Pomeroy trifoliate orange 43 cdef 71defgh 133 abede 1147 abed 64.0 abedef 10.7fghijk Vangasay 69 a 100 abed 67 de 1143 abed 61.2 bedef 13.6 efgh Tunis sour orange 51 abede 56fgh 122 abede 1127 abed 63.1 bedef 13.4 def Chase rough lemon 47 bedef 111 abc 122 abede 1123 abed 54.8 cdefg 12.7 defg Changsha mandarin 30 fg 64efgh 106 abede 972 bed 57.2 K.defg 8.3 k Hybrid-895 24 g 51 gh 143 abed 947 bed 53.3 defg 9.16 hijk CRC-1449 46 bedef 78 cdefg 102 bcde 890 bed 49.3 efg 11.2 fghij Red rough lemon 1 25 g 73 defgh 102 bcde 886 bed 40.0 g 8.6 ijk Miaray 33 fg 43 h 87cde 808 cd 40.1 g 11.3efghi Norton 42def 51 gh 51e 788 d 46.0 fg 8.0jk

zYields are expressed on apparently healthy tree basis. y41 kg fruit per box. X1989 data. wMeans within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P 0.05 according to Duncan's multiple range test.

62 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 105: 1992. Table 4. Fruit quality2 of'Valencia' orange on 21 rootstocks. and overall survival. Yuma has been used as a commercial rootstock in California; Sun Chu Sha had not been utilized Total as a rootstock commercially. Based on this trial, the U.S. Juice soluble solids Total acids Department of Agriculture officially released Sun Chu Sha Rootstock (%) (%) (%) for use in commercial trials, especially in

Norton 43abc 13.6 a 1.01a the flatwoods soils of Florida, in December 1988. Carrizo 44abc 13.5 ab .91 bed Argentina trifoliate orange 43abc 13.3 abc .96 abc Literature Cited Pomeroy trifoliate orange 42 be 13.3 abc .95 abc CRC-1449 42 be 13.2 abc .90bcde Carpenter, J. B., R. M. Burns, and J. R. Furr. 1975. Phytophthora toler Hybrid 895 43abc 13.1 abed .96 abc ant rootstocks for . Plant Dis. Rptr. 59:54-56. Tunis sour orange 43abc 13.0 bede .96 abc Hutchison, D. J., J. H. O'Bannon, G. R. Grimm, and G. D. Bridges. 1972. Argentina sour orange 44abc 12.9 cdef .95 abc Reaction of selected citrus rootstocks to foot rot, burrowing and citrus Changsha mandarin 46 a 12.8 cdef .97 abc nematodes. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 85:39-43. Nasnaran 44abc 12.8 cdef .97 abc Hutchison, D. J. 1977. Influence of rootstock on the performance of Sun Chu Sha 45 ab 12.7 defg .98 ab 'Valencia' sweet orange. Proc. Intern. Soc. Citriculture 2:523-525. Yuma 44abc 12.6 efgh .90 bede Hutchison, D. J., and F. W. Bistline. 1981. Preliminary performance of Sour orange No. 2 44abc 12.6 efgh .98 ab 7-year-old 'Valencia' orange trees on 21 rootstocks Proc. Fla. State Cleopatra mandarin 44abc 12.5 fghi .89 cde Hort. Soc. 94:31-33. Smooth Flat Seville 43abc 12.3 ghij .86 def Schroeder, W. J., and J. B. Beavers. 1977. Citrus root weevils in Florida: Vangasay 44abc 12.2 hij .83 def Identification, biology and control. Proc. Intern. Soc. Citriculture Miaray 41c 12.1 ij .82 ef 2:498-500. Volkamer lemon 43abc 11.9jk .82 ef Smith, P. F., and H. J. Reitz. 1977. A review of the nature and history of Chase rough lemon 42 be 11.6k .83 def citrus blight in Florida. Proc. Intern. Soc. Citriculture 3:881-884. Red rough lemon 2 42 be 11.5k .78 f Wutscher, H. K., and E. O. Olson. 1970. levels, chlorosis, Red rough lemon 1 41c 11.01 .83 def and growth of young grapefruit trees on 16 rootstocks grown on cal careous soils. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 95:259-261. zFour-year average of 1981, 1985, 1986, and 1989. Wutscher, H. K., and A. V. Shull. 1976a. Performance of 'Orlando' on 16 rootstocks. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 101:88-91. ute to its outstanding performance is its efficiency in ac Wutscher, H. K., and A. V. Shull. 1976b. Performance of'Marrs' early orange on eleven rootstocks in south Texas. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. cumulating , which is desirable in magnesium- 101:158-161. deficient soils such as those in the Florida flatwoods Wutscher, H. K., and D. Dube. 1977. Performance of young nucellar (Wutscher and Olson, 1970; Wutscher and Shull, 1976a, grapefruit on 20 rootstocks. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102:267-270. 1976b; Wutscher and Dube, 1977). Wutscher, H. K., and F. W. Bistline. 1988. Performance of 'Hamlin' orange on 30 citrus rootstocks in southern Florida. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. In conclusion, the data presented showed that Sun Chu Sci. 113:493-497. Sha and Yuma rootstocks performed exceptionally well in this experiment, in terms of individual tree productivity

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 105:63-66. 1992.

DETERMINATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RATES IN CITRUS GROVES WITH ELECTRONIC SOIL MOISTURE PROBES

K. T. Morgan ing the crop growing season. Soil structure has direct influ 1011 Yarnell Avenue ence on the rate at which water and air enter and move Lake Wales, Florida 33853 through the soil and thus on percolation and runoff. The water in larger pores moves downward under the influ Abstract. Irrigation quantity and timing is of increasing impor ence of gravity. The total amount of water a soil will hold tance to citrus growers. For many years tensiometers and against gravity is called field capacity. neutron probes have been commonly used for the determina Adding water above a soil's field capacity will wash away tion of irrigation schedules in the western part of the United in addition to wasting water. Therefore, the goal States. Recently, advanced electronic probes have been de of irrigation management is to maintain the water content veloped which can accurately measure soil moisture changes of the soil between a predetermined minimum moisture and thus accurately determine irrigation timing. Two inch PVC level and field capacity. Research has been conducted to access tubes were placed in replicates of three at nine differ determine the effects of water stress on yield and growth ent sites in a citrus grove containing five different soil types. of citrus trees. In general, irrigation has been shown to Soil moisture contents were monitored at 6, 12, 18 and 24 increase fruit yield and rate of tree growth of citrus in inches from the soil surface. Rainfall and irrigation amounts Florida (Koo, 1978). Irrigation has been shown to be more were also recorded. From this information the evapotranspira critical in January to June to increase fruit yield than dur tion (Et) rates of citrus on these soil types were determined. ing the latter part of the year. Tree growth response is During relatively dry periods, Et rates averaged 0.025 inches related to irrigation throughout the year (Koo, 1978). Soil below those calculated by a modified Penman equation. moisture depletions of approximately 33 percent of field capacity have been determined to be optimum for the in The objective of irrigation scheduling is to maximize crease in trunk cross section, fresh weight and dry weight the effectiveness of irrigation and rainfall while minimiz (Marler et al., 1989). ing the leaching loss of water, fertilizers and pesticides dur- The short definition of Evapotranspiration given by

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 105: 1992. 63

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