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Physicochemical and Technological Studies on Volkamer Lemon Fruit (Citrus Volkameriana)

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Physicochemical and Technological Studies on Volkamer Lemon Fruit (Citrus Volkameriana) Alex. J. Fd. Sci. & Technol. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 27-38, 2020 Physicochemical and Technological Studies on Volkamer Lemon Fruit (Citrus volkameriana) Dalia H. Eshra1, Reda A. Aamer2 & Abdel-Nabey A. A.1 1 Food Science and Technology Dept.- Fac. of Agric., Alex. Univ., El Shatby 21545, Alexandria - Egypt. 2 Hort. Crop Technology Res. Department- Food Technology Research Institute- A.R.C.- Egypt. Received: 17 February, 2020 Revised: 26 April, 2020 Accepted: 6 May, 2020 ABSTRACT No attention has been made to evaluate the physicochemical and technological properties of volkamer lemon fruit (VLF). Thus, this research was undertaken to evaluate some properties of VLF juice, proximate chemical com- position of VLF peels and produce some functional food products containing the juice, peels and the whole fruit (i.e. pickle, Jam, nectar, marmalade, cake, biscuits and crackers). Chemical composition showed that VLF peels contained 6.86 % crude protein, 8.38 % crude ether extract, 149.86 mg/100g ascorbic acid, 16.06 mg/100g β-carotene and 1.89 g/100g total phenolics. Also, the results indicated that VLF peels are rich in minerals, dietary fiber and antioxidants. Limonene was the main component of VLF peel oil. Its concentration was 91.33%. The most abundant monoterpene was pinene (8.67%). The peel extract of VLF was effective in inhibiting all test bacteria expect Streptococcus dysga- lactiae subsp. equisimilis (G-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (Gram-negative) which means that the peel extract is strong antimicrobial agent. The VLF juice, peels and fruits were used to formulate some important functional foods. The organoleptic properties of all processed products in the present study were well accepted among different panelists. Keywords: Citrus volkameriana fruit, juice, peels, chemical composition, antioxidants, antimicrobial, organoleptic properties INTRODUCTION free radicals presence (Lina et al., 2003). The VLF Volkamer lemon fruit (VLF) is of Italian ori- is also an excellent rootstock and grows rapidly in gin and thought to be a natural hybrid of lemon and a greenhouse. It can be used as a rootstock even af- sour orange. This fruit is also known as volkam- ter 1.5-2 years after germinating. Its compatibility er lemon.The VLF has been known for centuries with other citruses is excellent, more to that, it im- (lopes et al., 2011). Herbal extract may be a pos- proves the resistance to gummosis, helps in proper sible adjunctive method in management of chronic development of grafted citrus and its high yields. gingivitis (Mostafa & Eid, 2017). It should mostly be used as a rootstock for lemons, other citruses, especially oranges which have less The spherical or oval fruits is medium (6- 6.5), juice and more acids. Therefore, it is advised to use weigh 130 g and resembles the lemon in shape. Its it as a rootstock in sandy soils and frost free climate rind is yellow, later dark orange and then almost for lemons, orange ′ Valencia ′ or ′ Midsweet, but red, pebbled, rough and quite thin. The pulp is not for the cultivar ′ Hamlin ′. It is used as a root- yellow or yellow –orange, very juicy, sour with a stock in Brazil, Argentina and Florida. hint of bitterness, aromatic with excellent quality and usually divided into 7-11 segments with lots Nasser et al. (2014) evaluated some new na- of small polyembryonic seeds. Fruiting trees are vel orange cultivars in Egypt budded on sour or- very decorative and the fruits can be used instead ange and volkamer lemon rootstocks. They found of lemons. It contains various types of antioxidants that the latter gave the significant highest values of such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carote- flowering , fruit set, fruit drop, yield parameters , noids and ascorbic acid .The carotenoids have been peel thickness, macro and micronutrients content confirmed to have a vital function in preventing ox- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn) as compared idative damage resulting from singlet oxygen and with sour orange rootstock. 27 Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 27-38, 2020 Alex. J. Fd. Sci. & Technol. So, no attention has been made to evaluate tral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber the physicochemical and technological properties (ADF) content were determined according to the of VLF fruit. Thus, the present research was un- AOAC method (2005) via filter bags technology dertaken to evaluate some properties of VLF juice, (Fiber analyses, Ankon 200), USA model A220 proximate chemical composition of VLF peels and . Minerals (Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Cu) were deter- the possibilities to produce some functional food mined in the ash solution using Atomic Absorption products containing the juice, peels and the whole Spectrophotometer (AAS) 600 VA- So- 60- H2- fruit. 100- 240 V, UK. On the other hand, Na and K were determined using flame photometer model PEP7 as MATERIALS AND METHODS described in AOAC (2005). Total phenolic content Materials Twenty five g powder of the peels were in- About 25 kg of VLF were obtained from a pri- dividually extracted with 250 ml of 80% ethanol vate farm, Idku, Behera Governorate, Egypt. All (1:10 w/v) and the extraction was carried out twice, chemicals and reagents used in the present study and the combined extracts were collected. The sol- were of analytical grade and purchased from El- vent was removed using rotary evaporator (IKA. Gomhouria Co.,Alexandria, Egypt. Sweet and Com BIMA RCD) at 50°C. The extracts were lyo- Washington navel orange, salt, vinegar, red pep- philized by using Vir Tis Scientific lyophilizer . pers, carrot, sugar, wheat flour (72% extraction), The lyophilized extracts were kept in tightly closed vegetable oils, baking powder, egg, vanillin and brown bottles and stored at -18°C until used. Yield liquid milk were purchased from the local market, was calculated as a percentage (g extract/100 g Alexandria, Egypt. sample). Total phenolics were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Singleton et al., 1974). Methods Antioxidant activity Physical methods The DPPH• method Shape, skin, pulp colour, pulp and juicy center of VLF fruits were visually described. Number of Radical scavenging activity of peel extract was fruits/kg, number of lobes, average fruit weight(g/ measured using the stable radical DPPH (2,2-di- fruit), average fruit volume (cm3) and number of phenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) according to Brand Wil- seeds / one fruit were determined as mentioned liams et al. (1995). The percentage of DPPH• scav- by Kramer &Twigg (1973). Measurements of the enging for peel extract along with ascorbic acid as three major perpendicular dimensions of the fruit, a standard was calculated as follows: namely length, width and thickness were carried Scavenging % [(DPPH•]= [(Abscontrol – Abssample) out with dernier calipers (Kanon Instruments, Ja- ×100] / Abscontrol pan) reading to 0.01 mm.. In addition, juice, pulp, The IC50was determined using different con- peel and the seeds of VLF were weighed by a top centrations of peel extract and ascorbic acid as loading balance (model: D0001-HR120, AQD standared control. company, Limited EC). Hydrogen peroxide method The pH value was measured using glass elec- The ability of peel extract under study to scav- trode pH meter (Persicamodel pH 900, Switzer- enge hydrogen peroxide was determined according land) as described in the AOAC (2005).The total to Ruch et al. (1989). The percentage of H2O2scav- soluble solids (TSS) were determined using a digi- enging of peel extracts and ascorbic acid were cal- tal refractometer (Hanna, HI 96811, Germany) as culated as follows: described in the AOAC (2005). Scavenging % [(H2O2]= [(Abscontrol – Abssample) Chemical methods ×100] / Abscontrol Proximate chemical composition Ascorbic acid content Moisture, crude protein, crude ether extract Ascorbic acid was determined using 2,6 di- and total ash of VLF peels were determined ac- chlorophenol indophenol dye ( Ranganna, 1977), cording to the AOAC (2005). Carbohydrate con- except that 4% oxalic acid in 8% glacial acetic acid tent was calculated by difference. Crude fiber, neu- was used for sample extraction ( Plummer, 1978). 28 Alex. J. Fd. Sci. & Technol. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 27-38, 2020 β- Carotene content Antimicrobial activity The β- Carotene content was extracted accord- To examine antimicrobial activity of sampleʼs ing to the method described by Tee et al. (1996). extracts, well diffusion assay was used (Das et al., The β- carotene was determined by RP-HPLC. 2010), against ten phathogenic bacterial strains. A Hewlett packared HPLC series 1100, USA The bacterial strains were grown in nutrient broth equipped with degasser, quaternary pump, auto at 37oC for 24 hr. Briefly, 100 µL of overnight ac- sampler and diode array detector was used. The tivated culture of each pathogen strain (10 CFU/ mobile phase was: acetone-methanol-ethyl acetate mL) were aseptically spread over nutrient agar (88:10:2 v/v/v) and the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. plates. About 100 µL of 100% extract was trans- Isolation of essential oils ferred into each agar well individually. The plates were incubated at 37oC for 18 hr and the formed One hundred g of dried and ground VLF peels clear zones (if found) were measured and recorded. were separated and hydro-distilled for 4hr using a A set of 3 concentrations of sample extracts (50, 25 Clevenger- type apparatus. The distilled essential and 12.5 mg/ml), were examined to determine the oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each and stored in sealed vials at 4 oC prior to further against a specific pathogenic strain (Kadaikunnan analysis (Kamal et al., 2011). et al., 2015). The zones of inhibition were calculat- Analysis of essential oils ed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone Gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/ around the well (mm), including the well diameter, MS) analysis of the essential oils was performed the reading was taken in three different fixed direc- using thermo Fisher Scientific Trace G ultra ISQ.
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