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Lemon Growing in the Florida Home Landscape1 Jonathan H HS1153 Lemon Growing in the Florida Home Landscape1 Jonathan H. Crane2 Scientific name: Citrus limon Burm. f. Importance: Lemons are grown commercially in Guate- mala, southern Mexico, Argentina, Chile, and China. The Common names: lemon, limone (Italian), limon (Spanish), top five lemon-producing countries are India, Argentina, limonen (German), citronnier (French), citroen (Dutch), Spain, Iran, and the United States (Anonymous 2004) In limon France (Haitian), limon amaraillo (Puerto Rico). the United States, lemons are grown primarily in California (45,000 acres) and Arizona (13,500 acres) (Perez and Family: Rutaceae Pollack 2007) with only a small amount of acreage (less than 600 acres) in south Florida (Anonymous 2004). Origin: The lemon is thought to have evolved on the lower slopes of the Himalayan Mountains in eastern India (Davies Lemon imports into the United States generally peak and Albrigo 1994; Morton 1987). Molecular research during the summer when domestic crop availability is indicates lemon originated from a cross of citron (C. lowest (Anonymous 2004). Imports make up only 9 percent medica) and sour orange (C. aurantium) (Moore 2001). of lemon consumption in the United States. Fortunately, lemon consumption has been growing since the early History: The lemon was introduced into southern Italy as 1980s, ranking eighth in per capita consumption among early as 200 C.E. and spread to Iraq and Egypt by 700 C.E. consumed fresh fruits. (Morton 1987). Lemon was widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean region by 1000–1150 C.E. and was Invasive potential: Lemon (Citrus limon) has not yet been cultivated in China between 760–1297 C.E. Lemon was assessed by the UF/IFAS Invasive Plant Working Group introduced by the Spanish to the island of Hispaniola in on Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas. Lemon is 1493 and later during the first settlement of St. Augustine, not considered a problem species at this time, and may be Florida (Jackson 1991). Sometime during 1751–1768 lemon recommended by UF/IFAS faculty for planting. was introduced into California. Caution: Two diseases may limit or eliminate the potential Distribution: Today lemons are grown commercially for successful lemon growing in the home landscape. Citrus throughout the Mediterranean region including Spain, Italy, canker, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, infects Morocco, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Israel. leaves causing defoliation and reducing tree vigor and They are also grown in areas of the world with Mediter- production and disfiguring the peel (Spann et al. 2008a). ranean climates such as California and Chile and tropical Citrus greening (Huanglongbing/yellow shoot disease), areas such as Belize. caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter spp. and transmitted by the citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), infects a 1. This document is HS1153, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date December 2010. Revised November 2016. Reviewed December 2019. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication. 2. Jonathan H. Crane, professor, tropical fruit crop specialist; UF/IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension. tree’s phloem conducting tissues, killing sections of the tree climates tends to be larger and juicier and to contain more and causing general decline, loss of fruit production, and acid and peel oil compared to fruit produced under more eventually the death of the tree (Spann et al. 2008b). Mediterranean (dry) conditions. Description Tree The lemon tree is vigorous, upright, and spreading, with an open growth habit (Tucker and Wardowski 1976). Trees may reach 10–20 ft (3.1–6.1 m) in height (Morton 1987). Leaves Figure 1. Photograph 1. (a) ‘Lisbon’ lemon fruit and (b) lemon fruit size, The leaves are alternate, elliptic or long-ovate, 2.5–4.5 pulp, and seeds. inches (6.25–11.25 cm) long with serrated margins and Credits: Jonathan H. Crane, UF/IFAS slender winged petioles. Reddish at first, they turn green as they grow (Morton 1987; Tucker and Wardowski 1976). Pollination Mature leaves are a paler green than orange leaves. Lemon does not require cross pollination to set fruit although honey bees and other insects frequently visit the Flowers open flowers. The flowers are solitary or in clusters in the leaf axils (Morton 1987; Tucker and Wardowski 1976). Flower buds Lemon Types and Varieties are reddish; the opened flowers have 4–5 petals and are 0.75 There are numerous lemon selections and cultivars that inch (2 cm long), white on the upper surface, and purplish vary in tree vigor, thorniness, and fruit quality. In general, on the under surface. Flowers have 20–40 stamens with lemon fruit are high in total acidity (5–8%) and low in total yellow anthers. Many flowers are sterile due to pistil abor- soluble solids (7–9%) and may be seedy to seedless (Davies tion; fertility of flowers varies greatly from bloom to bloom and Albrigo 1994; Jackson 1991). and from season to season (Tucker and Wardowski 1976). There are two ways to classify lemons, one based on species Under subtropical conditions in Florida, flower bud initia- and the other on types of true lemons. There are 3 major tion occurs in November, and blooming may occur from types of true lemons: Femminello, Verna, and Sicilian late December into March (Tucker and Wardowski 1976). (Davies and Albrigo 1994). Femminello and Verna types are Trees may bloom again in June and November. primarily grown in North Africa and Europe while Sicilian types are grown in the United States and South Africa Fruit (Davies and Albrigo 1994). Sicilian types include ‘Eureka’ The fruit is oval, typically with a nipple-like apex at the and ‘Lisbon’. There are also several species and hybrids stylar end, and ranges from 2.0–4.8 inches (5–12 cm) of fruit typically called lemon. These include ‘Ponderosa’ long (Morton 1987; Tucker and Wardowski 1976) (Figure lemon (C. limon x C. medica), ‘Meyer’ lemon (C. limon x C. 1). Fruit shape is influenced by temperatures, with fruit reticulata), rough lemon (C. jambhiri), and sweet lime (C. produced during summer and autumn relatively round, limetta) (Jackson 1991; Morton 1987). True lemon varieties whereas winter and early spring fruit are oval (Davies and include: Albrigo 1994; Monselise et al. 1981). The peel is light-yellow to yellow, 0.25–0.38 inch (6–10 mm) thick, smooth to • ‘Bearrs’. Selected in 1952 from a seedling planted in 1892 rough, and dotted with oil glands (Davies and Albrigo 1994; from the Bearrs Grove in Lutz, Florida (Morton 1987). Jackson 1991). The pulp is divided into 8–10 segments, Originally called ‘Sicily’, the tree is vigorous, thornless pale-yellow, juicy, and acid. Some fruits are seedless, most to nearly thornless, and tends to produce many water have a few seeds; seeds are small (0.38 inch; 9.5 mm long). sprouts (Jackson 1991). The fruit is elliptical to oblong and prominently nippled at the apex, with a yellow, The time from flowering to fruit harvest ranges from 4 to slightly rough peel (Morton 1987). The pulp is pale 12 months depending upon cultivar, crop load, ambient greenish-yellow and high in juice content. ‘Bearrs’ lemons temperatures, and cultural practices (Morton 1987; Tucker have very acid, good quality juice, and few or no seeds. and Wardowski 1976). Fruit produced under more tropical The peel is rich in oil (Morton 1987). The fruit may be Lemon Growing in the Florida Home Landscape 2 marketed for fresh fruit and used in juice production. 1987; Sauls and Jackson 1990). The best fruit quality usually Leaves, stems, and fruit are highly susceptible to scab and occurs along cool summer coastal areas. However, trees are greasy spot. The fruit is susceptible to oil spotting. Some susceptible to freezing temperatures: defoliated at 22–24°F clones of ‘Bearrs’ may have few to no thorns (Adams (-4.4 to -5.6°C), severe wood damaged at 20°F (-6.7°C), 1991). flowers and young fruit are killed at 29°F (-1.7°C), and • ‘Eureka’. From a seedling planted in Los Angeles, Cali- mature fruit damaged at 28°F to 31°F (-2.2°C to -1.8°C) fornia in 1858; selected in 1878 (Jackson 1991; Morton (Castle 1983; Tucker and Wardowski 1987). Fruit scarring is 1987). The tree is non-vigorous and has a spreading, open a problem in windy sites and fruit quality is improved with growth habit. It is nearly thornless, cold sensitive, and the use of wind breaks. relatively short-lived (Davies and Albrigo 1994; Tucker Hot, humid production areas have more plant diseases and Wardowski 1976). The tree bears fruit year-round (especially scab and red algae) and problems with fruit but the main season is in late winter, spring, and early curing and storage than dry production areas. Furthermore, summer. Fruit is often borne in large terminal clusters not fruit peel texture may be coarser or more puffy in humid protected by foliage. The fruit is elliptical to oblong, with production areas than in Mediterranean-type climates, and a moderate nipple at the apex, usually 10 segments, and fruit grown in humid areas may lack bright color (Davies a yellow, smooth or slightly rough peel (due to sunken and Albrigo 1994; Jackson 1991).
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